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The Early-Middle Miocene Submarine Fan System in the Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea

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The Early-Middle Miocene Submarine Fan System in the Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea Pet.Sci.(2012)91-9 1 DOI 10.1007/s12182-012-0175-z The early-middle Miocene submarine fan system in the Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea Wang Yongfeng1, 2 , Wang Yingmin1, 2, Xu Qiang3, Li Dong1, 2, Zhuo Haiteng1, 2 and Zhou Wei1, 2 1 College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China 2 State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resource and Prospecting, Beijing 102249, China 3 CNOOC Research Institute, Beijing 100027, China © China University of Petroleum (Beijing) and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 Abstract: Based on a large amount of seismic, drilling and core data, the characteristics of the early- middle Miocene submarine fans in the Baiyun Sag, northern South China Sea are investigated. By analyzing the sedimentary processes of submarine fans in SQ21 (SQ21 refers to the 3rd-order sequence with its bottom boundary 21 Ma), a sedimentary model of the sand-rich fans is established and the main factors controlling fan deposition are detailed. The results indicate that from early to middle Miocene the Pearl River Mouth Basin developed seven 3rd-order sequences in all, with each lowstand systems tract (LST) of the sequence corresponding to submarine fans. However, only the fans in SQ13.8 and SQ21 are sand-rich fans, the others being mud-rich fans. The cores reveal that the submarine fans in the Pearl River Mouth Basin developed ¿ve lithofacies (1) mud clast-bearing sandstone, interpreted as channel deposits; (2) typical turbidite sandstones, also interpreted as channel deposits; (3) thin-bedded sandstone and mudstone, interpreted as channel-levee complex deposits; (4) massive sandstones, interpreted as lobe deposits; (5) massive mudstone, interpreted as hemipelagic mud. The sand-rich submarine fans in the Pearl River Mouth Basin mainly developed in LST, and in LST reverse faults were active, which led to the formation of accommodation on the shelf. Different from the theory of classic sequence stratigraphy, the accommodation on the shelf captures terrigenous debris transported by the Pearl River, and the uplift at the edge of shelf serves as a “Linear Source” for the deep water area instead of the Pearl River. Therefore, the fans mainly derived from the eroded debris from the uplift. Factors controlling fan deposition include the basin’s tectonic framework, the evolution of the slope break, relative sea-level changes as well as the evolution of the fault system, and the fans are formed under the combination of the above factors. Key words: Submarine fan, lithofacies, reverse fault, sedimentary process, controlling factor 1 Introduction 2005). The sediments mainly derived from the sand-rich Pearl River delta of the previous highstand systems tract (HST) In recent years, significant progress has been made in (Zheng et al, 2007). However, submarine fan research in the deepwater exploration of the Baiyun Sag in the Pearl China is currently in its infancy. Compared with submarine River Mouth Basin. The successful drilling of the first fans overseas, the fans of the northern South China Sea are deepwater well LW3-1-1 marks a breakthrough in the field relatively complex. Wells A4 and B have revealed that in of deepwater exploration in China (Wang et al, 2007). The the six periods of submarine fans development from 21 to recently discovered submarine fans in the Baiyun Sag have 10.5 Ma B.P., only SQ21 and SQ13.8 fans are sand-rich, the become important targets for hydrocarbon exploration. Since other four fans are mud-rich fans. So why do only two of the 200, many scholars have undertaken research on Baiyun sequences develop sand-rich fans, what are the sedimentary submarine fan system and have recognized the fans from 21 processes and sedimentary model, and what are the main to 10.5 Ma B.P.. The Baiyun Sag developed six periods of controlling factors? All of the above questions are the key to submarine fan formation, which overlay each other, forming investigating the submarine fans in the Baiyun Sag. the submarine fan complex (Pang et al, 2005; Peng et al, 2 Geological setting Corresponding author. email wangyongf4#13.com The Pearl River Mouth Basin is located in the northern Received July 28, 2011 South China Sea between Hainan Island and Taiwan Island, 2 Pet.Sci.(2012)91-9 with an area about 175,000 km2 (Fig. 1). The early-middle slope belt of the continental margin. Eight seismic sequences Miocene submarine fans in the Pearl River Mouth Basin developed in the Pearl River Mouth Basin are the Wenchang, mainly developed in the Baiyun Sag in a water depth of 200- Enping, Zhuhai, Zhujiang, Hanjiang, Yuehai, and Wanshan 2,000 m, located in the deep water of the continental slope, Formations and Quaternary System from bottom to top (Chen belonging to Zhu II depression of the basin. The Baiyun Sag et al, 2003; Dai and Pang, 1999; Zhu et al, 2008). The Zhuhai is bordered by the Panyu Low Uplift on the north, Southern Formation is mainly comprised of large-scale neritic shelf Uplift on the south, Kaiping Sag on the southwest and the deposits, while Zhujiang Formation and Hanjiang Formation Dongsha Uplift on the east, being a depositional sag in the are mainly slope deepwater deposits (Fig. 2). 0 50 100 km Pearl River Mouth zone zone step-fault depression 200m Northern Dongsha Uplift Northern E A1 F2 A2 A3 F1 Sag Chaoshan Depression Panyu Low Uplift A4 BaiyunE' Yunkai Low Uplift zone Southern uplift Basin Attribute 1st grade 2nd grade boundary study area structural line structural line Fault Bathymetric Borehole Section line Fig. 1 Tectonic unit compartmentalization of the Pearl River Mouth Basin Previous studies reported that the “Baiyun Movement” are easily identified on seismic sections (Fig. 2(a)). They occurred at 23.8 Ma B.P. (Pang et al, 2007) and resulted are characterized by a wedge-shaped oblique progradation in tremendous changes in the Baiyun Sag, causing the con¿guration below the shelf break, with incised features in thermal subsidence of the sag, transforming the neritic shelf it. In plan view, the fans mainly develop in the Baiyun main environment into a deepwater slope environment. SB23.8 is sag with large-scale incised valleys, consisting of pelitic the interface of the shelf break belt migrating from the south siltstone verified by drilling. SQ21 submarine fans display of the Baiyun Sag to the north. The curve of the relative sea- foreset lobe facies in seismic section (Fig. 2(b)) with medium- level change of the Pearl River Mouth Basin suggests that the high amplitudes. In plan view, the fans mainly develop in basin underwent seven cycles of sea-level Àuctuation in early- the Baiyun eastern sag with large number of NS oriented middle Miocene (from 23.8 Ma to 10.5 Ma), correspondingly, channels, mainly medium- to ¿ne- grained sandstone deposits developing seven 3rd-order sequences SQ23.8, SQ21, verified by drilling. Since the SQ21 submarine fans have SQ17.5, SQ1.5, SQ15.5, SQ13.8 and SQ12.5 (Peng et obvious characteristics and associated data are abundant, we al, 2004). Each bottom boundary corresponds to a decline subsequently focus on the SQ21 submarine fans. of relative sea level (Fig. 2). Previous research concludes that since 21 Ma each decline of the relative sea level 3 Lithofacies analysis causes each LST of the sequence to develop corresponding Based on the analysis of grain size, sedimentary structures, submarine fans. Because the material supply and sedimentary bedding contacts, degree of sorting, matrix and clast content, background of every period of submarine fan formation is bioturbation style, and geometry of turbidite sandstone beds, different, the deposition mechanisms and deposition models five main facies types are identified in the cores from the of the fans are different. Analysis of wells A4 and B, showed studied fields (1) mud clast-bearing sandstone, (2) typical that only SQ13.8 and SQ21 submarine fans are sand-rich turbidite sandstone, (3) thin-bedded sandstone and mudstone, fans, and the others are mud fans. SQ13.8 submarine fans (4) massive sandstones and (5) massive mudstone. Pet.Sci.(2012)91-9 3 Sequence Relative E12 P20 P33 P34 L3 L4 ODP1148 cycle sea level H/m change SRS Epoch 2nd 3rd land sea Formation Sequence Sequence boundary 500 T0 SQ3.0 SB3.0 SQ3.8 SB3.8 1000 SQ4.2 SB4.2 T1 shan Wan SB5.5 Pliocene Ʋ SQ5.5 T1 SQ6.3 SB6.3 T2 SQ8.2 SB8.2 shelf break shelf SQ10.5SB10.5 2000 Yueshan T2 ƱSQ12.5 SB12.5 T3 SQ13.8SB13.8 T3 SQ15.5 SB15.5 Hanjiang T4 SQ16.5 SB16.5 3000 21Ma Miocene T4 ưSQ17.5 SB17.5 T5 3rd sea level sea 3rd SQ21 SB21 T6 Zhujiang SQ23.8 SB23.8 4000 T7 T6 2nd sea level sea 2nd SQ25.5 SB25.5 Zhu1 Panyu Low ƯSQ26.5 SB26.5 Depression Uplift Baiyun Sag Liwan Sag SQ28.4 SB28.4 Southern Zhuhai 5000 Uplift 20Ma 20Ma T7 Delta Oligocene SU PYLU Submarine fan Baiyun Sag Baiyun Zhu1 Depression F G H Tg I Submarine fan 13.8Ma 21Ma Submarine fan Panyu Low Uplift Panyu Low Uplift Baiyun Sag Baiyun Sag H F I Overbank Overbank G Lobe Lobe Channel Channel Southern Uplift Southern Uplift Lower fan Lower fan Fault 1st grade Fault 1st grade structural line a structural line b Fig. 2 Depositional evolution characteristics from Oligocene to Miocene, Baiyun deep-water area (a) seismic section and distribution of SQ13.8 submarine fan; (b) seismic section and distribution of SQ21 submarine fan 3.1 Mud clast-bearing sandstone (Mcs) of multiple debris-flow deposits superimposed on each other. Because the lithology of the channels is similar, it is 3.1.1 Description dif¿cult to identify each period channel.
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