Duke's Fiftieth Jtaby Anniversary Issue l he Chronicle Magazine Volume 70, Number 130'/2 Duke Universitv, Durham, N.C. Saturday, April 12,1975 Page 2A Saturday, April 12, 1975
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4A Parker: Wisdom From History Holly Brubach 5A Sluck Inside of Mobile With Steve Dryden 6A The Hundred Per Cent Democrat Mark Pinsky 8A Life in the Duke Pre-Med Jungle ]ane Vessels 10A Celebration and Counter-Celebration .. Paul Bermonzohn, Shelley Ames and Betsy Mcintosh 12A Duke Grads Stay in Durham Charlie F.bel 13A Progressive Politics in Durham Elizabeth Tornquist 15A Affirmative Action . . . Slowly Fred Klein 1B An Outside Agitator Looks Back Jake Phelps Ruby Staff 2B Memoirs of a Frat Man Jonathan Ingram 3B This Isn't New York City Dan Hull Steve Dryden, Fred Klein: Editors; John Golieb, Aileen Masterson: Assistant Editors; Steve Drucker: Art Direction; Ralph Barnette, 5B Just a Few Tables in the CI Kevin Moore Peaches Rigsbee, Delia Adkins, Anne Newman, Charles 6B An Old Story Retold Howard Goldberg Demosthenes, Rick Wain: Composition; Jay Anderson: Photography; 8B He Taught the World to Smoke Susan Carter Elizabeth Ames: Tea and Sympathy. 9B Mary Duke Biddle Trent Semans Kate Jordan Welcome to Duke's fiftieth anniversary celebration. This is 1 OB Centralization and Isolation Brett Steenbarger Ruby, the Chronicle's sometime magazine. In compiling this 11B Maybe Next Year Steve Garland special edition we attempted to solicit divergent views of Duke— its past, present and future—with no specific theme in mind. We 12B The Demise of Woman's College Dara DeHaven hope that these articles will stimulate some thought about what the next fifty vears might bring. The views expressed here are those of the authors. —The Editors
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•any style submarine sandwich (new york style) •all your favorite beverages •relaxed atmosphere with continuous music OPEN 7 DAYS A WEEK 11 AM—1 AM 104 Albemarle Street 688-2297 Eat Inside or Out or Carry Out Page 4A Rubv Saturday, April 12, 1975 36 Years at Duke Parker: Wisdom from History new. Because it was so slow—I attended the You once said that you think one of the re BY HOLLY BRUBACH During the war, the West Campus was University of Chicago where, if a practice is asons people today are so cynical is that converted into an ROTC base. Then you in existence three years, then it's time to be they are reared on too idealistic a concept "Take professors, not courses," has come have veterans coming in, people who really to be my philosophy, and Harold Parker changing. And you always learn from your of history. shouldn't be here, and the attrition rate is experiences, so you keep getting better and has been no small part of my curriculum. It terrific. Thai's when I developed the style Yes, they should be reared on Old Testa better. Whereas the tendency then was to is hard for me to remember how I thought of the three-level lecture: the storv for the ment, in other words. Because what his say, "Oh, no, we tried that and it didn't before 1 took his courses—I can only recall people who couldn't even read; ihen the torians do is sort of paper over the cruelties work, we tried seminars and they didn't thai my understanding of culture and ideas second level, I made comparisons for the that mankind inflict on each other and they work, we tried honors programs and they was, at best, haphazard and one- people who were a little brighfer; third was paper them over either by making general didn't work." So for 15 years, Dr. Watson dimensional. Credit where it is due: the movement of history underneath—now statements, generalizations—"ln a period and I got nothing through. Since '54 Harold Parker would never do the think everybody gets it. So I would say that there of inflation, some people are hurt, some re ing for his students. So we thought new there's been change—there's been a rush of was a decline, both absolute and relative, warded"—-you see, that hides all the pain thoughts; we came to a new understand change in '59-61 and a rush of a change in running through the men's campus from and suffering and also hides all the ex ing. Parker's gift is to provoke and inspire; '67-69. Then since '69 it's been consolida aboul 1940 till about 1954. The reason I hilaration of making a profit. They do it by his is one of the most agile minds at Duke tion along principles laid down at that time. pick '54 is that I entered the administra generalizations, but they also do it by ex University. This interview of April 9, 1975, So 1 think it's a more vibrant institution tion—I became director of undergraduate clusion. There are apparently certain is, in part, a reiteration of other conversa than at that time. studies, but that just means I was more gentlemen's agreements among historians tions I have had with Parker; but it is also, When did you make your original com aware of the situation. But more impor that indicate real cruelty, the kind that we as always, a learning process. mitment to scholarship? You obviously now see on television in the Viet Nam War, What year did you come to Duke? wavered in 1949— indicate that is sort of beyond the pale—we September, 1939. Along with Dick Watson Yes, that's also personal. The war had in don't do that. Historians don't really show and Arthur Ferguson. terrupted my life, and the depression had What changes have you seen in the faculty the dark side* of humanity, whereas the Old interrupted my life. And you feel oldest since then? Testament stories do. The Old Testament when you're young. stories are not only about God, they're And youngest when you're old? Well, when we arrived, there was still a about men and of course relations of men Well, I still feel young. I don't have any large portion of people connected with with God. That's something thatis first and sense that I'm any different, except the way Trinity College and the faculty of Trinity last understood. But about man usurping people look at me and offer to carry my College was composed of two types of peo men, that's something we would never books for me. Yes, the war had interrupted ple: one. very distinguished scholars, loyal gather from the historians" account. Trinity College people who stayed mainly my career and it took me two or three years Why do you focus your study of the his because they were devoted to the mission of to get back in scholarship. That was part of tory of consciousness on individuals? Trinity College, namely to raise the educa it. 1 was still out of scholarship in '49. But Well, for one thing, it's easier to identify tion level of the region. Then the other was. then I went to Europe in 1949—my first with a single person. Well, I would change what we would call dead wood, in other sabbatical. I went to Europe and got in that now to small groups—you can move words, thev were somewhat provincial terested in Napoleon again, so I guess it from individual actions to the formation of teachers who were sort of being outgrown was a renewed commitment. My original common ways of thinking...But I concen by the university environment. They were commitment was in the senior seminar at trate on the cultured elite. Then too it's certainly not equal, but they had tenure, so Chicago: we .were to write three term easier to identify with a single person. you had to keep them. Eventually, what's papers a semester and I wrote six—I just What qualifies a man as a genius? What happened is you've filled the university got started and couldn't stop. with Ph.D.'s from the rest of the country. sets him apart? Do you regret any of the sacrifices you've So whereas when I came, the faculty, the A rich unconscious and the ability/o tap it. tant, Allen Manchester and Paul Gross, un- had to make? Freud said an unhappy childhood, but I majority, was southern, the overwhelming der the auspices of President Edens, began I have no sense of sacrifice. I've always don't think that's all of it; many people had majority now comes from regions other to rebuild the institution. And so they liked what I'm doing—you don't become an unhappy childhood. They may have than the South. began to build a new undergraduate aware of sacrifice until the last year or two. Then the student body, that student traiditon leading to seminars and small- There's that passage in the closing of Anna had training—William James had perfect training, Sigmund Freud had perfect train body of '39 was excellent, first-rate. So, at group experiences. So since about Karenina when she throws herself under ing, in anatomy, physiology, psychology, that time Duke was a very small but good we've had a progressive administration; the train, and the light by which she read chemistry, and so on. But somehow or school. It had an excellent women's college, we've had an improving student body life was extinguished. I've always read ever presided over by an intelligent lady. Alice down to aboul '65, '67, when it becomes ex- ything in a very brilliant light, and other there's this rich unconscious that Baldwin. As soon as you walked into Miss cellent. then it levels off. whatever I'm doing is exciting and impor doesn't set up barriers against absorbing Baldwin's presence, you realized you were And so I guess the changes are in re tant to me at the time, so I've never been experience, doesn't reject. So in this deep in lhe presence of a woman of quality; and sidential regulations, and the use of the re- bored since I attended my last lecture of well, there are rich experiences descend so people respected her. And she had social sidential system to promote education. In duate school. ing, and somehow or other barriers are not standards formed by intelligence. She was curriculum, it's a far more flexible cur- But the shift is commitment to leaching. set up against emergence. So this may sug interested in producing educated, in- riculum—it wasn't inflexible in '39, but it On arrival, I was not interested in teaching, gest that not only is it a rich unconscious, telligent women who were also ladies, and became inflexible in '49. I couldn't say a but the department of history was always a but an unconscious that works well. As far so the social standards all had that ra- word about the faculty—I just don't know first class teaching department, and as verification is concerned, they've been tionale—people understood what the all these people around. Except the people chairman Laprade always held that ; trained. And you do have some very trained minds such as Faraday—he's pro purpose was. They didn't seem oppressive who've made names are all retiring, i don't ideal, that "history i the I.on g i i corn- because they did have a rationale. Then you know the quality of the younger faculty municates wisdom." bably science's leading experimenter. He had an excellent Women's College and, members and they don't either—they don't My father was a great teacher. I was go just recorded every move he made, so in since we were one of the few coordinated know their own quality. ng t< ' i research scholar- was all re- that case he learned to be a great ex colleges, we also attracted some of the best If there was that decline at Duke over a beilion against Father. Well, I've done perimenter. In that case I think he had a women who didn't want to go to a woman's period of years, why did you choose to both, but I'm not essentially and I'm not very great trained conscious mind, college or a state coeducational schqol. On stay here? Why didn't you go to another thought of as a research scholar, although persistence, so maybe there's no real simple the other hand, it was intelligent woRicn— university? I'm now going back to it. So research answer. There are many forms of genius. she selected rather than vibrant, creative Well, actually I nearly resigned in '49. It's scholarship has been intermittent; the corn- but if we're talking about James, Freud, women; but still, once you accepted her ra- the black question that gets you when miiment to teaching has been continuous. Proust, and people of that type of genius. tionale. it was a very good school in those you're a northerner here and pass through. My scholarship is different—I tend to be a they just have a rich associative mind, in times. It's not the institution or the traditions that generalist although 1 do monographic cluding both conscious unconscious. Well, what happened is the Women's get you, but the segregation of white work. My scholarship tends to be universal. Do you consider yourself a genius? College maintained its tradition through superiors in those days. And clearly bv stay- so to speak. And I'm interested in general No. I don't take experience deeply enough the war years—it had independent ad- ing you are participating, become an ac- relations, and that's not the type of is what I've been deciding over the past few- missions and everything. Not independent complice. We lost quite a few northerners scholarship that's regarded as scholarship, weeks. No. I'm not a genius. I consider faculty, but the first two years the classes on that account. 1 didn't go elsewhere, but Do you think "history in the long run geniuses to have somewhat wild ideas and were over here—we didn't have segregated it was purely on the black issue that I con- communicates wisdom**? I've learned to do that only in the last three or four weeks—to improvise so that new- dasses until Miss Baldwin retired. The sidered resigning. In that case, 1 would go yes, I would agree with that. 1 think that is Women's College remained an excellent in- and be a greenskeeper. and then 1 thought, ideas flash through, so that you have new the by-product that gradually accrues, the stitution, but the tradition of Trinity I'll l""k back on my life and what will it aperais, new perceptions, and new insights; wing understanding of human affairs College, the men's college, was destroyed have been:' Well, that's all right if you're a you see things in a way no one's ever seen and an ability to operate more prudently during the war, and it's never recovered— greenskeeper-type and that's the only them before. I've always gotten my ideas and effectively because vou're aware of the what it's had to do was to build something thing that you can do. So I decided to stick process—it gives ; simply by absorbing evidence and then go i sense of strategy. And ing on to the heart of the matter, and 1 do it then it also gives you wisdom, a sense of very well—that's my gift. But it's not having Holly Brubach is a senior in Trinity Then I began to study the community—I prospective, a sense of process, and then lyildly creative new ideas. So you learn how- College and a Chronicle Arts Editor just hated it. you see. Then I began to stud\ you see yourself in terms of that perspec lb manage vour mind to gel it to work. the university and I just hated that tive and process. Saturday, April 12, 1975 Page 5A Shots in the Dark Stuck inside of Mobile with
BY STEVE DRYDEN with apologies to Before the group could dissolve, though. table, which was still covered with the were dissatisfied with the decision. Stu Richard N.Goodwin Smith stood up on the platform and shout plates, dishes and glasses of the evening dents talk as if a university governance ed with a hoarse voice that this was not the meal. His wife, he said, had left a few system that would give equal authority to "I've talked to a lot of students here who end. lhat the movement will continue until minutes earlier for a meeting with some workers, studenis. faculty and the ad think they missed out on something in the the University changes the decision people in Raleigh. An heiress to a large ministration is an easy, simple thing to set sixties. Well, that's a crock. Those move making process and allows students, faculty manufacturing fortune, she and her up. It isn't. For one thing, it's evident that ments then were naive in their concepts of and workers to exercise some control at husband had l>een the financial backers of the workers in the university want to main how the university operates/' . Duke. more than a few progressive causes; they tain their adversary relationship, as mem Chan Smith, former president of the As What was happening at Duke? What did seemed to have supported in some way just bers of a union, with the administration. sociated Students of Duke University and a it mean to have 700 students out on the about anyone on the left who had needed Thev refused the MSA's offer to become 1972 graduate who had come back to Duke quad? While I was thinking about these money. pan of a governing council.' I expect the to study environmental management, was questions I happened to run into a pro "You heard about that demonstration, MSA will have some problems with faculty politely haranguing a crowd of approx fessor who spoke at the rally, denouncing didn't you?", I said, to which he nodded his members, also. For as much as they squawk imately 600 students gathered on the main Duke and its" administrators with great head. "Well, it looks like there may be a re about decisions made here, they aren't in quad to protest the university decision vehemence. surgence of the sludent movement at any position or particularly desirous to lake making process and the proposed jettison "Tell me," I said, "do you reallv believe Duke." over here. After all, they came here to of the Forestry School. Smith,had emerged all that stuff you said todav?" "I wasn't aware there was ever much of a teach and pursue research, not to spend as one of the most articulate spokesmen of "Sure. As I said, the dynamics of de student movement at Duke," he replied, their time haggling over the budget in the Movement for Shared Authority cision-making at Duke can be summed up "but even if you forget that, I don'l think some goddamn senate. They do want some (MSA), the group which had organized the in a few words: ignorance, secrecy, dis this thing has much of a future. In the first say in important decisions, though, and to rally, and this, combined with* his honesty, arrogance, and incompetence. place, the only reason there were more deny them thai will only insure trouble." charismatic qualities was often cited as>a "You don't seem to have much hope for chief reason for (he organization's initial participatory democracy in the university," success in mobilizing students. : • i. : I said. Smith went before the crowd, which had "Well, the theory has alwavs sounded at grown listless after three hours of speeches tractive to me, and I know it can work in and music, and go them on their feet: other pans of our society. The University, "Two representatives of the MSA are though, has so many practical problems. over at Allen Building at this moment, giv For instance, there are no students who ing Terry Sanford the petitions you signed. have the time to become fully acquainted I think you all ought to get over there and iviih the workings of the university. ASDU make as much noise as possible to show doesn't even have the arguments de your support." What that, the crowd rose veloped to confront Sanford with. What up. and with a number of war whoops and thev urgently need is the monev to hire cheers moved swiftly across the quad to Al some students full-time who could spend a len Building. Looking up to the second year or two investigating Duke. It's already floor windows for signs pf Sanford, they happening al some other schools — I think rushed from the east to the south side of that both Berkeley and Texas pay their stu the building, and back again, chanting Probably the best single word to describe il than fifty kids out on the quad was because dent politicos. "MSA, MSA," and "open the books." This is exploitation." the Administration handled a very- "Finally, if we've learned nothing else, it's continued for about five minutes, and then f "And you're sticking bv your call for the sensitive matter with great clumsiness. that government, any son of government, lhe crowd began to shout for Sanford. resignation of the vice-president, the chan Provost Cleaveland should have know bet doesn't 'share authority' unless they're on Standing in the midst of the throng, I cellor, the provost, and the dean of the ter than to send a letter to the Forestrv the brink of collapse. Duke, while it does noticed that at least half of those around faculty?" Schoo! dean informing him lhat the sch
Those in North Carolina who stood by Al themselves in office, or that limit the terms Gov. Luther Hodges, a massive industrial pesnate tor past errors, an equally mislead Smith in 1928 were known as "100 per cent of office to two years, or restrict service to park located between the cities of Raleigh, ing school of revisionist journalists—still Democrats" because they supported the two terms. These provisions, coupled with Durham and Chapel Hill, which was dominated by Northerners—has become ticket from top to bottom. According to his the demise in the 1840s of the Whig Party, restricted to research and development influential. Clinging to a new stereotype— official campaign biography, one of the the only viable political alternative (except facilities—"clean industry." With all this ac the sly country boy/Good Ole Boy least noticed of this hardy little band was in a few Border states), insured until re tivity, Sanford was able to attract to his ad caricature—ihey consistently confuse in 11 -year-old Terry Sanford, marching cently a condition of near anarchy in the ministration some of the brightest young telligence with animal cunning, especially down the main street of Laurinburg, N.C, state Democratic Party over control of the minds in the state, those who might when describing George Wallace and his in a torchlight parade and carrying a sign— executive branch, wherein gubernatorial otherwise have gone north to make their political lieutenants. Between these two ex "Me 8c Ma Is for AI Smith." For the next races resembled battles between the fortunes and reputations. He also enlisted, tremes one finds, particularly during the forty-six years Sanford never wavered in personal political armies of condottieri, from inside ihe state and elsewhere, people 1950s and 1960s, a "relativist school" of re his support for the Democratic Party and dependent upon temporary alliances with whom one might never expect to find in porting, practiced largely by the expatriate ils Presidential candidates, regardless of waning former and waxing future gov side state government: Harold Howe, later Southerners who enrich so many Northern their popularity in his home state. As the ernors. This meant, in practical terms, that U.S. Commissioner of Education, was newspapers and national magazines. These Democratic nominee for governor in I960, if a governor hoped either to get himself brought in to head LINC; novelist John primarily liberal journalists, for the most he campaigned personally with John F. reelected or "promoted" to the relative Ehle, then a professor at the University of part gifted writers, wouldn't have been Kennedy, an act credited with helpingJEK security of the VS. Senate, he had to make North Carolina at Chapel Hill, wrote an caught dead using the expression "a credit carry the slate; eight years later, he served certain not to offend any significant in article critical of the university system to his race" in writing about black people: as national co-chairman of Citizens for terest group, geographic area of the which won him an invitation to dinner at nonetheless, they exhibited a propensity Humphrey-Muskie, despite indications of legislature, over which he usually had very the manison and an appointment as an ad for writing about moderate Southern imminent disaster (Humphrey finished little control. Consequently, many a viser to Sanford._ politicians on a thinly veiled "credit to his third behind Nixon and Wallace, the first Southern politician hit on the ingenious region" basis, rejoicing to discover a Then there was the tone of the Sanford loss for a Democratic Presidential can formula of pitching his campaign against landsman whose grammar or views on administration: soft-peddling opposition to didate in North Carolina since the Al Smith "the niggers"—who were not, in substantial lynching did not embarrass them at New- school desegregation, a very hot issue that year of 1928); in 1972, when he was presi- numbers, permitted to vote—and then do York cocktail parties. was arousing truculent defiance from . dent of Duke University, he supported and ing nothing while in office but prepare for neighboring Governors; talking and writ Gov. Terry Sanford was both the victim campaigned for the extremely unpopular the next election. Governors who deviated ing about a new relationship between the and beneficiary- of this kind of puffery, George McGovern (that year the from this formula, either by refusing to states and the federal government, careful which often described him in effusive terms campaign on the race issue or by trying to ly labelling it "New Federalism," rather ai the prince of a mythical kingdom known do something while governor, became than the more familiar "states' rights": and. as the "New South." His administration— "one-term wonders." (Huey Long in of course, Sanford's personal sense of running from 1961 to 1965—was pro Louisiana was the notable exception.) Mark Pinsky. a former Chronicle staff humor, dry- and self-depreciating, so much gressive more in symbol than in substance, memberr is now a freelancer based in like the Kennedys and in such great con characterized by p'l°* pr<»grams and Durham. This article originally appeared Terry Sanford ran for governor in I960 trast to the more traditional cominess and showcase undertakings, particularly in the in The Nation without using t he race issue and after a nar buffoonery of the Southern political style. area of education, which were subsequentlv row victory in tbe primary runoff, was (Contiooedon page7A) Saturday, April 12,1975 Ruby Page 7A
(Continued from page 6A) ble, with worn green carpeting, ancient number of occasions in his first few years at upon this now likely eventuality that Terry disemboweled or cut off by the legislature embroidered drapes and several small Duke, he circulated pompous "open let Sanford bases his Presidential campaign. If after his departure from office. Many of the tables full of knickknacks. Along one wall is ters," delivered "tough" speeches and re a candidate's name is not Kennedy, any educational programs written up in Look a floor-to-ceiling bookshelf, stocked with leased stern statements on dormitory scenario that has at its denouement the and The Saturday Evening Post, including works on Duke (the family as well as the un cohabitation, drug use and "pornographic" winning of the Democratic Presidential those which survived the legislature, iversity), Southern history and politics and photographs in the yearbook—all of which, nomination sounds far-fetched. In the case catered to small numbers of elite students. education, including Sanford's Storm Over his aides maintain, were for "off-campus of Sanford, out of political office for ten Others, like the community college system, theStatesund But What About the People? The consumption." Nowadays his speeches years, it is even more far-fetched than turned out to have a darker side, providing occupant of the office reclines in a black (they average one a week) deal with more most. Still, the best chance one has of being free industrial training for "runaway in leather desk chair, his foot propped on an substantive topics, like the future of private struck by lightning is to pitch hay during a dustry" from the unionized North. In civil open, lower desk drawer, speaking in low higher education, federalism and the thunderstorm and, since the thunderstorm rights, Sanford was never above using his lones into a white plastic telephone. Democratic Party, National Health season for Presidential hopefuls begins in own brand of muted, defensive de- Terry Sanford has sandy hair that frames Insurance. Sanford is aware of the gaps in New Hampshire in early 1976, Sanford will magoguery in the heat of highly charged a strong, squarish, lightly tanned face that his reputation in the areas of foreign affairs center that state's primary, where his political campaigns, when his own liberal usually betrays little emotion. After many and the economy and, with the help of lieutenants feel he need make only a "visi candidate was in danger of being race- visits, one notices his favorite gestures: a some Duke professors, has begun a crash ble" showing. That is to be followed by a baited over a volatile subject like school de tug on the left ear lobe, a touch of his left program to develop strong position papers victory in at least one non-Southern segregation. In 1964, a series of nonviolent cheek with the right forefinger. One also in those areas. Rather sensitive to rumbl primary and, of course, the North Carolina sit-in demonstrations were going on at learns to watch the crow's-feet by his eyes ings about using the university to run for primary. Chapel Hill, led in large part by young President, Sanford has asked for and re and the creases at the corners of his mouth, When and if weary delegates begin look North Carolinians, black and white, who where slight changes of tension are the only ceived the approval of the Duke trustees had been early an enthusiastic Sanford sup before each major political task that he has ing around for a compromise candidate, indications of emotion, except for the three his strategists hope their eyes will fall on porters in 1960. Al the same time, Sanford forehead lines he wrinkles to feign surprise taken on, and plans to take a sabbatical was in the midst of orchestrating the beginning in January of 1976. Terry Sanford—everybody's second or interest, or the rare, unguarded instants choice. After all, his people like to point gubernatorial campaign of L. Richardson when his eyes flash—blaze really. Preyer, with the survival of all the pro The nation's major problems are rather out, it was at just such a deadlocked grams he had been able to establish at Sanford is basically a decent sort, clever obvious, he says, but underlying virtually Democratic convention in 1912 that the stake. While the students looked to Sanford without being devious, preferring to hedge all of them is the fact that "government is party turned to a Southern-bom, former for support, Sanford recalls. Preyer"s con rather than mislead. He speaks in a ripping us off." university president and one-term Gov servative opponents "were beating us over modified drawl and, at worst, can be a re The President and the Congress and ever ernor, Woodrow Wilson. the head with the race issue" and running porter's nightmare: plantitudinous ybody else knows thai our economic mess is Political reporter Richard Reeves wrote speeches and long, rambling, Eisenhower- our number-one problem. Bul what dismays recently that, in the event of a deadlocked
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ads in state newspapers, railing against "the like monologues in interviews. His stump me is that nobody seenis to appreciate the convention, the eventual winner would be festering Red sore in Chapel Hill." In style is as restrained as his face and he historic opportunity it offers us at the same "the least unacceptable alternative to the response, Sanford issued a statement eschews rant and rhetoric. lime. If we reform our economv properly most Democrats" (who he predicted would right now. we can turn the nation around equating extremists in the civil rights mov Since 1970, when he assumed the Duke be Edmund Muskie). If indeed that is the and at ihe same time solve some of the more presidency, Sanford has made the universi criterion, Sanford is in a far better position ement with extremists in the Ku Klux Klan. timdamental problems in American govern than most would expect. He is, naturally, Sanford, a former FBI agent, was also the ty a more interesting and exciting place for ment and our other institutions—industry, last North Carolina Governor to allow a work and study. Much as he did in his education, transportation, health care and acceptable to Southern Democrats and on prisoner to die in the gas chamber. The gubernatorial administration, he has at about everything else thai has plagued us . . . gtxxl terms with Southern Governors. He Governor who followed him, not from the tracted to Duke innovative names in the . It dismays me lhat we're talking about is also acceptable to: liberal wing of the party, automatically academic field, including Robert Coles, economic theories and policies as if somehow Labor Democrats. Inside and outside of postponed all subsequent executions. San james David Barber and Waiter DeVries, they deserve more attention than people. North Carolina, Sanford has been ford now opposes capital punishment. in the process overcoming much of the in That's exactly backwards. We're going to personally popular with all factions of or itial skepticism shown by the senior faculty have to take care of our people first—do A more fundamental criticism of San ganized labor. As Governor, he supported when his appointment was announced. what's right—and ihen fit economic policies ford, which lingers to this day, is rooted in an increase in the minimum wage and ex (Sanford has a law degree but no Ph.D.) around lhat. The irony of this backwards ap what he has always seen as his constituency. proach, it seems to me, is that ii blinds us lo tension of workmen's compensation to mi There has been considerable emphasis on Since he first ran in 1960 his support has the fact lhat the likeliest way io restore our grant workers; he commuted the prison practical politics and governance, centered come from black voters (10 to 12 per cent economy is to do what's right—to respond to terms of six textile union activists convicted in the newly established Policy Sciences of the vote in the general election) and the the deepening needs of our lower- and mid under dubious circumstances in the wake Institute, as well as a Fellows in Com educated, more affluent "decent white dle-income people, and lo finance lhal with of a bitter strike. In 1971, when Local 1199 munications Program, headed by former folks," in large measure to the exclusion of honesi lax reform. was organizing in the Duke Hospital. San NBC correspondent Sander Vanocur, in tower-middle-class and working-class ford met personally with a national officer cooperation with the Department of ln times like these, lhe biggest thing whites. Sanford insists this is more a func Americans have io fear is not "fear itself," bul of the union to work out an agreement; in Political Science. One of the largest oral tion of racial attitudes than economic gelling fiim flam med. getting short-changed, 1972, Wilbur Hobby, head of the state history programs in the country has been status, yet while in office he put through thrown out of iheir jobs, taxed unfairly and AFL-CIO went to the Miami convention established at Duke, funded by a hefty the legislature a sales tax on groceries served inadequately. So it's morally incum pledged to Sanford. On the national level, foundation grant and specializing in the (which he now opposes) in order to finance bent—as well as politically incumbent—on he is on good terms with George Meany, history ol Southern blacks and working-' a general increase in the salaries of public ihe American President today to provide not despite his differences with COPE director class white men and women. For medicine sch
BY JANE VESSELS pre-med. Calculators strengthen die image couldn't sleep last semester," she savs. per cent acceptance rate among Duke ap and arguing each point (or lack of) on an "There's not enough emphasis on physical plicants. This figure includes regular On ihe Thursday before spring break hourly with the professor has definite im activity. If you're going to spend four years (senior) applicants, junior applicants, re this year, in the company of general plications. in the library, why come here?" peaters, and special student applicants. grievances regarding the state of the The behavior of the majority of medical As secretary of the Pre-Med S
(Continued from page 10A) people's paychecks outraged the majority the original application to the state which article appeared quoting President Sanford already among the most overworked in the of Duke's workers who are on delicately had been filed months before. If the entire as saying that the University's anticipated 6 nation. This can only result in worse pa balanced budgets. Their protests reversed plan were reworked using a 15^ inflation deficit for the coming year was $3.4 million tient care and serious morale problems. this policy change and cost the University rate the hospital would cost considerably- (page A:l). At that same meeung, quoted The long way between hospital units will the money, as well as the money that this more than $90.1 million — certainly more in the same article. Dr. Win. Anlyan, also force housestaff (consulting services money could have drawn. The protests also than the £79.6 million11* the plan lakes as Duke's VP for Medical Affairs, stated that especially) to spend a great deal of time in showed that Duke's expectation of worker total project costs. We are investigating the medical center had already spent exact travel. This, incidentally, is supposedly cov passiviiv is wrong. fraud charges. ly $3.4 million on planning the new facility. This fact was Anlyan's major argument ered by lhe inclusion of an $8.44 million MONEY TO BE RAISED Mr. Jarboe's rose-colored glasses also against delaying the hospital's construction subway system, able to move 4000 people Here Duke presupposes an infinitely caused him to say, at that time, that 7 any longer. "Any deviation would require an hour. Surely this is a cure as bad as the wealthy and totally passive consumer. The "Hospital management has already in us to go to point zero again," he said. But disease. It is inflationary, wasteful and hospital plans assume that the stituted measures...(that) have been effec this is hardly a strong argument that no doomed to repeated breakdowns. MedicareAIedicaid reimbursement suit tive and conditions are moving towards further study is necessary. Rather, the fact THE COMMUNITY (filed in 1966 by the government against overall stabilization at an accelerated 1 that the deficit and the planning budget Duke for overbilling) will cost Duke no rate." " But in fact the past months have Duke assumes, as part of its study and of are identical is the best reason for caution more than $1 million. Estimates informally seen things get worse. $o Duke has had to its federal application, that it will freeze the in proceeding with the plans. out-patient clinics." Duke's planning direc circulated around the auditing office run actually begin culling back on academic tor. Wallace [arboe, realizing how inflam up to $7.5 million. It is a virtual certainty programs and laying off workers to save The University has long been a resource matory an issue ihis would be, was forced at that $1 million is an underestimate. money. for the medical center's use. This is a fact of a public hearing9 to dissociate himself and The plans also assume the current level We have called on the federal govern University politics. But a parallel control the University from this and to say lhat this of overpricing and the scandalous double- ment to open up Duke's books and reaudit over the medical center's actions has not plan was only in the report of the financial billing will be permitted to go on. A recent this plan in light of real economic condi been the result. At a meeung held in May planners Peat, Marwick and Mitchell graduate of NCCU Law School declared tions, ll is clearly not the product of of '74 in Anlyan's office this was clearly de (PM&M), which Duke could change. But in his intentions to sue Duke for billing him careful, honest planning. It is a major monstrated. Included among the top of 13 ficials present were Kenneth Pye, Duke's fact it is in the body of the application: in for services he never received. Several boondoggle in the making, and hoping for Counsel and Charles Huesus, Duke's VP deed, it is an assumption of the whole other consumer groups, including the National Health Insurance to save this for Financial Affairs. In 1973, Anlyan had hospital plan, (arboe, who learned about NAM and Citizens Concerned About Bet hopeless plan is equivalent to telling lhe taken over $500,000 from the Medical cost overruns as an employee of the Dept. ter Health Care, are preparing similar whole public to pay for Duke's bungling Private Diagnostic Clinic (PDC), a private of Defense, claimed Duke was only "freez litigation. Ihis concerns the fact that Duke and its lies. This is in fact what J.A. McMahon, Duke's Trustee Chairman and corporation operating in the medical ing its losses, not its clinics." This statement has been sending bills for private pro the President of the American Hospital As center, and used it for paying secretaries in is absolutely contrary to the application, as fessional services to patients who never re sociation, told the public when he said, "If the Medical departments. This was a clear well as with itself. If Duke treats poor pa ceived these services. patients want better healthcare, they're go violation of the PDC contract with the tients, how does it expect them to pay, Finally, the recent admission before the ing to have to pay for it." This is Durham's University, but Anlyan didn't even get his Academic Council that Duke Hospital has especially if its rates are expected to go up own Watergate, and it is a national health wrist slapped by Huestis. In this, as in most the staggering sum of $27 million in un as dramatically as they are planned to by scandal. other cases, the medical center acted as an the Duke plans (i.e. at least 749? by 1980)? collected patient bills puts to test the pre autonomous unit. Further. Duke reports a declining ratio dictions of a financially secure future for But more immediately, this financial of "contractual adjustments and free the hospital. Charles Huestis, Duke's Vice analysis helps explain why a small yet high, It is this sense of total autonomy, and the services as a percentage of gross re President for Financial Affairs, revealed quality academic program like the Forestry irresponsibility it breeds which allows the 1 1 venues"1" down to 4.6% for in-patients and this stark fact in November's meeting. " School is the first thing to get axed in the medical center to play so fast and loose with 10.29? for out-patients, bv 1973. Further ihe significance of this is inescapable. budget cuts. It lends credence to the theory the future of the rest of the University. decline in this ratio will make Duke subject Duke had assumed a level of "contractual advanced by a Forestry professor, i.e., that On the question of the role of the adjustments, discounts, allowances and to litigation under new rulings concerning Duke's Administration wants the school University, many would say that it should provisions for uncollcc tables1'." not at all hospitals' tax exempt status (in Jackson. oul of the wav so it can use the foresl for its uphold reason to power, that it should consistent with reality. Bv 1973, the Mo. and Oklahoma City. Okla."). financial adventures. The pressures are strive to build a community of fairness, amount in this category was expecled to be Hospitals are required by law to provide a certainly there. Building the hospital wil! justice and reason in a corporate society $5.7 million: by 1980 the projection was for which shows few of those virtues. But Duke certain percentage of their costs as low- or place an unbearable slrain on ihe this figure to be no more than $14.9 University's budget. Much thai is good at is damaging patient care at its hospital and no-cost care. "Such litigation is even now 13 million. This category in the plan is Duke may have to be sacrificed to build this trying io wreck the lives of hundreds with understudy. larger than jusl "uncoilectables," so with monument to waste. The issues are much its vicious campaign against the unions. ASSETS $27 million uncollected it appears most un larger than jusl the fate of the School of The firings and layoffs show dearly that Duke's financial condition is similarly likely that the 1974 estimate of $7.8 million Forestry. It also calls into question the con Duke is not interested in upholding any overrated. Once again, inflation rates will be more than 1/3 to 1/2 the actual tinued financial viability of the University values, no matter what flowery rhetoric throw all the application's figures into figure. This means that Duke has much less itself. thev will use at the upcoming anniversary- question, Inn other assumptions of the re money in the bank than it expecled to have. celebrations. Ralher. Duke is like any other port are demonstrably wrong, Duke has But why is this happening? Why is ihe corporation, greedy for profits, expansion used the myth of its financial strength to In addition, Duke's plans expect a re University undertaking a gigantic financial and prestige, as contemptuous of those bowl over state and federal officials, but the latively constant ratio of "coniraclual ad commitment {$169.2 million over the next who need ils services or study in its halls as hospital is in serious financial trouble. justments, discounts, allowances and pro 30 years, at the low levels of inflation as it is of those who work for it and make it MONEY AVAILABLE vision for uncollectables" to total patient sumed in the Duke report)? The reasons run. A central assumption of the plan is that service revenue — it is hoped to remain at involved include the relationship of the ( 15 commitments for the $30 million in equity about 15 /(. But the percentage of gross medical center to the University and the As Duke begins its 50th year, it is fitting, the hospital is to raise are to be in hand by revenue uncollected will inevitably go up as nature of the University itself. in light of its nature, that it build a the end of 1974.12 At this time (April 5, the prices rise — fewer people can afford to The first is well illustrated bv a quote at glamorous but useless new hospital. Bui it pay as prices rise. This should be grasped is equally fitting for those of us who believe 1975) with capital so hard to come by. Duke tributed to Chancellor Blackburn. It has by even ihe most casual observer. But Duke should be a better place, for its stu has not raised the money. It is extremely been reliably reported by a professor from perhaps PM&M weren't looking at the real dents, workers, and patients that we pro doubtful that they will be able to do so. lhe medical center, although it does not ap world when they planned the finances for test the course Duke is headed on. Duke is reported to have about S16 million pear in the minutes, that at the Dec. 1974 this boondoggle. This simple observation on hand; only Jane Elchleppof the Medical Academic Council meeting, Blackburn has been more than amply proven bv the said, "Let's face it! We are a first-rate FOOTNOTES Center Planning Dept. knows lhe real unexpectedly large amount of uncollected number. This is about one million dollars medical center connected to a second-rate 1. Duke application "Notice of Proposed bills in Nov.. 1974. Where does it stand university." What is shocking about this Capital Expenditures for Health Facility- more than they had in Jan., 1974, and most now? Right now, no one seems to know. of that is rumored to have come from the statement is not the sentiment (one widely- Construction or Renovation," dated shared at the top administrative levels at 1/24/74. addressed to the Office of Com Duke Endowment. Reports are that the ln what is probably the onlv place Duke's Duke) but rather the openness with which prehensive Health Services in Raleigh, Ouke Trustees have begun to read the plan has much insighi into the future, it it was stated, and the fact this was said N.C, Project No. YN 711172. Attachment handwriting on the walls: they have backed slates "at some point...the Hospital may not before the Academic Council. titled "Design Calculations," dated 3/7/73, off from the project a bit by telling the be able to generate sufficient funds from sheet 4 item 7. operations to meet the debt service require This reveals the prevailing attitude of medical center that it must now raise $42 5 million in equity instead of the original $30 ments."" "lhat point mav well be now. The Duke's leadership. The University is treat 2. Ibid., Attachment 19. million. There are rumors that Duke is future will only look dimmer. ed as an adjunct to the medical center. Pre 3. Ibid., Attachment 26. looking to foreign governments for loan This p
pus as undergraduates. Durham became a BV CHARLIE EBEL hometown complete with not only friends and lovers, hut a medium-sized world of ac It mav puzzle quite a few under quaintances, local characters, and local graduates, but Durham. North Carolina hangouts. For other students, all ties to does not strike all Duke students as a hell Durham were cut on graduation day, but hole to be gotten out of as soon as one picks not for these. up one's diploma. Nearly 3.000 Duke Another selling point, especially for re alumni presently make Durham their cent grads fed up with suburbia, might be home — that comes out to roughiv one of that Durham combines the atmosphere of a everv fifteen grads over the years. small city with a kind of country ambience. The figure seemed surprisingly high to More than one Yankee immigrant to Duke me. but according to Alumni Affairs Direc has (after long struggle with prejudice) tor Roger Marshall. Durham actually at cultivated an appreciation for Southern tracts a smaller percentage of alumni than C(x>king or other North Carolina attrac most college towns. A good third of Tulane tions such as the Piedmont's pretty rolling and Vanderbilt graduates stay on in New- countryside, indigenous craftsmen and - Orleans and Nashville, and even the area women, and the mountains' rich folklore. surrounding Princeton. New Jersey has a Two Duke alumni, one from Pittsburgh bigger alumni population than Duke's and the other from Cleveland, became so Durham. The reason, says Marshall, is thai fascinated with North Carolina that they Durham is "not lhat large an area."' and of are most likelv to be seen on campus for a of embarrassment over the: continued con were inspired to put together the 200-odd fers fewer job opportunities to a diverse Freewater film, or a demonstration. Their tact. page Cartiiogue, (5thei;s have taken up ban Duke graduating class. Durham is one of aging mansions that rent In fact, not many of these recent grads jo, fiddle and dulcimer, and embraced the cheaply, and nearby country homes where talk aboul the university in mellow or Nevertheless. Duke is one of the state's musical traditions of the region — a small-scale subsistence farming is an in nostalgic tones. Most of them simply hate leading doctor, lawyer, and preacher fac phenomenon I've heard cynically creasingly serious undertaking. They are Duke, or so I conclude from the following tories, and ils graduates frequendy not on described as the rise of the "Chew Chase the "downwardly mobile" by sociological sampling of comments in response to my ly remain in Durham to pursue iheir pro Hillbillies." classification, "alienated" according to mention of this article: fessions, but work their way to positions of Finally, there's politics. Many who were political scientists, and, to some, just plain * "1 literally cringed the other day when 1 political power within the city and state. baptized into radical politics during then- freaks. had to walk across campus on the way to Witness the cases of Durham mayor [ames student years in Durham came to take local The fact is that Durham, in addition to work...I'm sure I'll spend an extra twenty Hawkins and former District Congressman political struggles quite seriouslv, and some ils active alumni, has a peculiarly large minutes walking the long way to work so I Nick Galifianakis — both of them Trinity continue to be deeply involved in organiz community of ex-activist and hippie alum won't have to be on campus." and Duke Law School grads. ing projects that range from fighting Duke ni. In the now-legendary Sixties. Duke The 3,000 Durham area alumni are re * "I'm not sorry to be out of touch with Power rate increases to building a labor un University spawned a counter-culture that garded as a fairly active group when it com what goes on at Duke..,in fact it's pretty ion in the Duke Hospital. So, the university makes Durham a rather unusual — and, es to alumni affairs. According to alumni easy." and its alumni, somewhat ironically, end depending on your politics, perhaps administrators they make regular pil * "I'm still working in the hospital — try up adversaries. creative — North Carolina city. Recent grimages to campus from their Hope ing to smash Duke." Duke grads living in the area have helped As to the relationship between alumni Valley or Forest Hills homes to attend If you're trying to figure out which Duke createa long list of Durham institutions, in and Duke's current students, I'd risk the special events. Some are particularly en graduates stay in Durham and why, it's cluding the Regulator Press, NC-PIRG. generalization that it's most often poor. thusiastic about Duke's athletic establish somewhat illuminating to note that there's Somethvme Restaurant, WDRS-FM, Inc.. Older alumni must feel rather awkward en ment, which counts on them for "strong a fairly high rate of institutional recidivism Africa News Service, Hassle House. countering the new denizens of their old support." Others like to keep up with here. According to Alumni Affairs figures, women's health and radio collectives, and quad, when thev take the family on a Duke's cultural programming, or the over a fourth of the university's roughly the firm that now defends (oann Little. Homecoming tour. And the suspicious schedule of preachers in the Duke Chapel. 1800 faculty and staff positions are held by stares that greet them are noi spared on At least a few of these institutions de alumni — some of them full professorships, But then vou come across this completely some of the hippie alumni. The last time I pend on Duke University for funds or a others temporary teaching or ad other group of Duke alumni in Durham — was on campus — to observe a Forestry clientele or a labor pool, but some of the ministrative jobs. Bui that's only 400 peo people who almost don't exist as far as the School/MSA rally — I remember getting a alumni who run them try to have as little to ple; what about the others? Alumni Office is concerned, people who slap on the ass from an undergraduate who do with university affairs as possible. They For many of the 3,000 alumni here, it said, with some annoyance, "You don't live see Duke as a reflection and perpetuator of Charlie Ebel. a 73 Duke graduate, lives was close friendships developed over the here any more." much of the elitism and American greed happily in Durham college years that made Durham attractive. thev rebel against, and harbor some trace Particularly for those who moved off cam 1 guess I know why he said it.
Miss Olivia de Havilland This Beautiful Art Gallery is in What U.S. City?
Discusses her career and Gone With the Wind _;New York ^Washington. D.C. uAtlantaoi April 17,8:00 p.m. Answer: This is Downtown Gallery in Durham. N.C. It's a shop unique to ihis area. Downtown Gallery offers originals, limited editions, prinls and posters in all price ranges. Custom framing, malting dry mounting and shrink wrapping services Memorial Hall, UNC Admission: $1.00 are also expertly done. Special Showing of GWTW Friday, April, 18 Memorial Hall - 50« Carolina Downtown Gallery Hours: Monday—Saturday. 10:00-5:30 l05'/2 W. Chapel Hill St. (Above the Book Exchange) Ample parking behind building—One hour free parking 682-6540 Saturday, April 12, 1975 Ruby Pagel3A A Long Way to Go Progressive Politics in Durham
city council election of 1969 there were BY ELIZABETH TORNQUIST white, two blacks were running). Ihe DCNA did not endorse the white liberal four candidates endorsed by the DCNA in Most of the county white vote is like the The major difficulty in running white candidate, but instead double shotted the a total of six races. Three of the candidates town's working class vote: It reflects con progressives for local office in Durham two blacks. The white liberal was defeated (Preiss and the iwo progressive blacks) at servative ideology, a tendency to follow grows out of the context of the campaigns. and so was one of the blacks. White liberals tempted to coordinate their campaigns and white moneyed classes, and a failure to vote There are certain realities in that context contended that if the DCNA had support this was the nearest thing to a slate we have in self-interest. which must be faced and overcome before ed all three candidates, all three would had in recent years. All were defeated . The In the Sheriffs race in 1970 there was the any campaign can hope to be successful or have won. They said that one black lost only black candidate elected was a wealthy faint beginning of possibility for a different even successfully educational. because white liberals would not vote for businessman who ran an independent cam line-up: a voting coalition of blacks, con To put it blunt, there is at present no him since blacks weren't voting for the paign, in a ward race, got the DCNA en servative farmer and working class whites, significant vote available to white pro white. In fact, white liberals didn't have dorsement, and also drew many white and white left/liberals (many more gressives. No candidate running as a white that much vote to offer, and if the DCNA votes. In some white precincts he ran well moderate liberals did not join in) voted in progressive has any constituency. Ideniifa- had diluted ils vote with three endorse ahead of the more progressive black and an anti-establishment candidate who was blc white liberals are largely Duke ments, bolh blacks might have lost. white candidates. solidly opposed by the white moneyed class and courthouse crowd, as well as the power academic personnel and graduate students, If no black runs, the DCNA sometimes Given these realities—the absence of a brokers who normally direct the white and represent a relatively few votes. endorses a white candidate, depending significant block of white liberal votes, and working class vote. The candidate, Marvin Therefore, white liberals cannot usually on what the white promises the the single-shotting DCNA strategy which Davis, was a conservative white, working themselves come even close to electing a black community and whether he appears in part results from that absence, we have class in origin, whose earliest and strongest candidate. This is clearly shown by precinct powerful enough to deliver. Preiss was an no base from which to run progressive supporters were ideologically on the right. and total returns in' 1971, when a white exception. He did not have to offer a con while candidales, except in a ward race, That is probably one reason why the coali liberal, Billy Griffin, ran for the city council stituency's vote, and because of his record, and the base is tiny even there. tion was possible: it would have been more with strong support from the Duke liberal he did not have to promise anything. What There is no labor vote in Durham. Mem difficult for Davis's people to support a community, and was soundly defeated. he would deliver was clear. But more con bers of labor unions cannot be counted on black or progressive white than it was for servative white Leslie Atkins got the DCNA To make it worse, some of the Duke to vote for candidates endorsed by lhe Cen either of the latter groups to "venture out." endorsement instead of liberal Billy Griffin vote—which accounts for much of the tral Labor Union and supported by re Davis was supported by left/liberals because in 1971, because Atkins made some pro "known" white liberal vote—cannot be cognized union leaders. Their vote tends to he ran as the anti-establishment candidate. mises to the black community, specifically counted on even for a white progressive depend on other factors, such as race. The had a couple of old friends on the left who that he would help alter the Durham Hous from Duke. See the election returns in the election returns for the 1968 Democratic vouched for him, and actively sought the ing Authority; and Atkins' behind-the- 1969 city council race, in which incumbent primary shows this clearly. Rudolph Hob left/liberal vote. It is not entirely clear why scenes power and connections gave weight progressive Jack Preiss {a Duke sociologist) by, Wilbur Hobby's brother and a well- he goi the black vote—presumably for to his promises. (In addition, Alkins had did not carry the most clearly defined Duke known labor leader in Durham, ran for the some of the same reasons—and no black functioned as a liberal in the 50's and he libera! precinct—Lakewood. Compare the State House against a wealthy conservative ran against him, either. Lakewood vote for Preiss with the 1971 had that past lo go on.) Griffin produced a attorney. Hobby had just led a victorious Lakewood vote for the more moderate and lot of liberal rhetoric, about things like strike against the American Tobacco Co. open housing, but he did not deal The most significant aspect of the race untried liberal. Bill Griffin. He was thus in the best possible position to was the clear proof it offered that blacks specifically with the fell needs of the black draw labor votes. Had Hobby not gotten In reality, the Duke vote is far from and working class whites, with some community (of which open housing was not the biacx vote, he would have done misera monolithic, ranging from left/liberal to left/liberal vote added, could defeat the one), nor did he appear either likely to get ble—he still lost. quite conservative. This in effect means elected or likely to be able to deliver much. candidates of the business establishment. that ihere is no really dependable liberal In the 1969 City Council race, Preiss got It offers a tiny sense of lhe direction we bloc—not even a small one. The election of single black represen lhe Central Labor Union endorsement shall have to go, to move awav from the A comparison of the city-wide vote for tatives, or token blacks, is now becoming because of his clear pro-union and pro- fragmentation of potential progressive Preiss and the total vote for Griffin shows acceptable to the white moneyed class. Bv working people record. Yet he ran very far another significant reality: at this point no 1971 we had in Durham one black county- behind his conservative businessman oppo progressive can come even close to getting commissioner, one black member of the nent in all white working class precincts. In the possibilities in that direction and the elected within the black vote. But the black County Board of F.ducation. and two black 1970 a union man. Bill Harris, ran for the difficulties in realizing them. An vote cannot be had for every progressive members of the City Council (elected one State House against a wealthy Chamber of ideologically conservative anti- white: Griffin did not get the endorsement each two vears). In 1972 we got a black Commerce leader. Harris got the CLU en establishmeni white. Garland Keith, who of the Durham Committee on Negro Af Democratic state legislator and a second dorsement; but his vote was pathetically had an uncharacteristic interest in civil fairs (DCNA) which largely controls the black among the county commissioners. small. In the 1972 Democratic liberties and al least some ambivilance in black vote. Preiss got it for two reasons: gubernatorial primary, Wilbur Hobby ran Over the long run the continuation of bis view of blacks—instead of the ordinary- First. he had a record on the city council a poor third—wav behind Bowles and the DCNA single-shotiing slragegy may straight anti-black view, ran for the council which was so consistently progressive that Tavlor and with only a few votes more than well plav into the hands of the black and and was backed by the Citizens Council and the DCNA had to endorse him: if it had Hawkins (the black candidate who got the white business elites in Durham, whose in a few other low-income white conservative not, many of the progressive black com DCNA endorsement). Hobby did not carrv terests are more and more clearly overlap groups, along with the small community of munity leaders in that organization would his own precinct. ping and who appear to be working better radicals with an interest in electoral politics have rebelled. And second. Preiss ran in a together. The continued control over the (the group left in the old Durham Al ward race, with no black candidate running The white working classes are DCNA's purse strings bv the black business liance). The white radicals attempted to there. ideologicallv closer to the Klan, Citizens elite will help to make this possible. And Council. Citizens Committee for law and garner white liberal support for Keith, bul There is an extremely important factor the DCNA will then be used more and Older, and George Wallace than they are it was extremely difficult to do, because in getting the black vote. No white pro more to deliver a vote for black candidates to the stance taken bv the state AFL-CIO, white liberals in Durham are largely unin gressive could gel the black vote in an at- acceptable io lhe ruling power structure. or the local Central Labor Union, ln local terested in trying to discover and work large race now. Whenever blacks run (and The DCNA strategy on endorsement of electios thev tend to follow the white from the overlapping interests of working they now run in all races except city council white candidates will, if ihis happens, move moneyed class even though this usually class and low-income blacks and whites. races in wards with no significant black in the same direction. works against their own interests. The Thev were simplv put off by the ideological population), the DCNA strategy is to con- At present, however, ii is meaningless io brokers for their vote are a small group of conservatism of Keith. Some liberals at sistendy single-shot black candidates (thev criticize the DCNA strategy, and il will re conservative white middle-class leaders, iempied to go along and supported him double-shot if two are running in a field). main meaningless until there are coalition who are in turn closelv linked with the rul through the first primary. Keith also got This means only ihe black candidate or forces which can present viable alternatives ing establishment—but who take a more the black vote, via the DCN A endorsement, candidates will get the black vote in elec io that strategy. ][ the DCNA ceased now .to openlv racist and reactionary tone than in ihe first primary. Keith also got tbe black tions for county commissioners, county single-shoi black candidates, almost no most of this establishment does. "Ihe vote, via the DCNA endorsement, in the school board, mayor and at-large citv coun blacks would be elected. If. lor example. brokers help bring in the vote for establish first primary. Then the coalition fell apart. cil races. The reason for this strategy is that the black vote wem io a progressive slate ment candidales. Keith could not cope with the demands be it is the only wav black candidates can containing l>oth black and white can ing put upon him by white liberals (and usually be elected. And the working classes vote against didates: none of the candidates on the slate themselves, lu the 1969 sales tax referen some were justifiable, but done with such a Sometimes white liberals have failed to would get elected. Hie black vote is just dum, state AFL-CIO president Wilbur lack of sympathy and openness that it is understand this. In the 1967 city council barelv able to elect one candidate bv single- Hobbv campaigned sironglv againsl the perhaps understandable why he folded). election, white liberals atiempied to make a shoiting. except when ihe black candidate tax. bin the tax was adopted in Hobby's He also could noi cope with dealing with coalition of candidates with blacks (one is sufficiently business-oriented to pick up a home town of Durham. And ii was sup the black vote. He dropped all semblance considerable middlc-ol-ihc road white ported in everv low-income white precinct of a coalition and publicly repudiated both Klizabelh Tornquist graduated from Duke vote. (or. when, as in the fall 1972 county in Durham, except F.dgemont. which is l>lack and liberal votes. in 1954. A former freclame writer, she now commissioners election, white liberals mixed black and white. Here the ami-sides Kf Keith had been able to bring his con lectures al the School of Nursing at UNC. double-shot black candidates and a fair tax vote was due to the black vote and to servative working class supporters into a She wrote this article for the Durham numbcr ol other white Democrats vole for the work of ACT, which persuaded those coalition with blacks, bv promising to de- them because thev are Democrats.) hi ihe Voter Alliance in 1972 few whites registered voters who voted (Continued'on page14A) Page 14A Saturday, April 12, 1975 Progresssive Politics in Durham
because they have no constituency and no (Continued from page 13A) poor and woi king class blacks. This will taken to begin dealing with them, thev will on-going organization to build one. 3} With liver his support for the black mayoral can happen because possibilities for coalitions never be overcome. An on-going organiza a permanent political organization, the didate, the DCNA might have felt in a posi will put greater power in the hands of the tion of white liberals with cohesion and white progressives could probably build a tion to trade support and endorse Garland progressive wing of the DCNA and take permanence is a necessity if thev are to constituency of several thousand by draw Keith. Then Durham might have elected a power awav from the conservative business and poor blacks and whites and middle ing on 3 groups; a) the very small liberal black mayor with the votes of the two elite within the organization.) class progressives. The basic reasons for or community of Durham, b) the under groups and Garland Keith might con The 1972 candidacy of C.P. Ellis for the ganization are these: 1) it is impossible to graduate Duke vote, and c) the progressive ceivably have been elected too. The lime county school board, in the Democratic make any political trades, deals, or alliances end of the Duke faculty and graduate stu was not here. primary, shows how far we still have to go. without an organization which can com dent vote, along with progressives in the Ellis's positions were on the whole pro mand certain numbers and offer dis Even had he wanted to, Keith could not Research Triangle Park. With this consti gressive—more so than the positions of ciplined action bv those numbers (the have delivered the working class and low- tuency, which is more or less concentrated most other candidates. Since two black can McGovern forces saw this very clearly after income white vote for a coalition; he did in a few precincts, a white progressive didates yyere running for the school board. lhe spring 1972 precinct elections); 2) it is not get it himself. It went to a young political organization would be able to Ellis had no real chance ot 'getting the also impossible to build a constituency of establishment lawyer, following the pattern make coalitions with the DCNA and DCNA endorsement, even though his .any size without organization—and of the past. But some tenuous connections perhaps together they could win elections: stands on school issues were progressive, without such a constituency the white mid established during that campaign between it would also be able to aid independent and both for that reason and because he dle class progresives can play no serious white left/liberals and white working peo working class white organization, and build would have been a voice for an un role in electoral politics in Durham, for ple remained, and since that thev have coalitions with such organizaaions; and if represented group of whites who are they'll have nothing to trade with. Success been strengthened to a degree. Other con the city-county merger goes through with a potential allies of blacks, he was theoretical in precinct meetings is a long way from suc nections have also been built, which will true ward system of representation, this or ly a good choice for endorsement by the cess in elections, as the McGovern forces eventually aid coalition. ganization might be able to elect its own DCNA. If Ellis had had a constituency also discovered in 1972. What makes the representatives in one or two wards, who C.P. Ellis, a working class white with which he could have delivered for the black black forces so important in Durham is could then work together with blacks on Klan affiliations and a Duke maintenance candidates, he might have gotten the their ability to pull out people for both, and the county board of governors. employee, was co-chairman of the School DCNA endorsement, for several black what makes them open to coalitions is the Charette in August, 1971, with Ann leaders privately supported him. But back fact that their maximum sltrength is not The major problem is building this con Atwater, a well-known black activist.-In the to the old political realities: Ellis could not enough for a majority. What makes the stituency is the transience of the student charette process. Ellis's positions on many promise to deliver, and any black votes for white working class so tricky to work with is population, both graduate and under issues changed. He made some good con him would water down the double-shot the fad lhal they do not organize politically graduate. An effective political organiza nections with black leaders and white support of the black candidales, one of (the Klan, for example, is chartered as a tion would have to get a whole new set of liberals, and he began to talk strongly about whom had only a bare chance at election non-political organization), but they do potential voters registered, educated and the need for working and low-income (he lost). vote. Durham went for Wallace, but the organized every few years. In this process, blacks and whites to collaborate in their Wallace forces in the Democratic county the hardest job would be to educate stu mutual interest. It was rumored about that Ellis got some white liberal vote, though convention were tiny. This inconsistency is dents to the significance of realities in the his new positions had lost him his con the anti-working class bias of many liberals further complicated by the fact thai these community they are living in for these few servative constituency-, but in reality it ap limited that support. His only real chance whites do vote, but not usually in their own years. Ironically, it's much easier to interest pears, a split has developed in that consti of being elected, however, lav in bringing self-interest. More political organization on students in national politics, which they are tuency. Some people have moved ai least a out all his existing working class white sup their part would help to change all this— more or less powerless to affect, than in the little with Ellis, toward a realization that port and adding to il by convincing more of and break the control over their vote by the local politics which they could help to working class whites have been used by- these people that he could represent their business establishment. The difficulty with shape and through which they could have businessmen. Others have decided Ellis is a real interests. He did so some of both, and white progressives is that they can quickly at least a minimal effect on larger politics. renegade. The Klan itself is now divided, to thai extent he ran much belter than build organizations for one-shot issues, A concerted effort would have to be make and lhat division is a significant step toward Garland Keith did the year before. Thai is particularly national delegate selection, but to involve students locally, through the coalition. important, for Ellis had moved toward a thev can't muster a vote for elf help of political and social organizations on In the fall of 1971 a proposed city-county much more thorough progressivism than (Continued on page 16A) school merger and bond issue were both had Keith, and his vote indicates further defeated by two groups of voters: working real progressive inroads into the class and county whiles and blacks. The monolithic while conservative working merger was supported by the establishment class vote. Serving Duke since 1936 and by white liberals, and one of the However, he did poorly even so, and ran Read like lawyers who tried to push it through said far behind Wallace in ihe working class a King afterwards that its defeat was brought precincts. This indicates the great gap Good used Paper- The about by an "unholy alliance." Actually, no between working class white willingness to Backs at black-white alliance existed at ail; and support a national anti-establishment 15c Each blacks and conservative county and work figure and their willingness to do so locally. Book Exchange ing class whites voted against the merger It also points out that the white working THE OLD BOOK CORNER and bond issue for rather different reasons. 137 A East Rosemary Street Five Points, Durham, N.C. class finds it easier to vote anti- Oppusile NCNB Plaza The black vote was much clearer and more establishment when this is combined with Chapel Hill. N.C. 27514 688-4662 sophisticated; the white vote was in many conservatism rather than progressivism. ways an expression of confused racism. And finally, it indicates the hold thai Nevertheless, whatever the potential merits racism continues to have on the while of school merger and ihe extreme actual working class. (Ellis took a moderately anti- need for school bonds, the two issues con racist position and was strongly in support tained within them some desire on the part of accepting school integration as a reality.) SCHWINN of the white middle classes to handle city This racism is one of the continuing great blacks at the expense of low and middle- obstacles to coalitions between working Durham Sporting Goods income county whites. (Merger would have class blacks and whites. Some of it is cur reduced the black ratios in city sch
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Stuck in Mobile Sanford's Candidacy (Continued from page 5A) higher education have less persuasion than (Continued from page 7A) strong intellectual tradition to attract the thev have had throughout virtually our en support as a Southern liberal. He also has Patt Derian. "He comes too high," she ob really creative minds, in either its faculty or ure history. The significant contribution the active support of two of North served in Kansas City. He has a constituen student body. The last twenty years have that higher eductkm can make in the Carolina's black mayors. Clarence Lightner cy that needs to be spoken to. but "the par seen some changes, but it will take a much future is to the fulfillment of individual of Raleigh and Howard Lee of Chapel Hill, ty just can't afford him." And so, the in longer time period than that to establish personalities, and to the enrichment of the as well as that of Barbara Morgan of the creasingly firm feeling among Democrats is one. If the economic situation doesn't im culture, not to the growth of the Gross Na District of Columbia, one of the leaders of that the Alabama Governor must be prove, however, the prospects for any great tional Product. There's great myth in this the Charter Commission's Black Caucus. finished off politically before the 1976 na change are very dim." country that says that a college education is Reform Democrats. Among New Politics tional convention. Not behind his back and "Terry Sanford seems to think that by the sole route io, and a guarantee of, finan Democrats, Sanford's support derives from not in the back rooms, but fairly and de the middle of the 1980's there will bet cial success in later life. That's the sort of his quiet but persistent assistance to them cisively in his own back yard—the Southern enough federal aid to insure that anyone mentality that sees the universitv as a fac during the hearings of the Democratic Presidential primaries. Of necessity, this can go to an elite college, if they can pass tory, not as a place of learning and educa Charter Commission. At several junctures- task is likely to fall to a Southerner or a tion. And that mentality, which had group of Southerners who have little to lose the other admission standards," I said. he provided support to those hoping to become a sacred cow of the liberal educa in terms of their own political careers. If it "What sort of effect will this have?" preserve key party reforms, and helped tion establishment, was exactly what my is not Terry Sanford. then perhaps former "Well, it could, and I say this with cau shepherd those reforms into the charter at generation was protesting against." Georgia Gov. Jimmy Carter or Texas Sen. tion, really open things up. It could mean the National Policv Conference in Kansas Lloyd Bensten will be the man. If these mat the sons and daughters of the lower "Your scenario could provoke a class City. prove unequal to the task, then Florida economic classes, if intellectually qualified. war," I commented. Regular Democrats. Sanford's record as a Gov. Reuben Askew might be drafted bv could stan coming to places like Duke. "It could," he replied, "if the upper class loyal party man has earned him the respect partv leaders, or even newly elected Sens. This prospect, though, would probably in forget what all the educational research and personal friendship of many old-line Dale Bumpers (D„ Ark.) or Wendell Ford sure a fight from the upper middle class. performed during the past ten vears has Democrats, from Richard Daley to Hubert (D., Ky.), both former governors of Border They don't want to lose their 'privilege' of shown — that education has little effect on Humphrey. Of perhaps more significance states. (This electoral strategy, regardless sending their children to an elite institu dispelling in equality. As jencks and others is the admiration of the many faithful, mid of the main standard bearerls], would re tion, which supposedly will place them have pointed out, almost all social mobility dle-level Democratic Party workers on the quire the cooperation of another Southern securely in the money after graduation. can be explained factors unrelated to Charter Commission—those who later pro politician—Julian Bond—whose entrance But look at the situation in the United education. Everyone at the top of our socie vided the swing votes on close questions— into other Southern primaries, except States today. Higher education is no ty is educated, but it's uncertain what role who tame to value his open and even- Alabama, could effectively split the longer, and I doubt it ever was anyway, a their education played in getting them handed stewardship of the commission. liberal/moderate vote and provide Wallace guarantee of economic success. Teachers there. It doesn't seem that you can make These largely anonymous party workers with a string of victories.) If this strategy- poor kids rich by sending them to college. and junior bank officers are beginning to were all in Kansas City and will probably be were to work, the Democratic Party would You have to just give money to them, which earn less than truckdrivers and highly- at the national convention. They may not have to make a place on the 1976 ticket for would involve a redistribution of wealth in skilled workers. Manv college graduates be conspicuous, but within their state de a Southerner, although for pragmatic re this country. Would you like to get into just don't have the chance to get a law- legations they are listened to. asons and depending on the bitterness of that?" degree or M.D. We have probably reached A consensus of sorts has been building the primaries, the Southerner who gets on a point in our history where lhe further ex "Some other time," I said. "lis hard within the Democratic Party on the subject the ticket may not be the same Southerner pansion of education will insure lower enough getting through this Duke mess." of George Wallace. It is best summarized by- who eliminates Wallace. earnings for the educated and increased "That's the trouble with you students to Mississippi's national committeewoman, earnings for the uneducated. This should day. Too lazy to think things through," he not be a cause for alarm; it should be pre shot back. Durham Politics cisely what a society that proclaims (Continued on page 8B) (Continued from page 14A) far-reaching: 1) the creation of an in egalitarian values should hope for. But it campus, such as the Y, through efforts to does mean that the conventional argu formed constituency of 2,000 progressive transform the Chronicle into a more local white voters could change the course of ments for conferring high priority on political paper (which would involve on politics in Durham, and 2) the education of Action going assistance to Chronicle staff in cover {Continued from page 15A) students to political issues and realities in ing local issues), through distribution of year, HEW warned institutions not to Durham would be transferrable; these stu other information on local politics, such as Hospital lower job standards to designate certain dents would have a basis for understanding papers giving facts and background on the jobs for members of a certain race or sex to and working in local politics wherever they local Democratic Partv, cirv-county merger, meet a goal. (Continued from" page 11 A) the county hospital, the Eno River, and go- 30, 1974. Tapes available from Mr. George Administrators across the country had other current issues, through institution of There are other monumental problems Stockbridge, Executive Director of the hoped that a Supreme Court decision in a courses in local politics in the free universi in building a while progressive constituen Council. suit brought against the law school of the ty and wherever else possible, and through cy, but unless they are solved it is pointless 10. Duke, op. cit.. Attachment 23. University of Wisconsin by a white student, every other possible formal and informal to think of running white progressives for 11. Health Policy Advisory Center Bulletin, Marco DeFunis, would give them some means. The work this would require of a office in Durham. And it is also pointless to May.June 1974, p. 6, insert. guidance on making special efforts to hire political organization would be tremen think Durham can be carried for a pro 12. Duke, op. cit. Attachment 20. women and minorities while still protecting dous, but it would pay off in two ways, one gressive state or national candidate. There 13. Mr. Larry Kelley, quoted in the the rights of current and future male direct, the other indirect but perhaps more is no way around the problems. Durham Sun, May 24,1974, p. BI. employes. 14. Academic Council, Oct. 17,1974. DeFunis contended that the law school 15. Peal Marwick and Mitchell Financial practiced reverse discrimination by refus Report, Letter to Dr. William Anlyan, dat ing him admission in 1971 white admitting Hard-to-Flnd ed Jan. 2, 1974. Exhibit I. graph on Pro minority students with grades and test Old Detective K. C. Hung's jected Operating Results, Fiscal Years end scores below his. Stories ing June. The Court ruled the case moot, however, Hard-Backed — 50Q: 16. Duke, op. cit, Attachment 29. since DeFunis was set to graduate from the CHINA INN 17. Letter from Wallace E. 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. Duke's Fiftieth c .'""". Jtaby Anniversary Issue Second Sect,on Saturday, April 12, 1975 Page IB Integration in North Carolina An Outside Agitator Looks Back Those who led the internal fight here on Maybe somebody at City Hall heard it physical and psychological abuse in their BY JAKE PHELPS campus were not worried about being said about Frank Ingram too, because he public demonstration, and then went on hassled by Durham police, but they had to became known for taking part in de trial for it in Hillsboro, the experience Jake Phelps wrote for the Durham Morning be concerned about provoking over- monstrations here, he was let go from his added a whole new dimension to the Herald from 1960 to 1966, while a student at reaction among their colleagues (which part-time job with the City Recreation character of the local civil rights move the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. could conceivably have cost a few jobs). Department. ment, Now a writer in the University Editor's Office, They worried not about being physically Art Thomas heard it often when he was a Klopfer was equally forceful in the in he is the author of "I Have Selected Duke attacked by die-hard segregationists, but Divinity student here and afterward—after ternal Duke struggle. From the time he University...", a short history of Duke about pushing conversative trustees too far he had been ordained and had joined with joined the Undergraduate Faculty Council published here in 1973. too fast. black lawyer Floyd McKissick to organize in 1960, he was perhaps the most clear There were two separate and different They were separate and different strug the Covenant Community Church, the first headed and persistent advocate of racial in struggles going on here in the early I960's gles. Yet in the end, the on-campus strug really integrated church in Durham. Locat tegration on the campus. involving racial segregation and Duke gle seemed to learn a vital lesson from the ed on Chapel Hill Road where "Victoria's A seemingly quiet Quaker, Klopfer University. one downtown: Closet" is now, the church was a favorite simply could not abide racial discrimina They were as separate as town and cam Moral suasion, said the lession, is target for paint-throwing, swastika- tion, or the mush-mouthed rhetoric which pus, and as different as generations. beautiful and admirable and emotionally painting vandals. avoided the issue simply by paying vehe Some students from (all-white) Duke uplifting and spiritually inspiring and ut- Other students came "down here" irom ment lip-service to the ideals of integration. were drawn downtown to join the dramatic states like Texas and Alabama and Mis new burst of marches and sit-ins and mass sissippi, and heard the same thing said demonstrations aimed against segregated about them. lunch counters and theaters and other Ned Opton came down from North publicaccommodations. Dakota (where about one-tenth of one per When we sang "black and white cent of the population was black), and together" at the freedom rallies, most of heard it said about him too. Even after liv the white faces boobing along the swaying ing in Durham for several years, he was waves of crowd were those of Duke stu blocked from registering to vote here—and dents. an elections official could not refrain from Sometimes they played vital supporting commenting about Opton's role in local de roles for black students from North monstrations. Carolina College and local high schools— Opton got it from both sides. At about ordering food at those lunch counters and the same time as his voter-registration then passing it over to black friends who hassle, he was warned by a Duke faculty were sitting waiting for their own orders to member that if he should be arrested again be filled, or decoying the local teen-agers for trespassing in a sit-in demonstration, he who "saved" seats at the lunch counter for might not get the doctorate he was earning white patrons to keep them away from here. waiting blacks. Yet, ambiguously, the Duke administra When the Carolina Theater was stormed tion abided a campus chapter of NAACP, that tense summer night, the black which Opton headed, and a later chapter of challengers were armed with tickets bought 10 T CORE. And some influential members of for them by cooperating Duke students. 'O'SCfinJK » " the University community involved And they were Duke students too who themselves in various capacities and helped to desegregate another public facili degrees to help resolve the external strug ty: the jail blocks on the top floor of the terly useless. Economic pressure on the gle, from Harmon Smith and a number of Uncompromising in his dogged in Durham County Courthouse. other hand is crass and cheap and his colleagues in Divinity to Paul Hardin in sistence that the issue be dealt with directly. Eventually, most of the Duke students materialistic and very, very effective. Law to Dan Tosteson in physiology to Mary Klopfer bucked for more than a year became too well-known to be useful in And that is how they both overcame. Semans in a variety of roles, among yet before he finally got the floor at a UFC those ways any more. At a demonstration, others. meeting in January 1962 to propose a some Duke policeman would point out a Way boek daring Reconstruction years aboul Although there was no gutsier or grittier strong pro-integration resolution ad Duke student and warn a waitress or clerk a century ago, students at Trinity College also contender in either the external or internal dressed to the trustees. that she or he was "with THEM." left their campus to involve themselves in ex struggle than Peter Klopfer in zoology, The matter was postponed at that time, Then later some of those same Duke stu ternal matters of race relations. President Brax Klopfer was much more than an advocate; but six months later, to the surprise of a lot dents would be hassled by local police over ton Craven once reported he had tojecture "the he was a consistent activist on many fronts. of people, Duke trustees responded minor legal matters ranging from out-of- boys for rocking a negro meeting." As Peter and Martha Klopfer's oldest favorably to the resolution—but not state license tags to a fire escape that wasn't Yet his disagreement apparently did not extend child reached school age in the early necessarily for the nobler reasons Klopfer wide enough. to the basic attitude expressed in their demonstra 1960's, they became instrumental in or would have preferred. Meanwhile back on the campus, like- tion. When an outsider criticized that attitude ganizing the Carolina Friends School, an Higher administrative officials had minded (but not like-mannered) members among Trinity students. Craven responded that intentionally integrated school built on meanwhile persuaded reluctant trustees of the faculty and administration were ad Trinity was a "white man's college," and ob land given from the Klopfer farm in that in economic terms, Duke University- vancing their separate and difficult strug viously he felt he owed nobody any apology for Orange County. would suffer considerable damage unless it gle with older and more orderly tactics like that. But the most impressive of his various ac dropped its discriminatory admissions petitions and resolutions and sometimes tions has to be his personal involvement policy- with unseconded motions. Like some of the people around Trinity with three other Duke faculty members- There was not only the matter of govern They were trying to get Duke's trustees College back in the nineteenth century, Fred Herzog and Robert Osborne in ment and foundation grants to be con to "desegregate" the University's basic ad some people around Duke University in Divinity and David Smith in math—in a sidered, there was the issue of professional missions policy. And nearly two years after the early 1960's had a stock response for direct challenge against one of the toughest prestige. The American Political Science the downtown struggle had first tasted vic the campus "activists" who wanted to targets of the Chapel Hill sit-in campaign. Association, for example, had declined to meet at Duke because of its segregated tory, nearly two years after the first lunch change patterns of racial discrimination: Zoology professor Peter Klopfer seemed status. counters downtown had removed racial They loudly resented those folks "coming omnipresent; an activist on many fronts. restrictions from their policies, Duke's con down here and trying to tell us how to live." One of the most impressive of his actions And just a little over a month before the servative trustees were still resisting the Those Duke students who were involved was his involvement with three other Duke trustees' actions, outgoing Chronicle editor second struggle. in sit-ins and other demonstrations here faculty members in a direct challenge Bethany Sue Strong urged all graduating The protagonists of both struggles heard lhat stock response often. Even against one of the toughest targets of the seniors "not to contribute as alumni until shared the goal of racial integration, but somebody like Frank Ingram, who was Chapel Hill campaign. the segregation policies are gone." often it seemed they were headed in op more "Southern" than most of his Durham When those four professional men and Chan Smith, last year's ASDU president posite directions io get there. critics, heard it said about him. two colleagues from Chapel Hill endured (Continued on page4B) Page 2B Rubv Saturday, April 12, 1975 Memoirs of a Frat Man
friend's time too often, separating him BY JONATHAN INGRAM from his clique. But on the positive side of the small All the demonstrations were over when I group aspect of fraternities, these con first arrived on ihe Duke campus; anxious tinuous relationships help one to learn a lot and almost nubile in my desire to wed about oneself and others in the best wav myself to the "good times' of college. Kent possible: obliquely and in flashes of private State and the war in Southeast Asia, while realization. disturbing events, were not exactly up permost in my mind. Besides gelling to Another irritating problem is the know other freshmen, particularly girls. double-edged operation of the group ethic. and worrying aboul my first hourlies, join A need for comraderie, and belonging is ing a fraternity was one of my main preoc noi denied by anyone. But when does the cupations. A fraternity seemed to offer the touchstone of a fraternity become a kind of social opportunities I was looking millstone? for. In a way, I was right. The fraternitv Individually the group ego is hard to get came io be something 1 learned to like verv away from, but it is easily accomplished much, and, at times, to dislike very much. with a little awareness. Sadlv sometimes the reverse of positive personality reinforce In the early seventies the soda! vogue ment can lead ;i person lo an absurd sense was seriousness and joining causes, not of accomplishment — accolades have been fraternities. Fewer than 35 per cent of the raised to guys defecating Irom the third freshman class of 1970 joined fraternities, floor fin- escape. Whoopee! while up until the late sixties 60 per cent of - the men on campus were frat men. But my fraternity's lifestyle remains flexi ble enough. There have been a lot of piss- It seemed that the people coming out of ants in the group over the years, but they high school in the late sixties had these probablv didn't like me either. 1 figure rigid ideas about fraternities, not that thev learning how to spend some of my time were anti-humanitarian, but too pro- with a few people and activities 1 don't like hedonistic. The word fraternity inevitably can'i hurt in the long run. Therre is conjured up system and the disenchant nothing really disturbing about fraternities. ment with the system and the old order ran you're looking for song and boogie. I avoid backstabbing and gossip, and other I've learned a lot drinking beer with the deep in those days. Collegiate was out and figured fraternity dues could roust up a lot quirks of human nature. A brother can same guys over the years. And I still enjov commitment was in. Groups were out and of parties, and without a car I wouldn't be become glorified for his sexual promiscuity the ritualistic backslapping, flesh piles, and individuality was in. Beer was not exactly headed for Chapel Hill very often. The and his personal relationships become a sometimes ridiculous imitative jargon, out, but dope was definitely in. Tuxedos fraternitv's plan to move to one of the bet matter of public policy, discussion, and ad which are nothing more than the affec and formais looked to be gone forever. ter houses on East Campus made a dif miration. Girl friends of brothers, designat tionate give and take, sought by everyone, ference. I felt the people in the group were ed by barbed nicknames, are hated with From the outset of my college career, de in one wav or another. decent folk and for sure the underlying jealous passion if they demand their bov aling with lhe spectre of academic pressure, sense of brotherhood attracted me very something I hadn't quite expected to be so much as well. fierce, became a necessity. In those initial uneasy gatherings of anxious freshmen, the My first disgust with fraternities was not conversation inevitably turned to what did an unusual reaction, for fraternity mem you get on your college boards? One guv bers as well as independent types often hate ran around the whole freshman week the selection process or rush. I, like most showing everyone his most likely to succeed people, had no problem when going J-iijE it uh.! picture from his high school yearbook. (He through rush freshman vear. The flip side, dropped oul after one semester.) So ii was or backside of this process, when members quickly realized that relaxation was a pre convene to decide who gets a bid, often dis CHAMPAGNE mium entity. And frat men were easily the integrates into small consideration for most relaxed people on campus. others, or no consideration at all. Some members when discussing why they're lt was plain to see that these fraternitv againsia particular fellow joining /Ac group LUNCH guys had some sort of personal power. don't take the time io think of anv adjec Thev didn't walk to class, they cruised. tives to describe the guv they're talking Their dialogue, primed with grins and about: "This guy kinda gives me the creeps, JHBV jargon, rolled off easily, never losing the vou know? I just don't think he'd make a tempo. Mock derision, common to the good fraternity member, ah, you know? 1 male species as a means of expressing affec just don't like him, you know?" tion, often prevailed. And reverence for their lifestyle was certainly not restricted to Those who want to get in usually do. Bui male freshmen, such as myself. Freshmen there is always one guy that the brothers girls often fell for the frat man's animated simplv won't have hanging around even and unchecked confidence. though he acts as if it's the most important thing in his life (Lord knows why) to join Indeed, I was flattered that frat men the fraternity. Perhaps he's got acne, or were anxious to meet me and talk with me. shaves his armpits, or maybe ii's his io get me drunk, and to occasionally get me halitosis that turns guys off. But once thev dates. (Maybe I was a little bit kooky, but 1 get the wrong idea aboul the kid not even always thought blind dates were great fun buving a Porsche, a Macintosh stereo, and and a good test of character.) a [6e Namath wardrobe could help gel him I finally shook up with what I thought to in. (It doesn't even occur to the image con Oi Ulll K WLIMITED be a progressive fraternity. I say pro scious members that the people they con gressive because this group's pledging was sider nurds will weed themselves out in the literally no sweat compared to some of the long run. Or that the bottom-of-the-barrel traditional groups who still used the 1950's SUNDAY, 1-3 p.m. types often work the hardest in the day to pledge prototype of physically abusing the day activities of the fraternity.) pledges to breed loyalty. But until we went ,. "only "on ^Sunday local and moved to East Campus, the non- Through daily living with the fraternitv physical pledge program was the only more doubts were distilled. The parties All thi^ftMPAGNi: you B*n drink & idiosyncracy that distinguished my were just what I needed, and some of the fraternity from others, and even that prac members were powerful personalities from all the SALAD you can make tice could fall by the wayside in a couple of whom I was learning much more than I in addition to oou, eHoiec of years. ever learned in a freshman house, but the brotherhood had dissolved into a loose Eggs Benedict Steak & Omelets I joined the fraternity in part because the gathering of cliques and factions. served with any »tyl» ; Bull City, with more per capita blank stares coffee or tea •erved with coffee or tea than anv other city of its size, is hopeless if Fraternity members are just like ever yone else in this sense — they cultivate a only $3.95 small circle of friends and confidants. Un Q.oin ui tSu.rJia.ij at 1010 Hwnttton M. • The Interaction of M »nd 16-601 Jonathan Ingram is a Trinity College fortunately, these smaller intimate clusters, .senior all living under one roof, cannot possibly Saturday, April 12, 1975 Page 3B Lefkowitz Interview This Isn't New York City Editor's note: The following is tin interview from. You could catch a 1943 flick, go to over, that's the whole cycle. So mavbe we're thought I'd break it up, but everybody else with Bernard Lefkowitz. ivho taught a series of the Museum of Modern Art or stand out talking about a national thing. was asking the same questions. So its really courses on journalism for the Public Policy side in thirty degree weather and listen lo So maybe Duke is just a part of the ' 'return to the hard to know if the Thompson things sums Institute last year. Mr. Lefkoicitz, a graduate of jazz coming up from a cellar club. You mindless fifties?" up Duke students. I think that what sums the City College of New York, has written for could even do thai at eighteen, and you 1 was part of the "mindless fifties." and they up Duke students more in a way is the CI at The New York Post. Esquire, Ihe Village could do it without a lot of money. weren't so fucking mindless. There was this ten o'clock ai night, or walking through Voice, aWThe Nation. He nine works for the Well, isn V all that just a function of the dif growing, incredible sense of an explosion some or around the dorms at one in the Ford Foundation. This interview was conducted ference between Duke in Durham and Columbia on the horizon and you could see it vaguely morning. What seemed to sum up Duke by Dan Hull, a '74 Duke graduate and former in AW York City? in the distance. People were reading more and seems to me the most fascinating Chronicle staff member who now lives in Hanoi. It's not just location. Also, there are other writers who were alienated and disaffected issue since I've been here is the Some students in one of your classes told me that colleges that by their choice of students and because they were feeling alienation and dis Cleland/House P thing.,.. you were sitting around the CI one night and the way they're organized, try to present a affection, and thev were looking for so First, back to Hunter Thompson. He said that told them something to the effect that you more diversified, freer kind of environ meone who could share that feeling. I was "Xixon reflects the rot in all of us." How did couldn't really handle being a student at Duke ment. There's a big emphasis here on group reminded of that a great deal when Hunter Duke take that? Do you think they understand University right now, that it would somehow activities, or travelling with the group, on Thompson was here, being taken off the what Thompson was all about? ' 'stifle' 'you. What did you mean ? doing what the resi of the group wants to stage and evemlnng. 1 talked to my class I think a lot of the Duke students! there What 1 meant was that, thinking back to do. Suppose you're not beautiful or about il, People say, well, he was drunk, he knew about Thompson. Hunter Thompson what I was like at eighteen or nineteen, classically good looking, you're not heavy was stoned, what the hell, he didn't deserve is a cult figure, he's a really interesting there are all sons of things here that I into rock, your ideas are somewhat outside anything better than that. And 1 said, you writer, an interesting journalist. 1 think would have found very difficult to grapple of the main current; Where do you find a know, one of the big issues when I was in thev knew aboul him ihe way they would with. One of them is the kind of social life place here? How do you find some kind of college was a thing called the Speakers Ban. know about^Mailer. but they don't know that the University has. Secondly,—and 1 security on this campus? where people who had radical political what Mailer means about death, blood and can go into each of these in a little more de A lot of people think, on the other hand, that views were not allowed by law to speak on sexual relationships, but most of them ha tail—is the political environment, and third Duke is such a ' 'zoo'' that anyone can come here university campuses for fear lhat ihev ven't had those kind of experiences...! is the "closeness" of the residential system, and find a place. You disagree with that. would in some wav or other influence don't think many students have taken the which seems to me confining. I think the I think there are small groups that are not tender minds. 1 gel very nervous when kind of chances that Thompson has taken. big thing would've been the social life, but Mavbe Duke students who think him.so de the other stuff, too. And fourth is the kind mented are demented themselves. People of fairly intense competition for grades. I don't want to accept that about themselves went to a college .with high academic stan thai thev're part of the general rot and they dards, but there was a whole lot of flexibili react to that angrily, which is a very pure ty within those standards. They com kind of reaction, and it's good lhat it hap pensated for the fact that you worked on pened in a sense. For even the most the paper or, you know, that you were half- politicized people here, they share a com asleep when vou came into some classes. I mon dream, and that dream has to do with don't remember ever having a course finding an interesting profession, a stable where people on a regular basis bad to miss job thai will allow them io rise on the lad one night of sleep a week to do the readings der, a marriage that's stable and sustains for it. You alwavs get sort of stuffed up ai them for a long time' a sheltered kind of lhe end of the semester, but it seems here environment where there protected that there's this incredible "paper chase" against not only misfortune, bui surprise. that happens on all sorts of levels that I've There's that certainty of waking up and never experienced. Those are some of the know ing that day's not going to be that dif things that I was thinking about. ferent from the day before—it's all part of Could that "intense competition for grades" that myth. And here comes this nut on have something to do with the type of student stage with his Wild Turkey swinging against that comes to Duke f his hips telling them noi only is that image part of the main current here—ma\be people are taken off stages, almost without crap, filled wilh rot and corruption, but il Oh yeah, we can talk about that, about the graduate studenis. some gnid students, not exception, because I don't know what the ain't gonna happen. No matter how much selection process, how certain kinds of stu tbe premed types—who are little "off." But next step is. If William Bucklev comes on you invest and how manv chips you put on dents come here, and then their values are I think that mostot the students I meet here stage and I find the stuff he says unaccepta the table and how manv graduate schools reinforced by the University. It makes it share certain values — politically, thev ble, do I go up and grab him off? Wil! the you go to and how many teachers you suck difficult for them to escape that kind of cy don't move very far to the left or the right, University begin to say a vear from now- up to and how many brilliant unintelligible cle because they're eighteen or nineteen, or they don't think very much about thai only people who have ideas within cer theses you write, it's not gonna happen. not at an age where they can very easilv politics. In terms of personal relationships. tain limits are allowed to speak? I get verv Because somewhere at the center of this make independent choices. You know it's most of it is grounded on sexualiiy. AH life nervous about that stuff because I went society, something is broken, and it's not very hard for people to say "hey, this isn't is grounded on sexuality, but here it's all in through that. So the fifties weren't really as gonna be repaired by dreaming of a mvth my scene, 1 want to get out, I want to go some kind of crazily impersonal wav. 1 mindless as people suggest: it was a or believing in a mvth. When someone pre someplace else." They have their parents' don't know if love affairs were any more nervous time, because people didn'i know sents lhal kind of truth, it so absolutely in approval to deal with, and other students meaningful when I was going to college, what was coming. We began to get a tasie of comprehensible it's realty tough to deal and friends look at them as some kind of but here it's all in a tremendously physical il when the Freedom Riders went South, with. Even if vou sense it. even if it's not failure. And there's also a compulsion to way. I never hear a guy say, "Hey, she's re- the civil rights thing began to develop and said explicitly, you break off and the stu chose early what you're going to do with the allv interesting" or "She's really got a good we began to understand the issues. We dents do crazy things. Maybe that's what rest of your life. Bv getting into another head, smart person, she's done so and so." could feel things instinctively. The you meant when you said earlier that scene, you're defering that choice in some And 1 rarely hear anything different when dangerous thing here is that Ibis seems Thompson was too big for lhe confines of ways, and that's verv upsetting to some a woman talks about a guv; it's whether mindless in a lot of wavs. because people Duke...How less perverted is a fraternity people. And the economy adds to that a lit they're cute or sexv or drink alot of beer. don't seem to be edgy and nervous about party at four o'clock in the morning, or tle: these students are fairly privileged, so Would you say that men and women view each anything. Thev seem to be edgy and hollow eyes staring back at you on campus? the economy doesn't bear as heavily as it other differently at, say, at Vassar, Radrliffc, nervous aboul passing tests, getting a job. Tlie House P thing. I understand you think that does on other groups and classes, but it still Harvard or Columbia? etc. people—students, the paper—should have made comes down pretty hard. The emphasis is Did the Hunter Thompson ei'enf sum up on "make sure that you're heading in a ...I don't think there's much differen ce....Mavbe what I'm talking about is this' anything for you about Duke students or Duke ™».™»/„. direction that's going to offer a promising Unhersity? Il goes back to when we started, talking job or career." I'm afflicted with this memory bank, and 1 think about what three or four years ago The problem is I don't know how many about what seems to be the values here. What do you find ' 'stifling'' about the social life was like, not only on college campuses, bul |>eople in lhat audience were Duke stu Here's a policv that was apparently tacitly- liere! t around the country. There was a whole lot dents. He brought out a lot of people who sanctioned by the University. The Hanes House raids were fairly common oc- What I find stifling about the social life of craziness, insaniiv and suicidal tenden had read the stuff and felt some connection curances. thev went both ways and there here—and I'm talking about it the wav I cies, but there was a kind of vibrancy, a feel with him on a lot of levels... 1 couldn't was a lot of fun and games. But there's a would be if 1 were eighteen or nineteen—is ing of Ix-ing part of something, a commit blame the paper plane phenomenon on whole lot of svmbolism behind those raids: the kind of regularity of lhe s (Continued from page 3B) versations are stylized, the relationships are //' you were an undergraduate at Duke right that comes out of dot-motor ies all night don't think thev should have been so much stylized. The great victims of that is faculty now, and there was absoutely no way you could long. Whole lot of music and screaming upset at the students in House P or the wives, who have stepped outside in a lot of transfer out, htm- would you exist here, what outside on (he grounds at two, three and housemasters—I don't think they're to cases, and have to play that game that's would you do? four o'clock in the morning. There's no blame. I don't even think the students who been fashioned by their husbands, but they control over that, and people's rights are shot off from the group and went to don't feel a part of that game, aside from it L'hhh have to find a good shrink. I sup violated. Like the right to sleep for three Cleland are to blame. I think a Universitv being part of their marriage. Larry pose what 1 would do is what 1 did as an un hours a night. Look. I've been interested in policy which made this general kind of Goodwyn, a teacher here, once said that dergraduate. Get on the newspaper, find jazz all my life. Suppose I'm not interested behavior permissible is to blame. And there's a whole lot of "deadness" on the mvself within that group, which is alwavs a in rock. Where can I find a place to listen to what's gonna happen is that il will made an faculty, and I think there is deadness in the small, special subculture at almost any col just jazz, or a wav to shut off somebody atypical incident: some students are going sense lhat there's a lack of surprise, a lack lege. Find a couple of faculty members else's goddamn radio or phonograph? to get some penalties and it'll be forgotten of imagination and initiative, at least. whom I had some personal identification Because maybe that's not the kind of music as an aberration rather than part of a un among some of the people. with, who 1 could talk to. Id probably I want to listen to. If I want to get some iversity policy. I think discussion of the For a long time there's been a feeling on this move off campus as quickly as possible. sleep, how do I balance that need for sleep thing on this campus would have been campus that there's a tremendous schism between "There's an enormous amount of noise— against somebody's need lo scream on the more useful if it was conducted along those praftssars and students. You seem to hang out a and people have talked to me about this— campus at four o'clock in the morning? lines. great deal wilh students. Why ? They're more interesting than the faculty It's still not certain whether the University will members As vou know. I really have an come out with some sort of coi-ering policy on enormously warm feeling towards lhe stu Carolina Integration dorm raids. You wouldn't image at this point dents here. They're delightful, charming that anything'll be done about it, given what people; they're fun to be around. A (Continued from page 1B) In retrospect, it seems it was double you 'vf seen at Duke so far ? number of them are very responsive. And who wrote a comprehensive paper on this myopic of anyone to talk to Northerners 1 don'l know, I hope thev do. But there's it's fun to give them my little pitch and talk subject for Bill Chafe in history, pointed "coming down here" and telling Us what to two things. One is they could do something about the kinds of political discussions out that "by 1962 most Southern un do. The Northerners who really and effec about it. Secondly, it would be better to dis they're not likely to get into with another tively told us what to do about our racial cuss the University's policy in the past iversities had desegregated. Of the impor teacher, or to talk about journalism in a policies never had to come down here to do because a lot of students have taken the tant institutions nationally Duke was the very straightforward wav. to talk about the it—as we should have known from the his brunt of this. These are freshmen, right"- last to desegregate." Universitv. Sometimes we talk about their tory of Northern domination of lhe What do they know about the past? AH they personal lives. I find that interesting. And Southern economy. know is that it's been communicated to After the death of Braxton Craven, Trinity they don't have as manv barriers to those The sit-ins won the desegregation of them that it's acceptable to do those raids. College trustees chose a Yale-educated Pen discussions as faculty members do. I re lunch counters downtown only after sym Nobody has said, well, don't rape anybody, nsylvania "Yankee" to come down here in I8S7 member a faculty partv I once went to pathetic boycotts were organized elsehwere get this high, but not higher, go into a and run the little North Carolina school. As he where everybody sat in a semi-circle, tbe in the country against other stores in the room and yell something at a woman but reached out to make neu< friends for Trinity, wine came out at nine-thirty, the cheese same chains as those involved here— don't take her panties off. Those grada John Crowell made some surprising visits to came out at ten o'clock, the coffee came out Woolworth's and Kress and Walgreen's. tions aren't spelled out. black churches, among other organizations. at ten-thirty and we left at eleven. The only How does it strike you that Duke University stu Later when he defended a professor who had It happened that way later with other thing we didn't do was parade out in a dents would do that anyway? They're at a place been attacked by a prominent ntwspaper for his places like Howard Johnson's. Howard straight line: I mean, it was so bad that peo that lays some claim to academic excellent and all liberal political vieios, Crowell himself was at Johnson himself wrote to the management ple had to raise their hands to be heard in that, and it's supposed to be a good school, the tacked by the editor. No man, said the editor after of his Durham franchise, saying that its the group! It was like a lucking classroom! Harvard of the South. Crowell's intervention, "should have charge of segregated policies were an embarrassment So I find students much more fun to be North Carolina children who would help return to the whole chain, and should be changed with than faculty:. First of all, I'm terribly skeptical about Negroes to power or by any combination destroy immediately. What about athletes here f academic excellence. Can 1 do an anec the government of the whites... For "embarrassment," we might have re dote!- I was talking to a faculty member, You know, this is the first time I've met the "Being a Northern man, but few years resi ad "economic liability." If the home office who will remain unnamed, about a week or caricature of the athlete who's always been dent in the South, " he added, Crowell had not felt pinched, it seemwed we got change. I so ago, 1 was telling the professor about a described in newspapers and magazines as yet learned "our manners and customs and, think it was Frank Ingram who used to say studenl who had some criticisms about this huge guy on a football treadmill and what is more important, the views of Southern something like, "It doesn't do any good to some courses he was taking. And the pro mavbe on his way to a professional career. whites. " (Continued on page 13B) fessor said, "Oh. I know that student, thai He thinks as the rest of the leam does, does student was in mv class." And I said. "Yeah, the kind of things traditionally associated that student's in my class now. too. I with athletes. When I went to college, UUI.I.III 111111.I.LI.I.I.I.I.U.I.I.1111 lilxULLLU thought his criticism was pretty much on athletes intellectually, socially and political the mark." The professor said "Yeah, but ly were as diverse and interesting a group the student has a second-rate mind," and as the rest of the student population. There therefore his criticism is invalid...Is are athletes here, I'm sure, who are realh Play the Steak PubGame. academic excellence the ability to make interesting—I've met one or two. But I've good grades, to agree with teacher's views, also seen some incredibly barbaric stuff, to memorize material? How much freedom and sat in on conversations in tbe dining is there to be accepted and to even be halls with athletes that really sound like a praised, and receive good grades, when 1940 image of what an athlete is like. I you sharply disagree with teachers, when don't know how much attention is given in you say they're full of crap on a lot of is recruiting ati athlete, to what kind of a sues? "How much freedom is there to do person he is, or what his attitudes are. And I don't know if any attention is given to t lie- that? Maybe that's the measure of Pick up this friendly little bumper sticker at the Steak Pub "academic excellence." If everybody here selection of other students on those terms. Restaurant. There's no charge for ii and you're not obligated to were getting straight A's, that doesn't mean Do you think it's incompatible with the spirit of a stay and eat with us. Put it on your car's bumper and drive around that, on the side, thev couldn't go off and university like Duke to have a fairly heavy with it just as vou normally do. pull a Housed* number. athletics recruitment/scholarship program? The winners will be chosen randomly, by license ptate num Depends on what your attitude about Duke bers, from among lhe cars that display the Steak Pub stirkers. The first winner will be anounced on Feb. 25. Then every Tuesday for You 've said that Duke students tend In be tradi is. In my sense, it's perfectly compatible. I sin consecutive weeks winners will be chosen, ending wilh the tional, about playing the grade game, having think Duke wants to be a university with selection oi a grandprize winner. Everyone is eligibU- (except certain social patterns. Is the faculty like that? everything. It wants to be a pretty universi Steak Pub emploveesj. But remember, in order to be (hosen a Are they unimaginative ? Do they lack the sort of ty, it wants to be a relatively placid universi winner, your i.ir must be wearing a Steak Pub bumper slicker. energy you see Dookies to lack ? ty. At the same time it wants at least a sur Read Ihe Chronicle regularly lo keep up wilh -he annnunt emenls. And now. about the prizes— I think they have enormous energy when face of vigor, and clash of ideas. It wants ex ils directed toward their own success and cellence academically; at the same time it status. I feel very awkward about that ques does not want any big departmental fights : Win these exciting prizes (wow!): tion. I've met only a small number of facul over politics, or any teachers who move off ty members within a limited area.. .. But I the center too much... It's a kind of perfect f Winners -«'~™*» i OJUWD winner have a sense that there's a very traditional balance, and the football team fits in the Dinner for Two II receive a academic attitude here: Do the research, middle of tha'F. It's "gixid" to have a foot at tha S«»k „ STERKHOUSES ; i St. James ii Tobacco, Inc. <; • 117 E. Franklin St. Chapel Hill Fine quality pipes, cigars, coffees, and teas Mail orders custom blending Pipes Cigars Coffee •Chaiatan -Montecruz 'Jamaican •Cotnoy «Don Diego -Columbian •GBD »Royal Jamaican -Hawaiian •Savanelli -Punch -Mocha-Java •Don Rafael -Flamenco -Dark Roasts •Hoyadu Monterry -Brazilian • Page 6 B Rubv Saturday, April 12, 1975 The Bassett Affair An Old Story Retold forestalled literarv development, so there which v BY HOWARD GOLDBERG ilhei i blacks. No in Hamlet, North Carolina. Daniels ran an ' were neither bookstores nor bpvers and was BBasseta t pleased with the blink's reac account headlined, "Did Booker Crowd If a professor of Trinity was to be deprived learning was shallow. The South did little tion. TTie' s a coward in front of the white Out Whites?" Probablv this article inspired of his salaried position and exiled from the reading and writing and her schools were man," the professor wrote. Bassett to write his controversial editorial. state because he entertained as a private few and poor. Also, there was child labor Bassett's personal motivation was to "set "Stirring Up the Tires of Race Antipathy." citizen ideas contrary to those of the majority, and injustice lo black people. a limit to this wildfire of prejudice that is in Here is a paraphrase of Bassett's argu would it not logically follow that a student The progressives saw manv wrongs to be the South." The historian knew he could ment: uho fanned opinions contrary to those accept righted, but thev fell threatened bv an in do little to reform the state, but he had In the last five years there has been a ed as truth in the College, would he expelled tolerance of dissent which pervaded even been imbued during his graduate studv at notable increase in the general opposition for the expression of them ? Were we not to be in the colleges. There was ihe case of An Johns Hopkins with a desire to challenge io the Negro in die South and to a iesser taught how and where to search for truth, drew Sledd, professor of Latin at Emorv traditional thought. Bassett had enjoved degree in the North. Three main causes and then be free to form our awn conceptions College in Georgia. In July of 1902 Sledd watching Kilgo engage in academic battles. are inherent race antipathy, the progress of o/il! wrote in the Atlantic Monthly an article pro which the professor called "foolkilling." the Negro himself, and the fact that the Ne —Editorial in The Archive, testing the violation of black rights bv Bassett was bored. "I am jogging on gro problem has been and is a political mat Dec. 1903: by WP. Budd southern whites, especially the practice of rather monotonously." he wrote. Bassett ter. Duke University does not exist. The year lynching. Public reaction against Sledd was had recently founded a small literarv Whites have always considered Negroes is 1903, and on the land where someday so great he decided lo resign to protect the magazine, called the South Atlantic Quarter inferior in America and rejected social there will be the Woman's College stands college from a hostile backlash. ly, primarily to prim the works of Trinity's equality. Negroes have no inherent an- the Washington Duke Building. It houses John Kilgo. then president of Trinity professors. "The magazine generally ad tipathv toward whites. Since slavery ended, most of Trinity College, a Methodist school College, was an old friend of Sledtfs father- some Negroes progressed, some regressed; which has reached a peak enrollment of in-law. Kilgo. though he had not read either way the developments provoked 197. • Sledd's article, reacted with strong words. white hostility. The upper and lower class It is three o'clock in the morning of a He wrote. "Pray tell me for what does Negroes do not represent the whole race. cold December dav. but the lights are still Christian Education stand if it does not Tor example, Booker T. Washington is a burning in the Washington Dukt Building. stand for the ideas of Christ? Is slaverv one great man, and take him all in all the greatest Suddenlv two dozen men begin to file out of these ideas?" Kilgo further defined man, save General Lee, horn in the South in a the door. The group includes some of slaverv as "social bondage." hundred years: but he is noi a typical Negro. North Carolina's most influential citizens- Superficially; Kilgo would seem to be It is overly optimistic to expect Other Ne Benjamin Duke, the tobacco industrialise protesting mistreatment of blacks, in con groes to reach Washington's level; it is too James Southgate. the banker; and Sen. text Kilgo was probablv referring to all pessimistic and illogical to measure the Furnifold Simmons, the Democratic Party southern people as "slaves of a vile health and morals and predict the future of leader. panizanship." The Trinity president not the race by looking at ihe depraved lower The men are Trinity College trustees, only shared the progressives' dismav about class, though it is presently large. who have been arguing for eight hours in the restricted flow of untradilional ideas in Stereotypes of the ante-bellum Negro as an attempt to resolve lhe controversv which the South, he was determined to do a benign old man or a gracious old 'mam will come to be known as "the Bassett af something to change the situation. Kilgo my' were wrong. Most Negroes were field fair." Thev have just voted 18 to 4 not tore- told the alumni in a speech in 1902, "Trini hands, and nine-tenths of Negroes now are quest an offer of resignation from the con ty has set its life" against provincialism in their descendents. troversial Trinity professor of history. John politics, newspapers, the church and the As the Negro progresses, conflict with Spencer Bassett. The trustees have adopt classroom. whites is inevitable. Whites inherently want ed a statement concluding that Basseti ten John Kilgo. a self-taught Methodist Negroes to stay in their "place." because of dered his offer "under coercive influences minister later to be a Bishop, was a leading a caste feeling. Negroes, as their education from lhe outside." Bassett "has expressed crusader for Christian education. "The and economic condition advances, develop certain opinions which give offense to church must educate," Kilgo declared. pride and a dissatisfaction with "Jim manv." bul according to the trustees, this is "The church college must lead and guide Crow." The Negroes place should be that his right l>ecause of the great principle of public opinion." Kilgo was the dominant which his virtues and capacities enable him academic freedom. figure in (he Bassett affair because lie was a to take. Now the college bell is ringing and the lighter. The Negro question has always been in few students who have stayed up At the time the South Carolina vocated social reform, but carried both volved in American politics, but recently in eavesdropping on the meeting of the clergyman was 42 and had been president sides of issues. Bassett. as editor, printed a partisan sense, especially in the South. trustees are running through the halls of Trinitv for nine vears. "Kilgo seemed a articles defending white supremacy and Threatened by the- Populist movement, the awakening their classmates bv shouting. man on lire all the time. His pulse beat criticizing blacks tor laziness and undepen- Democratic partv chose to make the Negro "Trinity liberal!" faster than that of a norma) man," re dability. question du- major issue, because the "Trinity liberal!" the student call as they minisced one of his students, Kilgo was a In October oi 1903. Bassett decided to populists when allied with the Republicans hurriedly dress and run outside to dynamic and eloquent speaker, write an editorial which would "wake up" had brought a tew Negroes into office. celebrate. They build a bonfire and then worshipped bv his students, but quick his readers. His topic was the most con Democrats cried "Negro domination" walk over to Bassett's house to bring him tempered and not afraid to offend anyone. troversial issue .of the time, "the Negro pro against the often unfit Negro officer- the happy news and request a speech. When Kilgo made enemies he would refer blem." holders. Democrats passed laws to eliminate Negro suffrage. The Bassett affair is "a legend in the his to them as "enemies of Trinity College." According to Bassett's analysis, the tory of Trinity and Duke," according to his Was John Kilgo a "liberal" in anv sense of soulhern black had been made a pawn in a Making the Negro question an issue pro torian Earl Porter. The incident was an im the word? The Trinity president advocated political battle. In 1894 tbe Populists and ved io be a good partv tactic. Some political portant milestone in the development of equal higher education for women: the col the Republicans joined together in a editors looked for incidents to keep the is academic freedom in America. Surely the lege alwavs had a few female students. maneuver called the ••fusion," aimed at sue before the people. One prominent, but Bassett affair expedited the emergence of Kilgo opposed free higher education bv gaining enough power and votes to throw emotional and "yellow" newspaper gave a Trinity College as a major academic institu either the church or the state: he converted the Democrats out of office. Within two lurid account of a small affair when tion. Trinity's scholarships into loans. vears the fusion reigned supreme, electing Washington and 37 other Negroes were To what extent, though, did the trustees' On the race issue, Kilgo told his students a Republican governor. The Democratic served in a dining room usually used for decision show Trinity to be "liberal?" In in a chapel talk. "While you may work hard counterattack focused on blacks, manv of whites. Hundreds of smaller papers picked deed, what did the students mean when to put the Negro out of office, and while I whom voted Republican and a lew ot up the hysterica! account. they shouted. "Trinity liberal?" think he is incompetent to govern, do noi whom received political offices. All of this is stirring up a great passion of The Bassett affair look place during a let those prejudices go so far that you Sen. Simmons, the Trinitv College alum race hatred which, I fear is leading the time of conflict in the South. A progressive would work the Negro out of a good nus and trustee, called his party io arms country to an end which 1 dare not name. element had emerged hoping to create a character, an honest living, his rights, and againsi "ihe black peril." the lineal of "Ne The only solution is the adoption of ihese "New South" which would be free of pro out of an opportunity to come to all lhat gro rule." Josephus Daniels, editor and children of Africa into our American life. vincialism. Historian William Hamilton God mav wish him to be." publisher of the Raleigh Netrs ond Oklmvr, In spite of our own race feelings, of which wrote, the progressives, including Bassett. John Bassett. a Trinity professor of his unabashedly supported the partisan cause. this writer has His share, they will win were disturbed at the isolation, intolernce, tory, shared Kilgo's viewpoint. Bassett. in The NeuKs and Observer described the equality at some time. fundamentalism and demogoguerv of the correspondence with his former mentor at Republican convention as a "great black Some day Negroes will have brave and South. Johns Hopkins. Herbert Adams, wrote that mass of kinky-beaded ignorance and pre Christian leaders and thev wilt be strong To paraphrase Hamilton, the lopsided the Negro should be denied suffrage "by judice." enough to make opposition. There will be agricultural economv of the region educational qualifications honestly ad Daniels advocated segregation, played conflict until white men decided there ministered." up stories of blacks ar 'ing white women. should be conciliation. Is the white man not "The Negro has borne great abuse, yei and frequently rclei _-d to blacks as superior lo (he black man—superior in mind, superior in opportunity, superior in Howard Goldberg is a Trinity College he has been patient." wrote Bassett. who "coons." When Booker T. Washington and ohligation to do acts of charity? freshman and a Chronicle staff member was North Carolina's foremost historian at a party of 38 prominent black businessmen the turn of the century. Bassett was con were served breakfast in a dining room cerned about the rioting of white mobs, usually •d for white tr; i pa (Continued on page 7B) Saturday, April 12, 1975 Rubv Page 7B Bassett: An Old Story Retold (Continued from page 6B) Observer prinled this under the headlii The Board of Trustees faced a tough de pears that the faculty and the students dis Bassett's South At/antic Quarterly only had "Prof. Bassett's Explanation Needs cision. If they defied the public outcry and agree with certain of Professor Bassett's about 300 subscribers, but the article re Crutches." retained Bassett, Trinity College might lose opinions—so far as we can ascertain, un ceived statewide attention when [osephus Ten days after Daniel's original attack, a patronage and students, even to the extent animously. Neither do we agree with' Daniels reprinted il in a Sundav edition of 'Trinity trustee called for Bassett's resigna that the College might close. To ask Bassett them." The Raleigh Neivs and Observer. Daniels tion. Six days later, the historian decided to to resign, though, would be to submit For Trinity College, liberalism meant particularly drew the readers' attention to write a letter offering his resignation if the Trinity to what Kilgo called "slavery and tolerance of ideas which it opposed but not the part of the comment about Booker T. Board of "Trustees chose to insist upon it. bondage." racial tolerance as it is understood by Washington which is italiczed above. The The three dozen trustees would meet to The trustees did not know that Kilgo had today's liberals. Of course, the students headline read, "Southern leaders slan make the decision in two weeks. letters of resignation from the entire cheered Booker T. Washington when he dered." Meanwhile, various groups associated faculty. spoke on campus at Kilgo's invitation in Bassett had added the remark when he with the college joined together to support Twenty-five trustees appeared at the 1896. But even the free-thinker Bassett re was reading the proof. He later recalled Bassett. They would not defend his ideas, meeting. Sen. Simmons arrived declaring vealed in his statement of explanation that having looked at the sentence lovingly, only his right to freely express them. that he was prepared to fight his last battle he was a segregationist, opposed to social thinking, "I hope thev will notice that." Academic liberty became the overriding is for white supremacy. But Ben Duke had equality for blacks, (c.f. Durham Morning The professor wanted to provoke "calm sue at Trinity College. While this concept been won over to Bassett's side on the issue Herald; Xov.S. 1903) and intelligent discussion." Instead, the might not seem revolutionary now, it was at of academic liberty. The businessmen The Board of Trustees pointedly con press largely ignored the issues and at the lime, especially at a small southern mostly went along with Duke, while most of cluded the announcement of their decision tacked Bassett personally. school. lhe Methodist clergymen on the Board vot as follows: "We state as a fact that Professor Daniels later wrote. Bassett "has com The idea of academic liberty probably ed against Bassett. The final vote was 18 to Bassett does not believe in, nor does he mitted the only unpardonable sin." Ac developed in America following the in 7 in favor of Bassett. teach social equality, and we have con cording to the Raleigh publisher, fluence of the German concept of So the Board of Trustees declared that fidence in him, both as a man and as a "Freedom of speech is important and must Lehrfreiheit (freedom of inquiry), which ac Trinity College was to be liberal, in the teacher." be preserved, but there is one thing dearer companied the rise of the social sciences as sense that faculty and students would be al Research material for the preceeding article to the Southern people, to wit: the pre a field of study. At Trinity a very pro lowed to think freely and express un was obtained from the Duke University Archives servation of its civilization, and the purity fessional faculty had been assembled, ex- popular ideas with impunity. But in their and the Perkins Library department of of the white blood, the supremacy of pcetional in the number of graduate statement, the trustees said, "It clearly ap Manuscripts. t Anglo-Saxon ideals and white govern degrees held bv its members. Consequent ment." ly, scholarly research was important at the Daniels used his paper as a forum for college. libel of the historian, whose name was The notion of academic freedom thus spelled bASSeu. 'The Greenville Eastern came to Trinity from the outside, through Reflecter called Bassett "a spectacular professors who had studied ai northeastern viper," and the professor's hometown schools. When the Bassett controversy- Tarboro Southerner expressed gratitude that arose, there was a reason for advocates to Bassett had not remained there, saying he articulate their ideas about academic had "more mouth than brains." Onlv a few- liberty. papers supported Bassett. For example. Waller Hines Page, a The newspapers speculated whether Trinitv alumnus and distinguished New- Bassett was insane, a fixil. or whether he York editor and publisher began to write was seeking notoriety -or a position in a letters to Ben Duke, Southgate, and Kilgo. northern school. Soon the attacks spread, arguing that Bassett's future was the key to with Daniels asking for the resignation of a greater issue, academic freedom. not only Bassett, but that "nursery of Of course, not everyone agreed that this freaks." Trinity College. should be Bassett's defense. Historian Bassett, not wanting anv harm to come to Frederic Bancroft wrote to Bassett. lhe institution he loved, worked up a state "Academic independence is a dream. & ment of clarification which Kilgo distribut freedom. North as well as South, means ed statewide. Bassett declared that Booker liberty to say whatever will not arouse the Washington was "greatest" onlv in his ire of the benefactors or patrons of the col "capacity to break over fearful impedi lege." ments and achieve success," Still, the faculty and students based their further. Bassett said that when he wrote endorsements of Basseti solely on grounds that blacks would win equality, he never' of his right to free expression. (The pro meant .social equality. "The historian said he fessor's general competance was unques meant that blacks would someday attain a tioned.) Kilgo. who spoke before the comparable industrial and civic status with trustees for over an hour in defense of whites, though this might take two or three Bassett. followed the theme of Trinity's hundred years. The Raleigh News and need lo promote unfettered thought. Bassett's Durham home. JACK RABBIT Laundry and Dry Cleaners SPECIALS! MONDAY 7 a.m. 'til 6 p.m. The More You Bring, The More You SAVE! "Get The Rabbit Habit!" 'MMMM»——Mi*——M—WI Monday Special Your Choice DRY CLEANING •Mart San •2SponCo.|, QQ SATURDAY, /APRIL 12, lffi •8-15 m M_J Page 1 OB Saturday, April 12, 1975 Duke's Trustees Centralization and Isolation having "immediate oversight of the ad University president presiding. BY BRETT STEENBARGER two. in fact, are connected to the clergy. ministration of the university." This movement away from restricted More than any other field, the health pro "Ther? was wide sentiment that theUnwersity Two decades later, 1945. the nation was power in the executive to "shared authori fession claims the largest number of did not have the funds to do what had been chart at war and Duke, like all American institu ty" bv students and faculty members trustees, with approximately 20 per cent of ed for it...There was an uncertainty as to the fit tions at the lime, was affected greatly. The represents a major step in the development the members. Moreover, the current ness, not only of the members of both boards (En - composition of the Board had remained of the Board. chairman of the Board, John Alexander dowmentand University Trustees), but of the ad unusually stable during the time span: A rule preventing anv Trustee from McMahon, is an officer of the American ministrators of the University." three of the seven original members of the serving more than two terms in succession Hospital Association, a fact interesting in executive committee were still serving. seems destined to lead to additional light of Duke's recent concern over the A Duke historian may well chronicle The bylaws, similarly, had undergone lit change, as new input will be constantly medical field. these words fifty years from now, looking tle change as the duties of the trustees re generated. When asked about changes in the Board back on our present-day Duke. mained only vaguely defined. One interest A drawback on this rule, however, will over the past fifty years, Richard E. But in reality, these words were written ing change, however, redefined the role of arise when the Trustees look to someone Thigpen, a former executive member with bv historian Earl Porter, who was describ the executive committee. The 1925 pro with experience and knowledge that can twenty "years' tenure, cited "the change ing the condition of Trinity College just vision to "have immediate oversight of the only come through manv years on the from a close corporation to an insiutitonal one year prior to its realignment as Duke administration of the university" was Board. A set of relatively uniformed, board representative of all." stricken, never again to be seen in a Duke University. neophyte Trustees may be poorly Citing the inclusion of students and charter. In many ways, the year 1924, was not so equipped to question and oversee the faculty members as evidence, 'Thigpen not different from today. President Few. like It was replaced by a more nebulous operations of the administration, and may ed that the system "has worked very well." aid the trend toward increasing ad most current administrators, found himself clause, authorizing the executive to "con He denied, however, that there has been ministrative dominance in the University. under a great deal of flack—not from stu trol the internal regulations of said an increasing role in the Board being as dents, but from churchmen and alumni. University," a foreshadowing of the seem This dominance can be seen throughout sumed by the administration. Churchmen, still rankling from a 1915 ing transfer of power from trustees to ad the current set of University bylaws. The "The relationship to the administration court decision which limited Methodist ministration later on. placement of students and faculty and all has been close all along," he contended. power over Vanderbilt, and indirectly In another two decades social change was Trustee standing committees has also been "We, as trustees, have to look to the ad Trinity College, complained bitterly over rampant. Student unrest was germinating met with a large increase in the number of ministrative group for advice and im the rise in businessmen on the Board of En on lhe west coast and the pleas of minority administrators on the committees, mainly plementation." dowment Trustees during the past decade. groups began to sound like demands. The due to the rule stipulating that "the Presi Thigpen also supported the centralized Bussinessmen were "untried" in matters Board of Trustees had gone through dent of the University shall be a member of role of the executive in Board affairs, not of educational importance, they argued, similar changes: not one of the 1945 mem all other standing committees of the ing that some trustees are involved in busi and should be subordinated to God- bers of the executive committee was serving Board." nesses far from Durham and can't handle Fearing educators. bv 1965, as a forced retirement rule was Thus the President, excluded from all business in between Board meetings. adopted for all trustees reaching the age of On the other hand. Few faced the ire of but the executive committee in 1925. is "When you have a Board of 36 members seventy. alumni and educators, 90 per cent of whom now in charge of Trustee nominations and you don't gel a good deal done. What you didn't approve of the church's power to Meanwhile, just as power had been cen a member of every Trustee committee. get is a good deal of debate. You really confirm nominations to the University tralized in the Board and removed from Bui certainly ihis is not the only change need a strong executive working with the Board of Trustees. the Church, so power was now being cen that can be viewed in the Board over the administration." Already the church had lost much of its tralized in the executive committee and be past fifty years. A glance in Who's Who, What the next fifty years will bring is on influence in selecting trustees. Before ing taken from the Board. 1925, reveals that well over half the trustees ly speculation, but if the recent trends con 1900, two-thirds of all trustees were direct The Board found itself in a position of for that year were Methodist ministers, tinue, it looks like students, faculty and ad ly elected by the two convening conferences possible rubber stamp, as the executive eager to maintain the influence of the ministrators, the people directly connected of the Methodist Episcopal Church. But by committee assumed all responsibilities for Church in the school. with the University, will be making an in 1924, rules were changed so that the Board nominating new members, in addition, ihe Today, how-ever, the most are busi creasingly large number of lhe decisions nominated its own members and had them commiltee was given power to "exercise all nessmen and professional people. Onlv which will affect academic life. confirmed by the church conferences. powers of the Board in the interims Few, meanwhile, was accused of cor between meetings of the Board," which porate cowiowing as he brought the En meant practically the entire vear. Mary Semans dowment Trustees closer to the operation Most indicative of this centralization, (Continued from page 9B) Duke clan still present and actively in of the University. By 1935, three of the however, was the injunction that the ex lived with her mother, who had returned volved on the Duke homefront. Duke seven spots on the Executive Commiliee of ecutive "must report its actions to the to Durham from New York to live in the seems to have been for her, as it was for the Board were reserved for Endowment Board" during each meeting. Clearly the house next door to the one in which Dr. both her mother and grandmother, the executive had established itself as a un representatives. and Mrs. Semans now live. consuming interest of her life, one to which iversity powerhouse in terms of gov And 1924, like the current day. was a The brave new frontiers which mam saw- she has devoted considerable time, energy ernance. and unflagging interest. "And do you know- year highlighted by claims of ad in the student activism of the sixties came something?" she smiles. "It has never got ministrative secrecy in decision making. The addition of three more standing as no surprise lo Mrs. Semans. coming ol ten at all boring I'm as interested now as I Seeking room for Trinity's expansion. Few- committees to the executive created addi age as she did under the sirongminded was in the beginning." While she says she was directed to an open tract of land by tional centralization within the Board. The leadership of Miss Sarah Baldwin, dean of once vague powers delegated to the Board does not often think consciously of her tobacco king James B. Duke. Refusing to the Women's College. "She always stressed admit anything publicly. Few and the were being more finely defined as the heritage and its role in the present, she is women's activism." she says. "She alwavs aware of thinking of her family and its im Trustees silently went about pulling the str Building and Grounds Committee, the urged us to suggest things, to get into pact on its time in order to impart this to ings which would result in a forty million Committee for Institutional Advancement, politics, to have strong connections with her five daughters (three are Duke dollar windfall and the establishment of and the University Committee al! had the community. When I later ran lor the ci graduates, one is currently a Duke student) Duke University. specific powers with regard to University- development, fund raising, and curriculum ty council, she came to hear my s]>eeclies "You try to keep it alive for other genera Nineteen twenty-five marked the found respectively. and advised me." tions," ing of Duke University and the establish Now that the colleges have merged. Mrs. ment of a new charter. Under the new- There were further indications, Semans wonders sometimes "exactly where As she looks forward to the celebration of bylaws, the University Trustees had almost however, of increased administration in this leaves women," in the realm of student Duke's fiftieth anniversary, in which she blanket power. The text read, "Trustees fluence within the Board. At least one ad politics, where she sees much change since will play an active part. Mrs. Semans says shall have the power to make such rules...as ministrator became a member of each of her college days. "It seems to me that stu that she has devoted a lot of thought re these committees and thus received a good may be necessary for the good government dent government was a much more vital cently to a definition of "the Duke spirit." deal of input. She admits that it isn't easy. of said University"—a benevolent dic part of the scene. There was broader tatorship indeed. The purposes of each of the committees representation. More student had input." "But it is developing more than we know- Trustees were to be elected as before, were, according to the bylaws, "to consider She is quick to add however that she is it is, all the time. And I think a vital part of with members serving six year terms. Every proposals by the President," thus placing not advocating a return to anv facet of the it is the bond which exists between students the administration directly above each two years one third of the Board went up past. Her concern for the university's role and some of the faculty. I read that committee. Reynolds Price has said that the best thing for re-election: four representatives from within the social fabric as a whole carries about Duke is the beautiful place in which each of the Methodist conferences and four The trend was additionally fueled by a over into her feeling for the necessity and it is kxated and the wonderful students from the alumni. provision making the University secretary desirability of change. "We have to keep also the recording secretary of the Board. who come here. Reynolds Price feels that An executive committee, consisting of six standards and quality in mind, of course, trustees and the University president, was Gradually, the role of trustee and ad way about his studenis. And the Prices, the but when the time comes, change. And we Parkers, the Fowlies—there is a real bond given the task of fixing all salaries and of ministrator was being fused. have. We would not have been able to get between the students and those people who Within the last ten years, however, a the kind of studenis we have if we hadn t love to teach them. seeming decentralization has entered the been willing to change. Duke has never trustee scene. "'The vitality of ibis institution rests in its Brett Steenbarger is a junior Trinity wanted to be in fashion, but always in the undergraduates," she concluded. "And College Nominations for new trustees are now stream of the world." conducted bv a committee of students, Marv Duke Biddle Trent Semans is the with the passing of time, we'll be able lo de fine Duke's spirit better." faculty and alumni members, with the only member of the vast and sprawling Saturday, April 12, 1975 Ruby Page 1 IB A Winning Season Maybe Next Year Wade. What happens when these athletic donors are no longer around? There will BY STEVE GARLAND probablv be some basketball donors who "Instead of holding the University in con remember the Vic Bubas basketball years tempt ire ought rather to recall them to more to take up some of ihe slack, but then can sober studies. " — Erasmus to Luther, May, the athletic department justify allocating 85 1519. per cent of its Iron Duke funds to football scholarships? For years the debate has raged on many college campuses concerning the nature Without NCAA action for the next five and viability of college sports programs. At vears, Duke athletics wilt probahlv be able mam colleges the debate flared and died to struggle along under a less than one- oul during the era of student dissent in the million dollar subsidy with a tight budget sixties. At Duke, at least, the debate has and strong alumni giving campaigns bul spanned the more pragmatic seventies and then what? flared once again in 1975 as academic de ln 1971 the Pve report considered four partments, faculty, students and workers alternatives projected into the 1976-77 are all being asked to sustain economic cuts schoo! vear. These same alternatives could while the athletic department continues to be projected into 1980 or 1985. spend aboul $750,000 each year with little pressures which have prompted the op Florida, etc.). With Duke's high admission According to Pye's study the only wav to or no restriction. timistic estimates of what might happen are standards and difficult work load it is hard substantially reduce the cosi of athletics at relieved? to imagine that Duke can lure football Duke in the vear 1976-77 was to eliminate The campus debate has come at an in The following senario for Duke mav not plavers who will put the school anywhere all lhe non-revenue sports or eliminate teresting time nationally. This April sub be far from the mark: near the top fifty football teams in the sports altogether. According to his figures. stantial cost saving plans are given a good country. Even within the conference it's the alternatives of eliminating just the re chance to clear the National Collegiate- —Four vears from now according to doubtful that Duke can out-recruit N.C. venue sports or just football would cost Athletic Association for the first lime. It is most informed estimations the Iron Duke State, Maryland, Clemson or North more than il would save. not merely a stalling lactic for ad giving Will peak al about $600,000. One of Carolina vear-in and year-out. Adding ministrators here to point to this meeting the reasons that Duke has been able to stay But considering the possible scenario re these two factors together, over a long span as a critical point in the athletic situation at below the trustees' limit in the past few- lated above how would these figures fare of time Duke will average about five losses Duke. If substantia! cost reducing measures years lias been an annual increase of about five to ten years from now? per vear. How long will the Iron Dukes pass. Duke will probably be able to con S50.000 per vear in giving to the athletic — The alternatives which the Pye report continue lo support a team which over a tinue in a major athletic program in foot program. When it peaks out where will lhe projected to save substantial funds in ihe ten-year period would be doing well to hit a ball and basketball for some time into the future expense inflation be absorbed? 1976-77 schoo! vear would also be able to 70-40 mark, would probably only be 60-50 future. —In order to make enough money now save funds at any time in the future. It's and could conceivably be 50-60? to continue its operations the Duke football also clear, however, lhat the same argu The problem is what if nothing is actual leam must play two away games with non- Right now the people in the income ments which preclude the serious con ly done at this meeting, and the economic conference opponents who can draw a categories which give to the Iron Dukes sideration of these alternatives by the Pye capacity house at 50-70.000 seat stadiums probablv were at Duke or remember' the report would also preclude their considera- Stev Gai Sports Edit. of the (i.e. Tennessee. Alabama. Southern Cal, Duke gridiron glory vears of Wallace (Continued on page 15B) , % Two MORE Reasons to go to Chapel Hill j Duke University Major Attractions J &6air (Unlimited, &nc. Present: The last big blowout of the Year Specializing in Natural Hair Cutting' 405 VV. Franklin St. 942-4391 Chapel Hill Appointments Only Jesse Colin and LeoKottke Young 7:30 p.m. Sunday, April 20th Cameron Indoor Stadium $4.50 and $5.50 Tickets go on sale Today on the quad, at Page Box Office, All Area Recold Bars, and the Carolina Union. Page 12B Saturday, April 12. 1975 Merge or Submerge ? The End of the Women's College This fear that women would somehow effectively retreating from both the bat and journals and managing their own BY DARA DEHAVEN get the short end of the educational stick tlefield and swiety; still another tacitly separate activities, while also learning to In the spring OF1972 Duke University had historical antecedents in the history of acknowledges the inevitability of dis work with and even under men in shared announced that Trinity College and the the old Trinity College. In 1892 women crimination in coeducational institutions by activities, can be found only in such a col Woman's College would merge. After over were allowed to enter. Trinity.College bv a advocating a coordinate college, hoping lege." From her arrival in 1923 until her re forty vears of existing side by side thev special vote of the Board of Trustees. One that a separate base will somehow make up tirement in 1947 Alice Baldwin directed, would now exist as one. The decision was of the first students later recalled thai. "It for the lack of real power. Such structural molded, and led a college that educated logical. During the preceding decade much was a time of testing. What was being tested concerns are misplaced. Universities, re thousands of women. In the end she built of the organizational rationale for the was hard to tell, but it must "have been gardless of their organizational structure. the finest woman's college in the South. On Woman's College had eroded. Students of women's ability to complete the college reflect the discriminatory patterns and pre this solid foundation the subsequent deans, the early sixties witnessed the elimination course in the same length of.time and un judices of the larger society, ^'his is tjie key Brinklev. Ball, and Kreps continued to of separate introductory courses for men der the same circumstances as men." In ihe point in analyzing both the rise and demise build the Woman's College as a strong, and ensuing thirty years such skepticism sturdy structure. and women. Academic departments of ol" W»: Coll •,TC of Duke fered a variety of courses on both cam declined. Hundreds of women graduated. There is painful irony in the faith in a puses. The separate student governments several women's organizations w;ere Historically, the reasons for a separate separate college. To argue that the rights of joined forces under the umbrella of ASDL". founded, and the college hired a Dean of women's college at Duke were verv strong. women would be better protected and their Then in a rapid rush of reform the un Women with soilid academic credentials. Many vears ago. Alice Baldwin, the first de interests more positively developed was Thus women students joined heartily in iversity eliminated discriminatory social re an, of: the Woman's College observed. "In true. This is a two-edged sword. By provid gulations, endorsed the relocation of the chorus of praise for past achievements the larger coeducational institutions the in ing a visible organization from which to single-sex dormitories on both campuses, at Trinity that erupted in 1925. terests of women students tend to be sub argue for equal treatment in the classroom, and realized that omnipresent goal of stu With the Duke endowment came the an merged to those of men. The women on the feminine voices in administration in dent activists, the coed dorm. If ever it had nouncement of a separate coordinate col the faculty in most such institutions are creased their chance of being heard, Also. been true that East was East and West was lege for women. Reaction was divided. For greatly in the minority and even in de women students could be leaders in their West it was certainly no longer so. many educators it seemed that at last the partmental mailers have a comparatively own college. Such an analysis openly ad small share. There is no one of sufficient mits that when men and women mingle Nonetheless, with the announcement of promise of a truly equal education for authority to represent the, women • in the freely, women will be submerged. Onlv bv the merger came a cry of dismay. For manv women was about to be redeemed. Others making and carrying out of various policies retreating could women have authority. In women who were just discovering the ad protested such redemption. After thirty or in controversial issues. Certain values of education as in society women should have vantages of a visible, separate base of years of fighting to gain a foothold in Trini great importance in the education of their separate sphere. power, the move seemed like a step back in tv College women faculty and ad women, and indeed, in the education of a time when we desparately needed to ministrators feared that "coordinate" This is the root of the problem. The role men, tend io be obscured, since decisions of move forward. If all this rhetorical commit would mean "subordinate" in the new un and status of women in American society is moment are made largely by men who are ment to making men and women students iversity. currently undergoing profound changes. not always aware of the significance of these one under the eyes of Duke University has The recurring pattern of suspicion is The separate sphere is no longer accepta intangible values." The best way to handle corresponded to a genuine emergence of clear. "Coordinate" will mean "sub ble. An increased level of awareness of the situation was io retreat to a separate equality in our society, il might be possible ordinate:" "merge" will mean "submerge." women's needs and rights has served both base around which the women could build to welcome the merger as a sign of coming No matter how the game is played it seems as a response to a felt need for change and a sense of unity and belonging to a college of age on the euecational scene. Since such the educational deck of cards is stacked as a catalyst to further change. As a result, which was peculiarly their own. genuine equality has not emerged, manv against women. At the university level ad conditions of social, political, and economic skeptics feared that the absence of such vocates of women's rights are unsure about The aim of the Woman's College was inequality which were once accepted as leadership as the Women's College offered the best organizational solution to this always to obtain full opportunities for normal, or at least inevitable, have come should be more a symptom of decay in dilemma. One group follows the lead of women students. Baldwin felt sirongly that under attack and a large reservoir of re women's educational rights than a harb coeducational idealists and searches for the students gained the most from a sentment, outrage, and creative action has inger of maturity. "Merge," they argued, salvation by obscurring differences and ig coordinate arrangement. "The opportuni been lapped. The true scope, intensity, and would mean "submerge" for women stu noring past experience; another withdraws ty to develop initiative, responsibility, and significance of ihis movement for change dents. to the protective walls of a woman's college. power through editing their own papers (Continued onpage15B) Dara De Haven, a '72 Duke graduate, is Assistant Dean of Women at Emorv University in Atlanta. 7fle%ttt Hut Sandwiches Meals and Chmjses I lonHimadu Soups aiicf Dess... Imported Beers and Specialii Take Ouls and CalertnR Aval1 Imports caled belween Durham and Time to read from St1 Unique Hours: Mon-ThuTu 119: Fri-Sal 11-13 the Little Professor collection | Unusual Durham's LITTLE PROFESSOR! Decor at/ive NEWEST Accessories BOOKSTORE! Elephant stielp for your BOOK CENTER private junqle*65 Come in West Franklin Street Oriental China Jewelry •BELT BLANKS' •BUCKLES-BUCKLES- to see our selection Lamps Gourmet Cookware •CRAFTOOLS" Furniture Candles •OAK SHOULDERS* •LATIGO SIDES« Live plants Toys • HARNESS LEATHER* Downtown Chapel Hill Fun things 4 Surprises •DEERTAN COWHIDE* WL- •STR APS-S KINS-SCRAPS Open Daily Parking Free ZACK WHITE BOOKSELLER Area's Largest Selection FancyG.ft Wr^ij^^tfi^ LEATHER CO. Mailing of Foreign Magazines RETAIL - WHOLESALE Northgate Deliveries 2005 Wake Forest Rd. RALEIGH 832-7337 Shopping Center L qoa W.rTIainSt,Durham M-F 8 am -5 p.m Sat. 9 a.m.-1 p.m Saturday, April 12, 1975 Pagel3B Integration in North Carolina (Continued from page 4B) were really "home folks." Thev even in it was a local dentist who once had com istrative unit, the Cherokee Industrial embarrass anybody morally; you've got to cluded some sons and daughters of Duke plained to me about the "pro-nigra" bias of School. And after 1885, there is no recordof In .hurt them in the cash register." faculty members. my article in the local paper. dian students at Trinity. In fact, I remember feeling that the dif "I don't know where vou come from." he I remember thinking back about that history in And after Trinity moved to Durham and the ference between the struggle downtown said during his rampage, "but Bassett was February and March of 1969, when Duke's family's influence in the College increased and and the internal one on campus could also a native North Carolinian; and Dr. black students—whose admission saved the Ihe world turned that corner into the twentieth almost be personified in Professor Marcus Few was from South Carolina. University from being denied federal grants century^the campus's influence on the town's Hobbs and his daughter Sally. "I come from Winston-Salem." I said, because of segregation— despaired over their at- - racial attitudes seemed to grmc stronger and On campus during the early I960's, and there was a silent pause. So I added, tempts to negotiate with the Knight administra more liberal. Hobbs tried quietly and pragmatically lo "North Carolina." tion here. And Howard Fuller announced the It was in the I890's that old Washington engineer an effective administrative re Apparently he didn't want to be distract opening of Malcolm X Liberation University as Duke (uidressed a meeting of black educators ' 'as medy to Duke's segregated status. He ed by facts, so he went right on with his an alternative to black students who had given a friend, wishing if I can to help you overcome frustrated Peter Klopfer's early attempts to tirade: "Well. I don't know where you up trying to integrate Duke University in any the hard conditions of your lot.'' force a showdown on the issue but privatelv come from, but you come down here and truly meaningful way. It was a scant decade later that Trinity attract- reassured Klopfer told Chan Smith, "At you try to..." There was a lot of things about those struggles ed national attention for its defense of Professor the time I had no reason to believe him, of the 1960's that were exciting and dramatic fohn Bassett, who had harshly criticized the nor did Hobbs give any rreason. But in The first non-Caucasian students to be ad and rewarding and useftd and lasting. There South for its racial discrimination. President retrospect, he was honest. mitted to Trinity College were a group of were others that were silly and frustrating and Theodore Roosevelt added his own personal "Meanwhile, his daughter Sally, despite Cherokee Indian students, back in 1880. The embittering and worse than useless. tribute to Trinity on a visit to Durham. the handicaps of being a white girl, a home- argument that President Craven presented to the It's good to remember them all, and to learn Within another decade, black leaders includ- town white girl at that, and on top of it all trustees then was not based on civil rights or from them. It's far more important to look ahead ing Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois the daughter of a prominent Duke of- moral obligations. It was a very pragmatic argu and learn how to apply their lessons to what still called attention to the "striking" (to use ficial—could not remain aloof from the ment emphasizing the economic benefits that remains to be done. DuBois's word) advantages that Durham's black struggle downtown. She was a steady and would accrue to the College from the ?150 per citizens enjoyed over other black Americans. And straightforward activist from the begin - annum federal grant for each Indian to be about the same time, the founder of North ning. enrolled. Carolina Central University, black educator Her father disagreed with her choice of Like the black students who follmved them fames Shepard, wrote to Trinity's new President tactics, just as he disagreed with Klopfer's. eight decades later, those first Indian students William P. Few that good race relations in But she told me back then that he was suffered considerable ' 'cultu re shock " in adjust Durham were "due now more to the influence of always completely fair about their dif- ing to life at Ihe previously all white school. Like Trinity than any other agency.'' ferences. the Duke administration of the I960's, the The Dukes, of course, were native to this Even her fellow Durhamites sometimes Trinity administration made certain efforts in Durham area; Professor Bassett-was also a categorized Sally as another "outside the I880's lo help the new non-whites adjust native North Carolinian; and Dr. Few was from agitator," just because of the role she successfully. South Carolina. Their attitudes were inculcated played. In fact, just about any Duke stu- By 188-f, the government grants had risen to from local experience, rather than imported from dent who joined a civil rights demonstra- 1161 per annum per Indian student. Althougk afat tion—or virtually any white person at all that was still considerably more than the annual for that matter—would find himself tuition paid by white students, apparently it was The standard local reaction to any and labelled an outsider. no longer so persuasive a factor. all Duke students in the civil rights move I remember one morning, after some In that year, after the death of Braxton ment was to categorize them as "outside article of mine had appeared in the Craven, the Indian students were separated from agitators." But some of the most dedicated Durham Morning Herald, the phone rang; the rest of the College into their own ad- Hoof 'n' Horn PRESENTS cApplause "An emotional rough-house that is both sobering and exhilarating, with all the song-and-dance fun you could want." Walter Kerr, New York Times "A model Broadway musical — strong, bold, funny, eye-bedazzling; it never slackens its merry, breakneck pace." Brendan Gill, The New Yorker "Applause" is a successful show. .. Among modern musicals, it is a gem. Hoof'n'Horn does it justice." Lawrence Toppman, The Chronicle "Some shows draw perfunctory handclaps, but at this one you'll be aroused to — what else? — thundering APPLAUSE.' Biff Bockman, The Missoula Miner Graduation Weekend May 9,10 8:30 PM Page Auditorium Tickets available for both performances at Page Box Office, 684-4059 PageI4B Saturday, April 12. 1975 Paul Winter Villa Teo Consort NOW FOR THE FIRST TIME Attractive Monthly Rental Rates To Rice Open Tuesday - Sunday 6:00-10:00 Patients, Graduate Students on Research, Visiting Professors, & Other Wednesday, April 16 Permanent Guests. 8:00 P.M. Continental Cuisine Memorial Hall, UNC Relaxed Atmosphere Tickets: $2.50 Direct Inquiries to Mr. O'Keefe, General Mgr. 688-8221 Carolina Sunday Brunch 11:00-2:30 | i.'.i-Hii.-l.-i Reservations 942-2266 SUMMER GARMENT STORAGE Duke Student Laundry The following program has been arranged for cleaning "WOMEN and storage of student garments IN LOVE" j and room furnishings: 11:30 Saturday 1. The rate for this service is as follows: each item @ $1.75 (i.e., 1 skirt, 1 blanket, 1 coat, 1 sweater. This charge covers cleaning, pressing, mothproofing, storage handling and insurance. (Minimum order — 6 pieces) HORRORS! 2. Bring your order to Duke Student Laundry during hours — 9:00 This weekend see a.m. to 5:00 p.m. — Monday through Friday. "Pit and the Pendulum" 3. Be prepared to pay charges in advance when you bring your order. Friday Night "Black Sunday" 4. Articles of high value or leather, fur or suede must be submitted to Saturday Night clerk for special attention, pricing and separate storage. 111 Murphy, UNC 11:15pm. Proceeds to: 5. All orders must be picked up in entirety at Duke Student Laundry N.C. Film Festival prior to Oct. 1,1975. RUGS The Alternative Cinema Presents CLEANED * STORED ' INSURED Lenny Bruce Small size (up to & inc. 5x7) $8.00 Performance 6x9 $14.00 I Film 8x10 and 9x12 $21.00 Duke Student Laundry Friday, April 11 12x12 and 12x15 $24.00 7:00, 8:30 and 10:00 Quotation on other sizes Saturday, April 12 PAD—same price as rug. Satisfaction on cleaning Basement — Union Building 2:00, 7:00, 8:30 & 10:00 not guaranteed. (Foam and rubber pad not ac- West Campus Greenlaw Aud. cepted.) J. Haywood Evans, Manager UNC $1.50 •• Saturday, April 12, 1975 Page15B for the l9N0's came in at over one-million exists with a small number of plavers and because the next year separation costs will dollars. But careful consideration would coaches, while its possible receipts are not drive the athletic deficit sky high? But you.- Winning have to be given io the possible beneficial high neither are its possible expenses. And ..don't want to make the decision when you (Continued from page 11B) facets of having a nationally recognized given Duke's untenable recruiting position, can afford it because then there is no pre tion in the future. While eliminating non- athletic program. it would seem more likely that Duke could ssure to do so!" revenue sports might save money, it — The fourth alternative of eliminating snare four top notch student-basketball "Cool it!" slim i nates the branch of intercollegiate football would seem to be the most re players than 30 top notch student-football Does this statement mean that Duke can athletics at Duke in which the most people asonable compromise wilh the third players. And considering the Duke- never escape an athletic spiral which will participate. Elimination of all sports might alternative. If scholarship levels staved near Durham fan, five home football games drive the cost of sports above one-million enhance Duke's reputation as a school of their present status, and alumni funding would probably be less missed than 12 dollars? Not really. What it means is that academics, but it would do little to relieve ceased its incremental climb or started to home basketball games. Duke should make the decision within the the boredom that is Durham. fall, football would be the sport hardest hit. An administrator concerned about the next year or two which would be im —The third alternative of eliminating Football is the athletic department's biggest athletic problem has said, "You can't make plemented five or ten years from now. both the revenue sports might come under potential money winner, but it is also the the decision to do away with a revenue Such decision-making processes are not new consideration if the projected budget biggest potential money loser. Basketball sport (when you're tight for monev) alien to this University. According to a statement in A. Kenneth Pye's report on athletic financing, it appears that many of the decisions that the University made this year (regarding the Forestry School, heat ing plant workers, and faculty benefits) were being considered four years ago. Now is an opportune time to convene a PIZZA committee to look at the athletic situation and plan for possible alternatives. While the time for implementation mav be at some point in the future the time to decide where Duke will go in athletics is now. TRANSIT before the University is caught up in a spiral from which it cannot extricate itself. AUTHORITY Women's College -2481 (Continued from page12B) have not vet become apparent. It seems W. Chapel Hill St. clear, however, that the effects of this mov ement will be felt not only in the area of wages and emplovment, but in other fun damental areas of American society includ ing family relations, school socialization, re ligion, and general group processes. These changes cannot be avoided, even by those who (ind them undesirable. The time for the academic community to respond is now. The problem of sex discrimination will be impossible for Duke University to ig nore in the next few years. It is unfortunate thai tHH arises simultaneously with *he financial crisis in higher education, especially in private institutions. Nonethe less the problem must be dealt with forcefully and intelligently. Women have been motivated, their ambitions toward equality have been supported by legislation and executive order, and they have begun to challenge policies and practices which seem discrimnatorv to them. Such progress cannot be abandoned. There is evidence of some recent suc cessful coping, some of it the result of ge nuine epiphanv. and some, no doubt, by legislation and the omnipresence of HEW. Admissions to graduate and professional schools at Duke have opened dramatically The PTA People are in the last few vears. Women students are moving into some significant leadership Pizza People, Period positions. A few faculty women have been hired. Vet this is the beginning not the end. Clip Out and Use •••••••• A positive attitude of commitment must be adopted. The Carneigie Commission sug- P.T.A.'s COUPON gests that even under the best of circumstances it will be the year 2000 before women are proportionately represented in academic life. Perhaps women will have difficulty keeping up the 500 off momentum of the movement, but they must. on any large pizza The Woman's College had a long tradi tion of positive leadership, lt served its stu dents well. It is possible to argue that the (except cheese) merger took place just as this leadership was coming to full bloom. For this, many women are deeply saddened. But there is Phone no no energy to be wasted on past possibilities. '• 1 (Not valid with any other offer) Just as the problem is not fundamentally rooted in a particular organizational struc J* 1««COUPONM««IM*COUPON«I ture, neither is the solution. If all is not well J on the home front, then it is up to Duke University-—the whole community of facul ty, student, and administrators—to put Mori.-Thurs. open 'til 1 • Fri.-Sat. open 'til 2 forth concerted effort to do something about it. The answer lies not in structures but in commitment. Pagel6B Kuln Saturday. April 12. 1975 •••CHAPEL HILL-D0WNT0WNBMBI Athletic Attic 105 H. Columbia St. (Upstairs) CHAPEL Hill 967-452? SKYDIVING SthSa RESTAURANT Authentic CfflNESE DON'T SHOP for SHOES in a SPORTING and GOODS STORE ... Come see the ATH LETIC SHOE SPECIALISTS at ATHLETIC ft AMERICAN Food ATTIC. Ranging from Popular Favorites to Gourmet ie satisfied wilh anything bul the best and most complete jump I Delicacies le. Franklin County has a sta» of Professional instructors wh over 1,000 North Carolina first jump student! since ieplemb 408 Morgan St., Downtown Durham AU ABC Permits Just Received! 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Here were the sources of public mules and a fifty-cent piece to start a busi carving out his tobacco empire with lhe Buck Duke. As Robert Sobel explains in opinion. The Universitv would take care of ness from tobacco overlooked bv maraud three major tools of newly emerging The Entrepreneurs, the American "Tobacco them." His "immediate aim," wrote Cash, ing troops of both armies. Their business American industrial scene: mechanization, Company "resulted from Duke's drive to eventually overflowed inlo the town of advertising, and consolidation. Duke was conquer not only plug but every other Durham, which in 1970 consisted of 300 first to overcome the problem of slow variety of tobacco product, and to control citizens. 20 houses, 2 saloons, a general hand-rolling of cigarettes by quickly mak all operations from factory io retail outlet, store, a schoolhouse, and some factories ing a deal for a discount with the inventor controlling all supplies along the way. built around a railroad station. of the cigarette rolling machine. He Duke was not even content with this: he Though Buck Duke was manager of the bypassed public prejudice against machine- had to dominate the world market in tobac factory at fourteen, his father decided not made cigarettes simplv by keeping his use co with his brands selling in every country to let success stand in the way of education, of them a secret. With mass production at in the world." He started his overseas ex and sent him to the Quaker Guilford his disposal, he set out to create a mass pansion with Britain, launching plug wars College. Duke dropped out after a few- habit through advertising. which resulted in American and British months, setting his sights for business Duke liked to think of himself as the man firms dividing the tobacco world. school, through with formal education who taught the world to smoke, and he set In 1901 after years of plowing profits (forever reading and writing, he said, were about to do this quite literally. His advertis back into the business, Duke decided to for "bookworms, preachers, and lawyers.") ing schemes included stationing men on keep some of the money for himself by re Even Buck Duke's enthusiasm and the streets with free samples of Duke arranging his companies and buying up dreams of expansion could not compete cigarettes who also gave free smoking much of the stock. When the Supreme with the established plus tobacco firm of lessons. Hired to make Duke a household Court ordered the dissolution of the Bull Durham, so J.B. decided to strike out name, ad man Edward F. Small introduced American Tobacco Co. because of its into a largely unexplored area of tobacco sex and politics into his advertising, using a monopoly in 1911. Duke invested his "was simplicity itself. What he wanted was a prod uct ion - cigarettes. French actress in his ads and a young fortune into the huilding of yet another Babbit factory, a mill for grinding out go- Susan McCarter is a Trinity College redheaded widow to sell lhe cigarettes. monopoly — hydroelectric power. After get-em boys in the wholesale and undeviat- "freshperson" from Hickory, North Packs of cigarettes contained pictures of financing the hydroelectric power experi ing fashion in which his Chesterfield plant Carolina flags and presidents. Duke's idea of com- ments on the Catawba River of an engineer across the way ground out cigaret introduced to him by his fwt d