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Research Purpose, Role and Aim and Objective

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Research Purpose, Role and Aim and Objective An empirical investigation to evaluate the impact of travel habits at community level for the formulation of sustainable transport strategies: a case study approach A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Ashley Hayden School of Engineering Department of Civil Engineering University of Birmingham March 2018 Abstract Transport is a central component to most political, economic, social and environmental issues throughout most inhabited societies. The concerns of transport have become widely acknowledged and accepted. Today, it is broadly accepted that promoting alternative forms of transport such as walking, cycling and public transport use is one solution to tackle environmental concerns. Although how to deliver, implement and develop transport strategies that will encourage a reduction in car use are still highly debated. To date, most research studies have not investigated individuals who are recognised to have a strong affiliation to the car. This work intends to benefit transport stakeholders (e.g. policy makers, planners, campaigners and car users) by reducing car usage in favour forms of alternative transport. Transport stakeholders such as planners and policymakers have long strived to reduce car usage. Many studies have attempted to develop strategies or understand triggers that might encourage and promote a reduction in car use. However on the whole, car use has intensified and is typically the preferred method of transport for most. In the main, it appears that alternative forms of transport have become marginalised or discouraged when compared to the car despite the environmental concerns and wider impacts being universally accepted and recognised. To investigate such perceptions, this research investigates travel attitudes and behaviours of individuals who are considered to be highly car dependent along a specific urban travel corridor within an area of Birmingham, UK. It explores socio-demographic factors using a mixed methods approach that incorporated questionnaires, travel diaries and interviews. This work identified a series of transport measures conceived upon different urban demographic characteristics in order to meet different individuals’ transport need along a specific travel corridor in Birmingham. A significant finding from this work indicated there was an appetite amongst the sampled participants to be willing to reduce their car use if the right transport strategies were introduced by transport stakeholders, for example, policymakers and planners. Initially the results from the questionnaire suggested age influenced car use the most however, after further research other demographic characteristics such as gender and deprivation were also shown to influence car use. i Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Professor Miles Tight and Doctor Michael Burrow for their support, guidance, encouragement and friendship throughout this research. I would also like to pay tribute to all of the participants who took part in the research study, without their support this work would not have been possible and I am extremely grateful for their help and assistance. Special thanks must also go to all of my fellow PhD colleagues who have put up with me on a daily basis and at times, kept me sane in F59B. It is hard to single anyone out, but the few people I would like to mention are: Justin, Martin, Sally and Simon. Lunch times will just not feel the same without you! I would also like to thank my family and friends (outside of University of Birmingham) who at times have struggled to understand what I am doing but supported me nevertheless. Mom and Dad (Ann and Steven Hayden), you have been great and my girlfriend now fiancée (Joanne Smith) I wonder how she has coped – she has the patience of a saint. I look forward to getting our weekends back! To the chaps: James, Michael and Sam. I promise not to mention any more about transport and instead focus on football and anything else other than research. Finally, it is important I pay tribute to the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) to whom I am extremely grateful for their financial support throughout this research study. Without their financial support this work would not have been possible. Research funding is such a critical aspect to academic and the wider society. I trust it continues, so others can continue to research and enjoy the same experiences as I have. I have made lifelong friends enjoying every minute. It is hard to highlight special moments but workshops in: Oxford and York organised by ESPRC, the World Conference on Transport Research in Shanghai, China and the Senior Road Executive Programme are all special highlights. After eight years, I finally leave (some would say, to get into the real world) with a tear in my eye but a smile on my face as I look forward to new challenges. “Experience is the name we give our mistakes” -Oscar Wilde- ii Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ i Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................... ii Contents ..................................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ viii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... ix List of Abbreviations and Acronyms .............................................................................................. x Chapter 1: Research Purpose, Role, Aim and Objectives ................................................................ 2 1.1 Introduction to the Research Study .............................................................................................. 2 1.2 Research Background and Motivations ........................................................................................ 3 1.2.1 Background into Transport Problems .................................................................................... 3 1.2.2 Global and Future Transport Usage, Targets and Role .......................................................... 5 1.3 Research Aim ................................................................................................................................ 7 1.4 Research Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 7 1.5 Justification for the Aim of the Study ........................................................................................... 8 1.6 Relevance and Importance of this Research Study....................................................................... 9 1.7 Thesis Structure .......................................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 2: Travel Strategy, Attitude and Behaviour Review ......................................................... 14 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 14 2.2 Key Definitions and Historical Overview ..................................................................................... 15 2.2.1 Defining Sustainability ......................................................................................................... 15 2.2.2 Delivering Sustainability ....................................................................................................... 17 2.2.3 Transport Background .......................................................................................................... 19 2.2.4 Current Transport Spending and Usage ............................................................................... 21 2.2.5 Current and Predicted Transport use in the Case Study Area ............................................. 23 2.3 Transport Strategies .................................................................................................................... 24 2.3.1 A review of Transport Strategies ......................................................................................... 25 2.3.2 Implementing Transport Strategies ..................................................................................... 27 2.4 Future Transportation Goals and Targets ................................................................................... 28 2.4.1 European and Global Transport Targets and Challenges ..................................................... 29 2.4.2 Transportation: A UK Perspective ........................................................................................ 30 2.5 Perceived Barriers towards Transport Strategies ....................................................................... 33 2.5.1 Political Constraints and Resistance .................................................................................... 33 2.5.2 Individual Perception and Perceived Narratives .................................................................. 34 iii 2.6 Demographic Influence towards Transport Strategies ............................................................... 36 2.6.1 Indicators of Attitude and Behaviour Response
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