DOCSLIB.ORG

The Napoleonic Empire

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Napoleonic Empire THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE The Napoleonic Empire In Southern Italy and the Rise of the Secret Societies BY R. M. JOHNSTON AUTHOR OF 'THE ROMAN THEOCRACY AND THE REPUBLIC, 1846-1849' ' NAPOLEON : A SHORT BIOGRAPHY ' VOLUME II HottffOtt MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED NEW YORK I THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1904 All rights reserved CONTENTS PART II THE RISE OF THE SECRET SOCIETIES CHAPTER I THE RESTORATION PAGE Bourbon restoration—Austro-Sicilian alliance—Convention of Casa Lanza— Ferdinand's proclamations—He arrives at Naples — Moderate conduct— Ferdinand's marriage—New conditions—Liberalism and Napoleon—Naples and France—Lazzaroni and middle class—Napoleonic system in Naples— Constitutional legislation—Zurlo—Nationalization—Results of French rule —Constitutionalism—The allies—Congress of Vienna—Austro-Neapolitan secret treaty—Holy Alliance—Bourbon accessions—Secret societies . 3 CHAPTER II ORIGIN AND RITES OF THE CARBONARI Secret associations in history—Religious societies—Influence in political move­ ments—Political thought and symbolism—Antiquity of symbolism—Its varying forms—Reproduction worship—Philosophical symbolism—Political symbolism—Soladitates, early Christians, Eleusinian mysteries—Mafia— Vendicosi, Beati Paoli—Templars—Reformation, Albigenses, Cathari, Paulicians, Patarini, Waldenses—Maestri Perfetti—Jacques Bonhomme— Cathari in Naples — Adombrados—Rosicrucians — Alchemysts, Rosen- kreutz, Diirer—Doctrine of political equality—Doctrines of Luther and Rousseau—Trade guilds-—ConciaroJtti, Neapolita\ fraternities, Vehm- gericht—Compagnonage, Chauffeurs, Charbonnerie—Masonic legends— Ancient guilds of Masons—Florentine Lodge of the Trowel—Masonry at V THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE Naples — French Masonry — Amis reunis-—Illumines — Charbonnerie— Marquis de Champagne—Philadelphes—Other army associations—Repub­ licanism during the Empire — Lecchi—Societies at Naples—Origin of Carbonari—Lodge at Capua — Murat and the secret societies—Hereditary Prince joins Carbonari—Polypus of societies—Doctrines of Carbonari— Initiation of apprentices—Discourse of orator—St. Theobald—Symbols interpreted — Passwords and signs—Statutes of Repubblica Lucana— Asssassination—Initiation of master—Origin of ceremony—Conclusion— Political cowardice .......... 19 CHAPTER III INTERNAL AFFAIRS Papal action against Carbonari — Zuccari's arrest—Maghella's — Carbonaro intrigue—Increase in membership—Sanfedism—Calderari—Canosa—Arms the Calderari—Policy of Government—Carbonari decorated — Position of Muratists—Bentinck at Naples—French at Naples—Medici—Other Ministers—Finance—Amnesty—Confiscations—Austrian policy—Jablo- nowsky—Nugent and Neapolitan army—Sicilian constitution—Ferdinand I. of Two Sicilies—Marriage of Duchesse de Berri—U.S. claims reparation— Disorders in Puglia—Secret societies—Relations with the Papacy—Con- ' cordat—Factions at Court—The fedeloni—Reconstruction of the San Carlo -—Ferdinand cuts his queue—Death of Charles IV.—State of the kingdom 45 CHAPTER IV THE REVOLUTION OF 1820 Failure of harvests—Taxation—Landed proprietors and Constitutionalism— Army dissatisfaction—Visit of Francis and Metternich—Pepe's plot— Camp of Sessa—Metternich's apprehensions—Congress of Aix—Secret societies—Kotzebue's murder—Russian policy — Spanish revolution— Spain and Naples—Position of the Carbonari—Pepe at Avellino—Pro­ paganda at Salerno—Minichini—Carbonaro numbers—Ferdinand takes oath to Spanish Constitution—Consequent agitation—Plot of De Conciliis— Borbone Cavalleria—Rising at Nola—Insurgents reach Monteforte—News at Naples—Carascosa takes command—His proceedings—De Conciliis takes lead at Avellino — Carascosa negotiates — Nunziante's efforts — Advises Constitution—Desertion—Pepe leaves Naples—Carbonaro deputa­ tion to Ferdinand—Constitution granted—New ministry—Carbonaro pro­ clamation— Demand for Spanish Constitution — Granted—Alarm at Naples—Entry of Carbonari—Pepe sees Ferdinand—Orderly behaviour of Carbonari—Pepe commander-in-chief—His position—Minichini—Real CONTENTS vii causes of revolution—Zurlo and the Ministry—Carbonaro hostility— Great extension of Carbonari—Ferdinand swears constitution—Lazzaroni hold aloof—Ferdinand's policy—Plot against King—Freedom of the Press— Rossetti—Attacks on Zurlo—Troja and the Minerva—Borrelli maintains order—Mutiny of Farnese regiment—Guardia di sicurezza—Elections and their results—Inauguration of Parliament—Constitutional amendment promised ............ 69 CHAPTER V THE FALL OF THE CARBONARI Vendita della Pace—Carbonaro demands—Disorder—Parties in Parliament— Analogy with Convention—Carbonari dominate Assembly—Parliamentary eloquence—Borrelli and Poerio—Legislative trivialities—Ferdinand's alarm —Pepe's position — Carascosa—Plot to take Palace—British assistance— Ships arrive—Campochiaro asks for their withdrawal—Metternich's views —Unrest at Milan—Cariati's mission to Vienna—Czar declares for inter­ vention—Metternich's note to German states—Austrian armaments— Campochiaro demands explanation—Metternich declines to receive Gallo —Ferdinand denounces his compulsion—Congress of Troppau—Alarm of liberals—Russian policy—Intervention and political theories—Ferdinand invited to Laybach—Position of Great Britain—Of France—Her mediation attempted—Laybach proposal before Parliament—Answer—Permission obtained for journey—Ferdinand embarks—Parting letter to Calabria— Resignation of Ministry—Zurlo—New Ministry—Church in Sicily—F. Pepe's expedition—Bad state of army—Pepe and Carascosa—Finances— Feeling at New Year—The Duke of Calabria—Constitution finished— Parliament adjourned—Ferdinand at Laybach—Decisions of Congress— Received at Naples—Communicated to Parliament—Excitement—Assassi­ nation of Giampietro—Rossetti—Reaction—Duke of Calabria's position— Military measures—Guards reviewed—Pepe in the Abruzzi—His forces— Austrian advance—Fight at Rieti—Carascosa's army disbands—Last sittings of Parliament—Capua surrendered—Fate of Silvati and Morelli— Escape of leaders—Revolution in Piedmont—Entry of Austrians into Naples 103 APPENDIX A THE MIRACLE OF SAN GENNARO ...... 14.1 APPENDIX B TABLE OF MEASURES AND MONEYS . 143 viii THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE APPENDIX C PAGE I. HOUSE OF BOURBON ; II. HOUSE OF BONAPARTE ; III. THE HAPSBURG, BONAPARTE, BOURBON ALLIANCES . 144. APPENDIX D MARY CAROLINE'S MEMOIRS. .146 APPENDIX E CASTLEREAGH'S FALSIFIED DISPATCHES . .146 APPENDIX F FERDINAND'S PROCLAMATION, 1ST OF MAY 1815 . .150 APPENDIX G TREATY OF THE HOLY ALLIANCE 152 APPENDIX H CARBONARO DISCOURSE . 153 APPENDIX I FERDINAND'S INVITATION TO LAYBACH 155 APPENDIX K BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE KINGDOM OF NAPLES, 1805-1821 157 INDEX 223 MAP EUROPE AFTER THE FALL OF NAPOLEON . To face page I CENTRAL EUROPE AFTER THE FALL OF NAPOLEON PART II THE RISE OF THE SECRET SOCIETIES VOL. II B CHAPTER I THE RESTORATION Bourbon restoration—Austro-Sicilian alliance—Convention of Casa Lanza—Ferdinand's proclamations—He arrives at Naples— Moderate conduct—Ferdinand's marriage—New conditions— Liberalism and Napoleon—Naples and France—Lazzaroni and middle class — Napoleonic system in Naples—Constitu­ tional legislation—Zurlo—Nationalization—Results of French rule—Constitutionalism—The allies—Congress of Vienna— Austro- Neapolitan secret treaty — Holy Alliance — Bourbon accessions—Secret societies. THE Bourbon restoration of 1815 took place under circumstances very different from that of 1799. The sudden disappearance of Napoleon from the scene dis­ closed two great powers in European politics: public opinion on the one hand ; on the other the settled policy of a school of statesmen whose doctrines were those of benevolent autocracy. It was under the restraining influence of these two forces that Ferdinand returned to Naples. The weightiest external pressure on the Sicilian Court was that of Austria as represented by Prince Metternich. During the sessions of the Congress of Vienna, Ferdinand's agents, Ruffo and Serracapriola, constantly urged his claims on the representatives of 3 THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE PART n the Powers. Metternich's influence alone had long prevented their suqcess. But on the rupture of rela­ tions between Austria and Naples, a month before the, battle of Tolentino, the Austrian Minister had com­ pletely changed his attitude and adopted a position that could not but satisfy Ferdinand. The Austrian cam­ paign against Naples was frankly declared to be one of annihilation and annexation, exactly as that of Napoleon had been in 1806. From the day on which diplomatic relations were broken off the kingly title was dropped, and the occupant of the throne of Naples became known to Austrian statesmen as Marshal Murat once more. Metternich at once turned to Ruffo and to Prince Leopold of Sicily, then present in Naples, and offered them a treaty of alliance, which was quickly agreed ; it was signed on the 20th of April. This treaty provided for the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty to the throne, and by its terms 30,000 Sicilian troops were to be employed in the enterprise, and all expenses borne by the re-established Government. But what was of even greater interest in this treaty was that it contained stipulations that went beyond the military necessities of the case, and clearly revealed the spirit of the new era just dawning on Europe. The Austrian Government expressly required that on the reinstatement of Ferdinand there should be no political persecution, that all sales of State property made by the late Government should be confirmed, that the obligations of the public debt and all pensions should be met, and that all titles of honour con­
Load more

Recommended publications
  • O-Iwa's Curse
    O-Iwa’s Curse Apparitions and their After-Effects in the Yotsuya kaidan Saitō Takashi 齋藤 喬 Nanzan Institute for Religion & Culture In traditional Japanese theater, ghosts appear in the shadowlands between the visible and the invisible. They often try to approach those who harmed or abused them in life to seek revenge with the aid of supernatural powers. In such scenes, the dead are visible as a sign of impending doom only to those who are the target of their revenge. An examination of the Yotsuya kaidan, one of the most famous ghost stories in all of Japanese literature, is a case in point. The story is set in the Edo period, where the protagonist, O-Iwa, is reputed to have put a curse on those around her with catastrophic results. Her legend spread with such effect that she was later immortalized in a Shinto shrine bearing her name. In a word, so powerful and awe-inspiring was her curse that she not only came to be venerated as a Shinto deity but was even memorialized in a Buddhist temple. There is no doubt that a real historical person lay behind the story, but the details of her life have long since been swallowed up in the mists of literary and artistic imagination. In this article, I will focus on the rakugo (oral performance) version of the tale (translated into English by James S. de Benneville in 1917) and attempt to lay out the logic of O-Iwa’s apparitions from the viewpoint of the narrative. ho is O-Iwa? This is the name of the lady of Tamiya house, which appeared in the official documents of Tokugawa Shogunate.
    [Show full text]
  • Universality of Jurisdiction Over War Crimes
    California Law Review VOLUME XXXIII JUNE, 1945 NumBm 2 Universality of Jurisdiction Over War Crimes Willard B. Cowles* B ECAUSE of the mobility of troops in the present war and the practice of transferring troops from one front to another, it may well be that units of Gestapo, SS, or other German organizations, which have been charged with committing some of the worst war crimes, may have been moved from one front to another, perhaps as "flying squad- rons". It may also be a fact that many, even hundreds of, members of such groups have now been captured and are prisoners of war in Great Britain or the United States. Such prisoners held by Great Britain may have committed atrocities against Yugoslavs in Yugo- slavia or Greeks in Greece. German prisoners in the custody of the United States may have committed atrocities against Poles in Poland before the United States became a belligerent. Furthermore, for rea- sons not obvious, but none the less real, it may be that some countries will not wish to punish certain war criminals or that they would prefer that some such individuals be punished by other States. Again, the custodian State may wish to punish an offender itself rather than turn him over to another government even though a request for rendition has been made. Because of notions of territorial jurisdiction, it is thought by some persons that, although a State may punish war criminals for offenses committed against its own armed forces during the military opera- tions, it may not punish an offender when the victim of a criminal act was not a member of its forces, if the crime was committed in a place over which, at the time of the act, the punishing State did not have *Lt.
    [Show full text]
  • Almatourism Special Issue N
    AlmaTourism Special Issue N. 4, 2015: Beeton S., Cavicchi A., Not Quite Under the Tuscan Sun… the Potential of Film Tourism in Marche Region AlmaTourism Journal of Tourism, Culture and Territorial Development ___________________________________________________________ Not Quite Under the Tuscan Sun… the Potential of Film Tourism in Marche Region Beeton, S.* La Trobe University (Australia) Cavicchi, A.† University of Macerata (Italy) ABSTRACT The relationship between film and tourism is complex and at times often subtle – not all movies directly encourage tourism, but they can influence tourist images as well as provide additional aspects to the tourist experience. This conceptual paper considers the role that film can play to encourage and enhance tourism in the Marche Region of Italy. Based on theoretical knowledge developed to date, a process to develop film tourism product is proposed. Such a practical application of academic knowledge will also provide data with which to further develop theoretical models in the field. _________________________________________________________ Keywords: Film-induced tourism, Film Commission, Italy, Rural areas * E-mail address: [email protected] † E-mail address: [email protected] almatourism.unibo.it ISSN 2036-5195 146 This article is released under a Creative Commons - Attribution 3.0 license. AlmaTourism Special Issue N. 4, 2015: Beeton S., Cavicchi A., Not Quite Under the Tuscan Sun… the Potential of Film Tourism in Marche Region Introduction People have been visiting Italy for thousands of years, with the notion of the ‘Grand Tour’ of the 18th Century acknowledged as one of the antecedents of modern day tourism, while others argue persuasively that tourism was well established in that region far earlier, such as during the Roman Empire (Lomine, 2005).
    [Show full text]
  • Wellington's Army 1809-1814
    Wellington's Army 1809-1814 by C.W.C. OMAN M.A. OXON, HON, LL.D EDIN PROFESOR OF MODERN HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD with illustrations second impression London Edward Arnold 1913 Digitized for Microsoft Corporation by the Internet Archive in 2007, from a University of Toronto copy. PREFACE MUCH has been written concerning Wellington and his famous Peninsular Army in the way of formal history : this volume, however, will I think contain somewhat that is new to most stu- dents concerning its organization, its day by day life, and its psychology. To understand the ex- ploits of Wellington's men, it does not suffice to read a mere chronicle of their marches and battles. I have endeavoured to collect in these pages notices of those aspects of their life with which no strategical or tactical work can deal, though tactics and even strategy will not be found unnoticed. My special thanks are due to my friend Mr. C. T. Atkinson, Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, for allowing me to use the admirable list of the bri- gade and divisional organization of the Peninsu- lar Army which forms Appendix II. It is largely expanded from the article on the same topic which he printed eight years ago in the Historical Review, and enables the reader to find out the precise composition of every one of Wellington's units at any moment between April, 1808 and April, 1814. I have also to express my gratitude to the Hon. John Fortescue, the author of the great History of the British Army, for answering a good many queries which I should have found hard to solve without his aid.
    [Show full text]
  • Former Political Prisoners and Exiles in the Roman Revolution of 1848
    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1989 Between Two Amnesties: Former Political Prisoners and Exiles in the Roman Revolution of 1848 Leopold G. Glueckert Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Glueckert, Leopold G., "Between Two Amnesties: Former Political Prisoners and Exiles in the Roman Revolution of 1848" (1989). Dissertations. 2639. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/2639 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1989 Leopold G. Glueckert BETWEEN TWO AMNESTIES: FORMER POLITICAL PRISONERS AND EXILES IN THE ROMAN REVOLUTION OF 1848 by Leopold G. Glueckert, O.Carm. A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Loyola University of Chicago in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 1989 Leopold G. Glueckert 1989 © All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As with any paper which has been under way for so long, many people have shared in this work and deserve thanks. Above all, I would like to thank my director, Dr. Anthony Cardoza, and the members of my committee, Dr. Walter Gray and Fr. Richard Costigan. Their patience and encourage­ ment have been every bit as important to me as their good advice and professionalism.
    [Show full text]
  • Christina Rossetti
    This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. https://books.google.com ChristinaRossetti MackenzieBell,HellenaTeresaMurray,JohnParkerAnderson,AgnesMilne the g1ft of Fred Newton Scott l'hl'lll'l'l'llllftlill MMM1IIIH1I Il'l'l lulling TVr-K^vr^ lit 34-3 y s ( CHRISTINA ROSSETTI J" by thtie s-ajmis atjthoe. SPRING'S IMMORTALITY: AND OTHER POEMS. Th1rd Ed1t1on, completing 1,500 copies. Cloth gilt, 3J. W. The Athen-cum.— ' Has an unquestionable charm of its own.' The Da1ly News.— 'Throughout a model of finished workmanship.' The Bookman.—' His verse leaves on us the impression that we have been in company with a poet.' CHARLES WHITEHEAD : A FORGOTTEN GENIUS. A MONOGRAPH, WITH EXTRACTS FROM WHITEHEAD'S WORKS. New Ed1t1on. With an Appreciation of Whitehead by Mr, Hall Ca1ne. Cloth, 3*. f»d. The T1mes. — * It is grange how men with a true touch of genius in them can sink out of recognition ; and this occurs very rapidly sometimes, as in the case of Charles Whitehead. Several works by this wr1ter ought not to be allowed to drop out of English literature. Mr. Mackenzie Bell's sketch may consequently be welcomed for reviving the interest in Whitehead.' The Globe.—' His monograph is carefully, neatly, and sympathetically built up.' The Pall Mall Magaz1ne.—' Mr. Mackenzie Bell's fascinating monograph.' — Mr. /. ZangwiU. PICTURES OF TRAVEL: AND OTHER POEMS. Second Thousand. Cloth, gilt top, 3*. 6d. The Queen has been graciously pleased to accept a copy of this work, and has, through her Secretary, Sir Arthur Bigge, conveyed her thanks to the Author.
    [Show full text]
  • Postgraduate Certificate of Academic Practice
    National Research Council Institute of Marine Sciences The impact of Climate Change on coastal zones: the example of Venice Georg Umgiesser ISMAR-CNR, Venice, Italy With contributions from: Federica Braga, Sandro Carniel, Jacopo Chiggiato, Fabio Raicich, Luigi Tosi National Research Council Institute of Marine Sciences • Pubblic Research Institute • Headquarter in Venice and 6 regional branches • About 210 people • About 60 people in training (PhD, postdoctoral) • 150 ISI pubblications in 2010 ISMAR was evaluated as the excellence institute of the Earth and Environment Department of CNR National Research Council Institute of Marine Sciences ISMAR activities Physical and Chemical Oceanography (Venezia, Ancona, Bologna, Trieste, La Spezia) Geology e Geophysics (Bologna, Venezia) Coastal Systems And Human Impacts (All branches) Climate and Paleoclimate (Bologna,Venezia, Trieste, La Spezia) Ecosystems and Biogeochemistry (Ancona, Venezia, Lesina) Fisheries and Aquaculture (Ancona, Lesina) Technology (Genova, Ancona, Bologna, La Spezia) Climate change impact on the coastal zone • Change in storminess and storm surge occurence • Coastal erosion • Subsidence in low lying areas • Sea level rise • Venice lagoon: storm surge defense Sea level extremes • It is very likely that there will be a significant increase in the occurrence of future sea level extremes in some regions by 2100, with a likely increase in the early 21st century. • A 8 to 10% increase in the 99th percentile surge heights between 1961–1990 and 2071–2100 was found. • This increase will primarily be the result of an increase in mean sea level (high confidence), with the frequency of a particular sea level extreme increasing by an order of magnitude or more in some regions by the end of the 21st century.
    [Show full text]
  • The Unification of Italy and Germany
    EUROPEAN HISTORY Unit 10 The Unification of Italy and Germany Form 4 Unit 10.1 - The Unification of Italy Revolution in Naples, 1848 Map of Italy before unification. Revolution in Rome, 1848 Flag of the Kingdom of Italy, 1861-1946 1. The Early Phase of the Italian Risorgimento, 1815-1848 The settlements reached in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna had restored Austrian domination over the Italian peninsula but had left Italy completely fragmented in a number of small states. The strongest and most progressive Italian state was the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont in north-western Italy. At the Congress of Vienna this state had received the lands of the former Republic of Genoa. This acquisition helped Sardinia-Piedmont expand her merchant fleet and trade centred in the port of Genoa. There were three major obstacles to unity at the time of the Congress of Vienna: The Austrians occupied Lombardy and Venetia in Northern Italy. The Papal States controlled Central Italy. The other Italian states had maintained their independence: the Kingdom of Sardinia, also called Piedmont-Sardinia, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (ruler by the Bourbon dynasty) and the Duchies of Tuscany, Parma and Modena (ruled by relatives of the Austrian Habsburgs). During the 1820s the Carbonari secret society tried to organize revolts in Palermo and Naples but with very little success, mainly because the Carbonari did not have the support of the peasants. Then came Giuseppe Mazzini, a patriotic writer who set up a national revolutionary movement known as Young Italy (1831). Mazzini was in favour of a united republic.
    [Show full text]
  • Discovery Marche.Pdf
    the MARCHE region Discovering VADEMECUM FOR THE TOURIST OF THE THIRD MILLENNIUM Discovering THE MARCHE REGION MARCHE Italy’s Land of Infinite Discovery the MARCHE region “...For me the Marche is the East, the Orient, the sun that comes at dawn, the light in Urbino in Summer...” Discovering Mario Luzi (Poet, 1914-2005) Overlooking the Adriatic Sea in the centre of Italy, with slightly more than a million and a half inhabitants spread among its five provinces of Ancona, the regional seat, Pesaro and Urbino, Macerata, Fermo and Ascoli Piceno, with just one in four of its municipalities containing more than five thousand residents, the Marche, which has always been Italyʼs “Gateway to the East”, is the countryʼs only region with a plural name. Featuring the mountains of the Apennine chain, which gently slope towards the sea along parallel val- leys, the region is set apart by its rare beauty and noteworthy figures such as Giacomo Leopardi, Raphael, Giovan Battista Pergolesi, Gioachino Rossini, Gaspare Spontini, Father Matteo Ricci and Frederick II, all of whom were born here. This guidebook is meant to acquaint tourists of the third millennium with the most important features of our terri- tory, convincing them to come and visit Marche. Discovering the Marche means taking a path in search of beauty; discovering the Marche means getting to know a land of excellence, close at hand and just waiting to be enjoyed. Discovering the Marche means discovering a region where both culture and the environment are very much a part of the Made in Marche brand. 3 GEOGRAPHY On one side the Apen nines, THE CLIMATE od for beach tourism is July on the other the Adriatic The regionʼs climate is as and August.
    [Show full text]
  • INTRODUCTION 1. Charles Esdaile, the Wars of Napoleon (New York, 1995), Ix; Philip Dwyer, “Preface,” Napoleon and Europe, E
    Notes INTRODUCTION 1. Charles Esdaile, The Wars of Napoleon (New York, 1995), ix; Philip Dwyer, “Preface,” Napoleon and Europe, ed. Philip Dwyer (London, 2001), ix. 2. Michael Broers, Europe under Napoleon, 1799–1815 (London, 1996), 3. 3. An exception to the Franco-centric bibliography in English prior to the last decade is Owen Connelly, Napoleon’s Satellite Kingdoms (New York, 1965). Connelly discusses the developments in five satellite kingdoms: Italy, Naples, Holland, Westphalia, and Spain. Two other important works that appeared before 1990, which explore the internal developments in two countries during the Napoleonic period, are Gabriel Lovett, Napoleon and the Birth of Modern Spain (New York, 1965) and Simon Schama, Patriots and Liberators: Revolution in the Netherlands, 1780–1813 (London, 1977). 4. Stuart Woolf, Napoleon’s Integration of Europe (London and New York, 1991), 8–13. 5. Geoffrey Ellis, “The Nature of Napoleonic Imperialism,” Napoleon and Europe, ed. Philip Dwyer (London, 2001), 102–5; Broers, Europe under Napoleon, passim. 1 THE FORMATION OF THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE 1. Geoffrey Ellis, “The Nature of Napoleonic Imperialism,” Napoleon and Europe, ed. Philip Dwyer (London, 2001), 105. 2. Martyn Lyons, Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution (New York, 1994), 43. 3. Ellis, “The Nature,” 104–5. 4. On the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars and international relations, see Tim Blanning, The French Revolutionary Wars, 1787–1802 (London, 1996); David Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon: the Mind and Method of History’s Greatest Soldier (London, 1966); Owen Connelly, Blundering to Glory: Napoleon’s Military 212 Notes 213 Campaigns (Wilmington, DE, 1987); J.
    [Show full text]
  • Volfango Goethe a Napoli [Microform], Con Cinque Incisioni
    MASTER NEGATIVE NO. 92-80703 MICROFILMED 1993 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES/NEW YORK as part of the "Foundations of Western Civilization Preservation Project -il Funded by the NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES Reproductions may not be made without permission from Columbia University Library COPYRIGHT STATEMENT The copyright law of the United States - Title 17, United States Code - concerns the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or other reproduction ìs not to be "used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research." If a user makes a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or reproductìon for purposes in excess of "fair use," that user may be liable for copyright infringement. This institution reserves the right to refuse to accept a copy order if, in its judgement, fulfillment of the order would invoive violation of the copyright law. AUTHOR: CROCE, BENEDETTO TITLE: VOLFANGO GOETHE A NAPOLI... PLACE: NAPOLI DA TE : 1903 • Master Negative # COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES TRESERVATION DEPARTMENT BIDLIOGRAPHICMICROFORMTARnFT Originai Material as rilmed - Existing Bibliographic Record I i i rn -^"•t H y. f < 1 .1^, I m i I. ^ l m - i . > m ; Croco, Bonodotto, 1066- 1Q52 ... Volfanco Cootho a llapoli, con cinquo in- cisioni, napoli, Piorro, 1003 57 P piate, portn- 21 ci.i. At head of title: Bonodot'.o Croco. ( ) / r* ri f tlt) é I Restrictions on Use: TECHNICAL MICROFORM DATA FILM 35__r>r'n ^>y\ SIZE: REDUCTION RATIO: llx IMAGE PLACEMENT: JA ^lA) IB IIB DATE FILMED: ,-^ INITIALS_ • ^ —'D-llz^l /h FILMEDBY: RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS, INC WOODDRÌdGF.'ct Y e MIM Association for Information and Image Management nOOWayneAuenue.
    [Show full text]
  • Angeli, Helen Rossetti, Collector Angeli-Dennis Collection Ca.1803-1964 4 M of Textual Records
    Helen (Rossetti) Angeli - Imogene Dennis Collection An inventory of the papers of the Rossetti family including Christina G. Rossetti, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, and William Michael Rossetti, as well as other persons who had a literary or personal connection with the Rossetti family In The Library of the University of British Columbia Special Collections Division Prepared by : George Brandak, September 1975 Jenn Roberts, June 2001 GENEOLOGICAL cw_T__O- THE ROssFTTl FAMILY Gaetano Polidori Dr . John Charlotte Frances Eliza Gabriele Rossetti Polidori Mary Lavinia Gabriele Charles Dante Rossetti Christina G. William M . Rossetti Maria Francesca (Dante Gabriel Rossetti) Rossetti Rossetti (did not marry) (did not marry) tr Elizabeth Bissal Lucy Madox Brown - Father. - Ford Madox Brown) i Brother - Oliver Madox Brown) Olive (Agresti) Helen (Angeli) Mary Arthur O l., v o-. Imogene Dennis Edward Dennis Table of Contents Collection Description . 1 Series Descriptions . .2 William Michael Rossetti . 2 Diaries . ...5 Manuscripts . .6 Financial Records . .7 Subject Files . ..7 Letters . 9 Miscellany . .15 Printed Material . 1 6 Christina Rossetti . .2 Manuscripts . .16 Letters . 16 Financial Records . .17 Interviews . ..17 Memorabilia . .17 Printed Material . 1 7 Dante Gabriel Rossetti . 2 Manuscripts . .17 Letters . 17 Notes . 24 Subject Files . .24 Documents . 25 Printed Material . 25 Miscellany . 25 Maria Francesca Rossetti . .. 2 Manuscripts . ...25 Letters . ... 26 Documents . 26 Miscellany . .... .26 Frances Mary Lavinia Rossetti . 2 Diaries . .26 Manuscripts . .26 Letters . 26 Financial Records . ..27 Memorabilia . .. 27 Miscellany . .27 Rossetti, Lucy Madox (Brown) . .2 Letters . 27 Notes . 28 Documents . 28 Rossetti, Antonio . .. 2 Letters . .. 28 Rossetti, Isabella Pietrocola (Cole) . ... 3 Letters . ... 28 Rossetti, Mary . .. 3 Letters . .. 29 Agresti, Olivia (Rossetti) .
    [Show full text]