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AT THE KNOXVILLE INTERNATIONAL ENERGY EXPOSITION • FINAL REPORT

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FINAL REPORT

Malcolm E. Baldrige Joe M. Rodgers Secretary of Commerce Commissioner General of the United States Section

IV The United States Commissioner General ofSection U. S. Departm ent of Commerce

The Honorable Malcolm Baldrige Secretary of Commerce U.S. Department of Commerce Washington, D.C. 20230

Dear Mr. Secretary:

It is with pleasure that I submit herewith the Final Report of the United States Pavilion at the 1982 Knoxville International Energy Exposition for your personal benefit and for forwarding to the President and to the Congress.

The United States Pavilion was the highlight of the 1982 World's Fair and was well worth the effort put forth. The image of the United States as a leader in technology was portrayed, but most importantly our ~taff and the facility played the outstanding role as leader in the promotion of good will among nations. I am convinced that many people from around the world feel much closer to the United States because of the untiring effort of the U.S. Pavilion staff in making our foreign visitors feel welcome. This dedicated group of mostly non-career government employees, in particular Al Beach, performed in an outstanding manner to accomplish a very difficult assignment. I cannot speak highly enough of their contribution to the success of the U.S. Pavilion.

The report will show that when this Administration came into office the overwhelming odds were against the success of the Knoxville International Energy Exposition and, to some degree, the United States Pavilion. Both the Fair and the Pavilion were a great success because of the tremendous assistance given by you and the entire staff of the Department of Commerce, and, in particular, Bill Morris, George Pratt, Lyle Ryter, and Ron Eberhardt. Also invaluable were the roles played by Senator Howard Baker, Ambassador William Brock, former Secretary of State Alexander Haig, and former Secretary of Energy James Edwards and his staff. Of course, the President himself and many on the White House staff were unstinting in their support. I cannot overly stress the foregoing.

I was honored to be selected to serve as the Commissioner General of the United States Section at this international event, and I appreciate the opportunity to serve my country.

Sincerely,

JMR/sr

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY EXPOSITION, Knoxville, Tennessee • May I-October 31, 1982 1 Energy Place • Knoxville, TN • 3790 21982 • 615/971-1050

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE THE FAIR II THE UNITED STATES PARTICIPATION Ill OFFICE OF THE U.S. COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF SECTION* IV CONSTRUCTION V EXHIBITS VI PUBLIC AFFAIRS VII SPECIAL EVENTS VIII ADMINISTRATION IX THEATER X ATTENDANCE XI OPERATIONS XII AWARDS XIII DISMANTLING AND INVENTORY XIV RESIDUAL USE xv APPENDICES XVI

DOC U.S. Department of Commerce BIE Bureau of International Expositions DOE U.S. Department of Energy GSA General Services Administration IAWG lnteragency Working Group COTR Contracting Officer's Technical Representative CM Construction Manager PA Public Affairs Interior United States Pavilion at GMP Guaranteed Maximum Price Knoxville International Energy Exposition 1982 * Commissioner General of Section-Commis­ Photo cou rt esy of James Carmel sioner General for the U.S. Pavilion I. PREFACE

The award-winning United The image of the United States Pavilion and exhibits at States as a leader in technol­ the 1982 Knoxville international ogy was reinforced , and the Energy Exposition (KIEE) was, goal of furthering international by all standards, an unqualified friendship and understanding success. It ranked favorably was actively pursued . Over with such outstanding U.S. 8,000 guests from many walks Pavilions as the ones in of life and many parts of the Brussels in 1958, Montreal in United States and the world 1967 and Osaka in 1970. It were hosted in the Pavilion's was the centerpiece and the special guest lounge, including pace-setter at the Knoxville nationally and internationally Fair as well as one of the Fair's renowned leaders in business, major attendance attractions. politics, science, sports, The exhibit held strictly to the literature and the arts. energy theme, containing dis­ The report that follows will plays and live shows that attempt, in narrative, charts educated, informed and enter­ and ptiotos, to portray not only tained. It told the story of the the successes and accomplish­ past, present and future of ments, but the problems in the energy in the United States planning, erecting, instaliing utilizing state-of-the-art com­ and operating the U.S. Pavilion puter /video technology and at the Knoxville Exposition. climaxed with a film, produced Files and records along with especially for the Fair. The individual reports of the staff structure won awards for were combed and compressed design, with its sloping glass in order to report the most roof and spectacular cantile­ salient milestones ·i n the vers. Six million people visited progress toward the comple­ the U.S . Pavilion during its tion of this mission. 27-week run , May 1 to October 31 , 1982. There was something for everybody. The entire project stayed well within its budget showing unob­ ligated balances both in the congressional appropriation and the Gifts and Bequests Fund.

2 Ph oto cou rtesy of Preston G. Haag , Jr.

II. THE FAIR

Category Setting The Fair Organizers, in pro­ The Knoxville International The U.S . Pavilion's 4 ½-acre jecting an 11 million Fair Energy Exposition was a site was in the southern portion · attendance, took into account " special " category exposition, of the 77 -acre elongated Fair that 52 million people live approved by the Bureau of site . The 400-foot long pavilion within a 400-mile radius of International Expositions (BIE), dominated the Fairgrounds and Knoxville. In addition, Knox­ which is a treaty organization could be seen from nearly all ville is located one hour's drive made up of member states, locations in the Fair as well as from the Great Smoky Moun­ vested with sanctioning from many vantage points tains National Park which aver­ authority for all international outside the Fair. Because the ages 9 million visitors a year. expositions. The United States long and narrow pavilion nearly joined the BIE in 1968. bisected the Fair site, the International Participants bottom "leg" of a rough figure­ International participants in A "special" category exposi­ the Fair were Italy, France, the tion has a limited or single eight Fairground's circulation pattern passed along the Pa­ Federal Republic of Germany, subject theme, devoted to one vilion's broad east-west con­ the United Kingdom, the branch of human endeavor. European Community, Japan, The host organizers of a course between the Pavilion and the above grade portion of Australia, Mexico, the Royal "special" exposition must the theatre. The U.S. Pavilion Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the provide exhibition space or site became a part of the main­ Republic of Korea, Canada, pavilions for the guest nations. stream of traffic. The Pavilion's the Hungarian People's· The participants then lease the north face bordered the "Waters Republic, the People's space from the organizers. In of the World" reflecting lake. Republic of China, the Republic the Knoxville exposition, the The Fairgrounds was con­ of the Philippines, Egypt and host country provided its own structed on the site of a nearly Peru. pavilion. unused railroad yard which cut Fair Theme a large swath between the The BIE General Provisions City's downtown and the of the General Regulations set University of Tennessee. · forth the title of the exposition: The population of the City of "Knoxville International Energy Knoxville is 183,000. The Knox Exposition-Energy Expo '82." County population numbers The theme of Energy Expo '82 nearly 320,000 and the metro­ was "Energy Turns the World," politan area, serviced by Knox­ focusing on the impact of ville, exceeds 475,000. The energy production and use on University of Tennessee has an the lives of the world's people. average enrollment of 30,000. The stated purpose of the exposition was "to offer citizens of the world a greater comprehension of the effec­ tive use of energy and energy resources in the physical field and more discriminating appreciation of creative energy in the artistic field ."

4 View of U.S. Pavilion

View of Pavilion exhibit levels from ground floor.

Sunsphere from U.S. Pavilion

5 Ill. UNITED STATES PARTICIPATION

Legislative and Executive History In April 1977, the President TIIB WIIlfE HOUSE informed the Secretaries of State and Commerce that Federal recognition had been granted to the Knoxville Inter­ PROCLAMAT ION '162 8 national Energy Exposition, Knoxville International Energy based on fulfillment of the provisions of Public Law Exposition of 1982 91-269 (which implements United States treaty obligations By the President of the U 11ited States of A m erica to the Bureau of International A Proclamation Expositions) and on the recom­ In May 1982, a six-momh Imcr national Energy ExposiLio n will open in mendations of the Secretaries Kn oxvil lt:, Tennessee, inviting the nations of the wo rld to think anew o f man's of Commerce and State. On relati o nship wi th the per va sive force of energy which fundamentall y shapes the cho ices people have as to th e endurance and enj oyment of life itsc H. This April 27, 1977, the BIE exposition, whose theme i-s "En ergy Turns th e Wo rld, " will pro vide a splendid officially registered Expo '82 as selling in wh ich to explo re new techno logies to conserve energy, lO harn ess the lo ng-la sting and mOs t renewable sources. a nd to carry o n the search for a Special Category International llt'W sources of energy. Exposition on Energy. Beca use of thc o pportunities which the Ex position o ffers for a deeJX' r underswmlin.!{ o f energ y issues and for the stimulati on of trade and cultural exchange, this Ad111i11i s1ra 1i on is moving to extend the fullest possible recogni­ In December 1978, the ti o n to this nent in accordance w ith Public Law 91-269. On April 26, 1977, I President issued a proclamation advised the Secrt·tar ic:s o f State and Commerce th at the Expositio n warra nts Federa l recognitio n as provided by s tatute. O n April 27, 1977 , upon re ques t directing the Secretary of State o f th e United States, th e Burea u o f Intern a ti o nal Expositi o ns o ffic iall y regis­ tered thc evcnt as a Special Ca tegory exposition byl unanimo us vo te. to invite such foreign countries Also, in accord ance with law, I shall appo int a United States Commission­ as he might consider appropri­ er Genera l 10 exercise th e responsibility o f the United States Governmen t for fulfillnu·nt o f th t.· Conventio n of November 22 , 1928, Relating lO Intern ati onal ate to participate in the Knox­ Exposit ions, as mo dified, and to invite the several States of the U nio n to ville International Energy parti ci pate. NOW, THEREFORE, 1, JIMMY CARTER, President o f the United States Exposition. Public Law 96-169 of America. in furt ht.· r recognitio n o f this Intern ational En ergy Expositio n, do was enacted on December 29, lu:n·hy autho ri ze and dirt'ct _the Secre tary of State to in vite, o n my bchaH, such fon:ig n coumrit·s ,,s he may consider appropriate to participate in this event. 1979, to provide for Federal IN WI TNESS WH EREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this sixth day of participation in the International Decembt.·r, in th c yt.·ar o f o ur Lo rd nineteen hunch ed and sewnty-eight, and a{ the lndcpcndt'nn· o f the Unitt' d States o f Ameri ca the two hundred and th ird. Energy Exposition to be held in Knoxville in 1982. This law authorized the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to appoint a Commissioner General of the United States lnteragency Committee designate Agency representa­ for the exposition. It also Under Public Law 91-269, the tives to an lnteragency Working provided for the Secretary of Department of Commerce was Group on Expositions (IAWG) . Commerce to designate a designated the lead agency to The purpose of the IAWG was Commissioner General of plan official Government to provide for full government Section who would serve as the participation in major Federally support and a coordinated Director of the United States recognized expositions in the effort for the Federal participa­ Pavilion . On July 8, 1980, United States. To carry out this tion at the Knoxville Inter­ Public Law 96-304 was enacted mandate, the Secretary of national Energy Exposition in authorizing $20,800,000 for Commerce, in May 1977, 1982. A major task of the designing, constructing and requested Federal Agencies IAWG was to participate in operating a Federal Pavilion in with "substantial interest in planning the theme of the the Knoxville International achieving a successful Federal exhibits in the Federal 6 Energy Exposition. Pavilion and exhibitions" to Pavilion, as well as the residual use of the building. The IAWG first met on July 13, 1977 and subsequently played an active THE WHITE HOUSE role in the development of the W.'\ S H11"GTON United States Pavilion. The IAWG established an Exhibit Review Committee and partici­ pated in the Architect-Engineer Dear Mr. Rodgers: and Exhibit Design and Film Selection Board. The IAWG The lost time o world's fair was held in the United States was in Spokane, Washington in 1974 and the last world's fair anywhere was in also reviewed fine-cut versions Okinawa, Japan in 1975. So I am particularly pleased and proud that of the film prior to its accept­ Knoxville, Tennessee has been selected by the Bureau of International ance for presentation. (See Expositions in Paris as the site for the 1982 World's Fair. The theme -­ Energy Turns the World -- is most appropriate for Knoxvi lie because Appendix for IAWG Members.) the area represents one of the world's most important energy centers.

Selection of Design Team The United States Pavilion, approved by Congress last year, is already under construction. Many countries have agreed to participate and The architect, exhibit de­ numerous American corporations ore making plans to present their signer and film-maker final philosophy, their technology and their commitments to future progress. selection process was initiated I support this idea of a world's fair in Knoxville. I hope to be there to in May 1979, with the appoint­ open the fair officially in May of 1982. I believe this fair will focus ment of a selection board. the world's attention on the importance of ·energy conservation and the Prior to this, in December 1978, uses to which creative energy can be applied. the design project was pub­ Fairs like this hove historically provided a focal point around which lished in the Commerce progress is noted and plans for the future dramatically expressed. The Business Daily, requiring offers 1982 World's Fair in Knoxville promises to continue that great tradition. to reach DOC by January 1979. Sincerely, After several changes in membership, a selection board was ultimately organized, composed of eleven members representing the Department of Mr. Joe M. Rodgers Commerce, General Services Commissioner General of Section 1982 World's Fair Administration, International Suite 210 Communications Agency, 1010 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. University of Tennessee, Washington, D.C. 20007 National Park Service, National Endowment for the Arts, Smithsonian Institution and Haworthy and Anderson Consultants. competition. Before final until July 1, 1981 . Likewise, contracts were awarded, the on September 2, 1980, a letter From an initial field of 51 Department of Commerce of agreement was given the architect/ engineer, exhibit requested separate contracts exhibit designer with final design and film-maker joint­ for each company in the group, contract signed on October 19, venture groups, five firms thus breaking up the joint 1981. The film-maker letter was were given grants of $5,000 to venture but allowing closer signed on August 1, 1980, and develop their designs and supervision of each participant. a contract signed on June 18, enter into active competition. The A/E was given a letter 1981. A letter contract for An architectural and engineer­ contract on February 1, 1980, to computer /video content pro­ ing (A/E) firm in joint venture continue preliminary design duction was signed Decem- with an exhibit designer and work. The final contract was ber 7, 1981, with a final contract film-maker, ultimately won the not entered into with the A/E signed April 16, 1982. 7 IV. OFFICE OF THE U.S. COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF SECTION

The United States Govern­ ment, as the host nation in a Fair approved by the Bureau of International Expositions, is required to appoint two , Commissioners General, each with distinct areas of responsibility, The U.S. Commissioner General for the Fair is appointed by the President to represent the Government in matters of protocol and rela­ tions ,between the participating governments and the Fair Organizers. The U.S. Commissioner General also serves as the chairman of the College of Commissioners General, made up of Commis­ (From left) U.S. Pavilion Commis­ sioners and Deputies of all sioner General Joe M. Rodgers, official foreign government Mrs. Rodgers, Mrs. Testerman pavilions. The Commissioner and Associate Commissioner General assists and advises General, Kyle C. Testerman. the Organizers in expanding international participation, implementing the appropria­ not scheduled to be appointed working closely with them in tion made available by until later, the staff of the U.S. offices at the Fair's executive Congress to assemble and Pavilion and the U.S. Com­ headquarters. During the Fair, operate a U.S. Pavilion. The missioner General shared the U.S. Commissioner General Commissioner General of the offices. The U.S. Commissioner acts as the President's envoy in U.S. Pavilion, with offices in the General acted as an interim all official ceremonies. Pavilion, has the responsibility Commissioner General of The U.S. Commissioner of overseeing all matters Section, guiding its early General of Section, the section related to the Pavilion and staff. planning and operations and reserved for the official U.S. The Commissioner General of assisting in key staff selections. Pavilion, is appointed by the Section, or designate, sits as a The Fair Organizers at that Secretary of Commerce. The member of the College of time were having difficulty in Department of Commerce is Commissioners General and securing both private and the agency responsible for represents the U.S . Pavilion at international participation official ceremonies and other commitments. In March 1981, functions. Joe M. Rodgers was designated In August 1980, Charles E. the Commissioner General of Fraser was appointed the U.S . Section and Pavilion Director. Commissioner General for the He added to his immediate staff Fair. Because the Commis­ Charles T. Hagel as his Deputy. sioner General of Section was

8 Their principal efforts were In March 1982, Commis­ to act in a voluntary capacity initially devoted to strengthen­ sioner General Rodgers named as a protocol and ceremonial ing the Fair Organizers' Kyle C. Testerman of Knox­ advisor, and simultaneously campaign to broaden private ville the Associate Commis­ named Beach Deputy participation. This allowed sioner General for the Pavilion, Commissioner General. the U.S. Commissioner General for the Fair and his staff more time to concentrate their efforts on the Fair's international program and the College of Commissioners General. As a result, the number of interna­ tional participants and private participants increased. Allen E. Beach, then Assistant Commissioner General of Section and Deputy Pavilion Director, had been employed in the late fall of 1980. lri July 1981, due to the critical need for a senior officer in Knoxville, he transferred to the Pavilion field office. The Deputy Commissioner General man­ aged the Washington, D.C. Pavilion Office in Georgetown until his departure in September U.S. Pavilion Commissioner 1981 to accept a senior Federal General Rodgers chats with Robin Beard, former Congress­ appointment. Daily coordina­ man for Tennessee, at reception tion of the Georgetown office in the lounge. activities was then divided between the Assistant Com­ missioner General in Knoxville and Dr. George L. B. Pratt, Director of the Office of Guest from Saudi.Arabia International Expositions, registers in U.S. Pavilion lounge. in the main Commerce Building, (Left) Patti Wilson, U.S. Pavilion until February 1982, when all staff. Pavilion staff, except the Administrative Officer and Budget and Fiscal Officer, moved to Knoxville for the duration.

9 V. CONSTRUCTION

Design Development proposed a large open volume $25 million for Pavilion design Authorization to construct a which created a pleasing and construction, exhibit U.S. Pavilion at the Knoxville ambience for exhibits while design and fabrication, and International Energy Exposition, allowing for internal construc­ administration and operation. granted by Public Law tion of new floors after the However, prior to this, in 96-169, specified that " the Fair. The design called for October 1977, the President Department of Commerce build building only the floor space informed the Office of Manage­ a pavilion which would pre­ required for exhibit use but ment and Budget (0MB) that serve and enhance, to the with the volume needed for the Federal involvement should greatest extent practicable, the reuse. be $20 million. With the pas­ sage of time, DOC officials utility of the property for public Construction Budget purposes. needs or other The appropriation legislation recommended that the $20 benefits following the close of million figure be increased to for the Pavilion was not passed the exposition." The law about $24 million due to until July of 1980, when expressed Congressional inflation between the time of Congress provided $20,800,000 desire for a permanent building to supplement the $500,000 the initial estimate and actual start of construction. that would have lasting residual budgeted for initial planning usage. phases. $12,000,000 was for In May 1979, DOC submitted One of the principal reasons the construction cost including a budget proposal to 0MB of the A/E member of the design fees and construction related $24.3 million : group was selected was services. This eventually rose Design and because of the firm's concept by about 5%. Construction $12.0 million for solution to the residual use Early in the planning stage, Exhibitry and requirement. The design cost had been estimated at Related Costs 8.0 million Operation, Administration and ' Miscellaneous Costs 4.3 million Pavilion interior takes shape. $24.3 million Later, the Government reduced the request to $20.8 million, adhering more closely to the President's recom­ mendation. The budget for the Pavilion was adjusted to reflect this total: Design and Construction $12.3 million Exhibitry and Related-Costs 4.5 million Operation, Administration and Miscellaneous 4.0 million $20.8 million

10 Interior view of north wall, ready for glazing

Cost Reductions Use Uninsulated Delete Solar Exhibitry was adjusted to "Trimwall" around Shades 36,700 $4.5 million, including a film Elevator in Lieu Modify Theatre production, while design and of "Foamwall" 11,800 from Underground construction costs were Change Theatre to Aboveground 226,000 increased by $300,000; how­ Seats to Benches 10,800 Delete Railroad ever, it became apparent that Deduct Alternate Portal 41,000 numerous changes had to be Paint Finish on Reduce Allowance made to reduce the construc­ Metal Panels 21,000 for Exterior tion scope to stay within the Remove 20 Percent Lighting 56,000 appropriation as well as time of Operable Glass Total $2,529,700 limitations. Some of the prin­ on North and cipal cost reductions are South Walls 22,700 This reduction of over $2.5 listed below: Delete Power Tower million from the original design and exhibit scheme necessi­ COST (includes Research ITEM ESTIMATE Costs) 886,500 tated a major change in the concept and philosophy of the Delete Glass Delete Biomass U.S. Pavilion and content. The Domes over Generator 500,000 original scheme presented by Escalators $ 146,500 Modify Rooftop the joint venture group had Delete VIP Solar Collectors 296,000 made the Pavilion as energy Entrance 50,700 Delete Lighting self-sufficient as possible. The Control Microprocessor 224,000 11 energy-self-sufficient scheme Criticism did result from the remained in the plans .(See was commendable, and scheme change and scope Energy Conservation Features reflected the United States reduction mainly by the Depart­ under Operations.) energy policy at that time, but ment of Energy (DOE) which Pavilion Design had been represented on the would have been impossible to The A/E entered into a letter IAWG from the beginning. The carry through, considering the contract with DOC in February criticism was based, however, time and monies available. The 1980, and through various on a brief review, by in-house structure was also reduced changes in the original DOE architects, of a set of from a gross square footage of proposal, put together a "pricing" drawings, meant only over 100,000 to about 87,000 definitive design. The final to show the scope of construc­ square feet. It was mandatory design featured a sloping tion work. Most criticism was . to the successful opening of north face built from insulated due to the incomplete nature of the Pavilion by May 1, 1982, foam-filled steel panels and the drawings and most ques­ and the preservation of the glass, faceted with alternating tions raised were adequately budget, that these reductions vertical, then sloped glass. The addressed. Moreover, many be made, even at the risk of north slope allowed natural criticism. energy conservation and energy-producing elements of the original scheme still

Guests at U.S. Pavilion Topping Out Ceremony autograph "last beam" before it is hoisted into place.

Framing for glazing on the Pavilion's north sloping wall.

12 Ceremonial "last beam" is hoisted in place. 'I-,, ~ Assistant Secretary William Morris, U.S. Department of Commerce (left), and U.S. Pavilion Commissioner General Joe M. Rodgers with Helicopter lifts roof solar panels guests at Pavilion Topping Out Ceremony. in place.

light to fill the exhibit floors, yet ground level as well as through minimized direct sunlight. This the inside of the building glass proved to be a mixed because of the expanses of blessing, in that the daylight glass on both sides. The effect was dramatic and con­ stepped, west-end cantilever served energy, but it also led to sheltered an outdoor problems with water leakage. amphitheater. The south side featured an Visitors approached the exposed steel "cage" with entrance to the Pavilion via the inset escalators, stair towers, ground level concourse, then elevator shafts, balconies and proceeded up open-air escala­ office pods. tors, inside the "cage," to the Eight pairs of spine trusses fifth level where they entered sloped from the vertical south from a balcony at the southwest facade. Four in the center of corner above the highest canti­ the building were supported; lever. From the fifth level, one at the east end and three visitors descended by stairs . at the west were cantilevered. and ramps through the exhibits. The voids created by the The lowest exhibit level con­ cantilevers lessened the tained the theatre holding area ; 'barrier" ~ffect of the long and tunnel leading to a 1000- building by providing north­ seat theatre. Exit from the Dewey Smith and Frank south, see-through vistas at theatre placed visitors back on Weiskopf, Pavilion engineers, the concourse at the original check progress. entrance level.

13 schedule. As a result, a i construction management (CM) firm was retained to provide this service, and guarantee the Pavilion would open on time and within budget. Generally, Government construction projects are scheduled sequentially; the first pha_se is design. From a total design package, a lump sum contract is awarded. The compressed schedule for the U.S. Pavilion did not permit completion of Construction on the U.S. Pavilion total design prior to the start of continues in the snow. construction. The Pavilion had to be built under a "fast track" schedule where design is The cantilever design foundation was designed to started and construction follows required extensive computer­ resist the uplift forces on the closely behind designs as they assisted calculations and cantilever, rather than having come off the drawing boards. special structural features. The the foundation support weight This process requires very structural "cage" which makes from above, as is usual. (See close coordination between up the southern facade Appendix for building owner, A/E and construction supports the cantilevers. To. statistics.) manager. help resist the loads the canti­ Construction Management levers place on the frame, Guaranteed Maximum Price The sponsors of the Knoxville special "post-tensioned" The. CM, operating under a International Energy Exposition concrete diaphragms, at roof letter contract from October were late in organizing a finan­ level and concourse level, 1980 until September 1981, cial plan to ensure success. As were designed. The seven­ was originally to assume all a result, DOC delayed its inch thick, roof diaphragm runs risks for completing the project request for authorizing and the length of the building and within a guaranteed maximum funding legislation until a plan extends forty feet from the back price (GMP), but under only a was approved. The appropria­ of the steel " cage" out to the letter contract, with GMP not tion was thus too late to provide sloping north face . The definitized, the contractor's sufficient lead-time for Pavilion fourteen -inch-thick concourse fiscal incentives were weak­ design and construction using diaphragm also runs the length ened, and the risk onus would conventional Government of the building. remain the Government's until methods. The General Services the definitized contract was Distortion was designed into Administration (GSA) was negotiated. The Pavilion staff the structure so that during originally asked to provide DOC urged the closing of the GMP erection the building would with contract administration, contract and several negotia­ deflect to a vertical position. but declined due to their tion sessions were held. During All towers were erected out of concern about lead-time. When that time, a majority of the plumb, canted backward as funds were appropriated in separate work packages were much as 1 5/s inches in the July 1980, the schedule for completed by the CM and sub­ overhang and forward as much design and construction had as 1 inch elsewhere. contracts let. Often when a slipped 13 months. DOC was package was over budget, the The southern wall steel not organized for or experi­ scope of the work was "cage" was anchored to rock enced in construction redefined or funds transferred by -deep caissons. This administration of a project of from contingency funds or other 14 this magnitude on a very limited budget items to cover overruns, Sky Ride one of the structural steel rather than the CM and A/E The Fair Organizers con­ frames on the outside of the negotiating design and specifi­ tracted with a sky ride operator building, adding a dramatic cations changes to bring the to erect and operate a ski-lift dimension to the ride. price in line with the budget, type passenger ride in two A license, allowing a which was the original purpose segments, running north and connection of the overhead of retaining a CM. When the south nearly the length of the cable bogies to the steel frame GMP contract was finally Fair site. The route of the and the erection of two support signed, construction was well segment at the west end of the towers on the Pavilion site, was under way, with nearly all bid U.S. Pavilion passed through authorized by DOC . packages finalized, thus the GMP contract became essen­ tially a "fixed price contract" plus a known contingency for change orders. Once the con­ tract was signed, contract administration consisted of tracking progress, negotiation and approval of change ·orders. There were a significant number of change orders due to the "fast-track" schedule, the unusual structure, changing requirements of exhibits and the use of donated materials. However, despite the prob­ lems encountered, the A/E and CM presented the Government a pavilion which provided dramatic space for the exhibits, and attracted a very high percentage of the Fair attendance. Effective use of natural light and open space provided a pleasant atmos­ phere to visitors. The design View of north face of the U.S. Pavilion and "Waters of the World." brought two American Institute of Architect awards to the architects. The Pavilion was a popular success.

15 VI. EXHIBITS

Theme Development as Energy Expo '82 organizers February 1978 theme statement, In Fall 1977, the Department and architects; and consultants "Energy and Us: Individually of Commerce retained a from the KIEE Energy Advisory and Together for a New Tomor­ consulting firm to undertake the Committee, comprised of inter­ row"-which was the theme development of a theme for nationally recognized energy adopted by the lnteragency United States participation in experts from Oak Ridge and Working Group. the Knoxville International the University of Tennessee. The Logo The purpose was to examine Energy Expo '82. In February The United States Pavilion 1978, the IAWG approved a and identify a theme for the U.S. logo was developed by the theme statement which was Pavilion and to provide a work­ DOC Design and Graphics published by DOC in a docu­ ing direction for its planners, Division and the Pavilion architects, exhibit designers, ment entitled Theme Develop­ Exhibits Section. The spherical and implementers. ment tor the United States symbol, with its five stripes of Participation in Energy Expo In June 1979, the Secretary color, symbolized the major '82. This document grew out of Commerce transmitted to the sources of energy examined in of a preliminary, thematic President the Proposed Federal the exhibit. Red represented development retreat held in Participation in the International nuclear energy; red/orange­ Knoxville in November 1977. Exposition at Knoxville, Tennes­ coal, oil and natural gas; ocher In attendance were representa­ see, May 1-0ctober31, 1982. -biomass; yellow/orange­ tives from DOC, the Depart­ This document included the wind, water, and geothermal ment of Energy and the General energy; and yellow-solar Services Administration, as well energy.

Time-Energy Curve "sculpture"

16 Conceptual Design produce all the technology paint, carpet, theatre seats, The exhibit design contrac­ required for the envisioned telephone system, and appli­ tor, in association with the system, the Government and the ances, to services such as architect, presented a final designer worked together to shipping for museum and conceptual description of the identify compatible equipment industry artifacts. Financial proposed U.S. Pavilion exhibit and ultimately secure loans. contributions were also soli­ to the Secretary of Commerce, The interactive computer /video cited to fund U.S. Pavilion other Department officials, and programs envisioned required special events and representa­ members of the IAWG on random access, laser-read tion during the Fair. (See March 10, 1981. The concept video disc machines and com­ Appendix for a complete list of was also presented to a group patible computers to run the donors.) programs. The final equipment of 50 corporate and industry Selecting a Fabricator package contained 63 random leaders. The associated docu­ The selection of an exhibit access video disc machines, 71 ment, referred to as the "Blue fabricator took place in Fall monitors, 6 overhead video Book," became the conceptual 1981. The exhibit design con­ projection systems, and 23 ex­ basis for the exhibit. tractor prepared the exhibit hibit computers (plus 13 for fabrication bid package which Design Options office use). To complete the was sent out in response to A major goal of the United complex interactive displays, 135 requests. A pre-bid meet­ States Pavilion was to utilize loans for equipment were ing was held August 18, 1981. state -of-the-art interactive secured for the core memory Following this meeting, and by computer /video systems in system, for six color graphics the Se'ptember 10, 1981, bid order to present a large volume generators and for 10 touch deadline, five proposals had of information while at the same panels. The total of these loans been received. An evaluation time engaging visitor participa­ was a dollar savings of over team consisting of the Exhibits tion in the exhibit. This was an $500,000. In addition, all com­ Director and five exhibits staff ambitious goal and one which panies donated packing, ship­ members ranked the technical could not be achieved under ping, and free service on their portion of the proposals. Based the available budget. The equipment. This not only saved on the technical evaluation and designer, working with the on service costs, but because cost proposal comparisons, a exhibit staff; produced a design of the companies' professional fabrication firm was selected. plan with a number of grada­ commitment to the project, the The exhibit fabrication contract tions: its complexity and extent U.S. Pavilion exhibitry was 90% was signed November 2, 1981 would depend on the amount operational during the run of for $1,079,000 and covered of donated equipment which the Fair. could be secured, as well as on 80% of the exhibit fabrication. donations to other areas of the In order to stay within budget The remaining fabrication costs exhibit and building, which for the building and other parts were covered by contract would free up funds for the high of the exhibit, a wide range of amendment. option computer/video design. other donations and loans were also solicited. Staff members Donations and contractors identified items A wide-ranging program to or services for possible loan or obtain loans and donations was donation. Donations ranged begun with a major priority on from building items such as computer/video equipment. Since no single company could

17 Obtaining Exhibits Artifacts included The Chicago Historical basis. As donations of equip­ The United States Pavilion Society, Georgia Agrirama and ment materialized, the design­ exhibit concept featured a large TVA-Land Between the Lakes. ers changed designs to number of historical and indus­ A significant number of accommodate the donation. trial artifacts. The design historical items were borrowed This meant new detailed draw­ contractor was responsible for from private individuals. (See ings and new consultation, choosing each artifact, identify­ Appendix for list of artifact resulting in slippage in the ing and locating a source, and lenders.) fabrication schedule. It is a getting preliminary agreement Fabrication and Installation credit to the fabrication con­ tractor and to the coordination to loan the artifact for display in Exhibit fabrication began efforts of the exhibits staff that the exhibit. .An exhibits staff behind schedule due to the despite design changes, even member then contacted the lateness of the appropriation, potential lender to work out a during actual fabrication, delays with its resulting delays in con­ formal loan agreement, if in Pavilion construction, and struction and installation. The required; initiate DOC loan recurring roof leaks, the entire exhibits staff, the design acceptance procedures; and task of shipping and installing contractor and fabricator were 42,000 square feet of exhibits arrange for shipping, insurance, faced with a number of chal­ and security for the item. In was accomplished in only a lenges. The exhibit conceptual almost all cases, industry arti­ little over four months. and content development fact lenders agreed to transport Although the fabrication and spanned two Administrations. their artifacts to the Pavilion at installation period was frantic To produce an exhibit that and exhausting, the exhibits no cost to the Government. The accurately reflected Federal generous assistance provided were finished on time. energy policy, the exhibit by private industry contributed design contractor retained an The Final Exhibit Product significantly to the success of administration energy consul­ The United States Pavilion the exhibit. The loaned artifacts tant as the prime exhibit con­ and its exhibits were uniformly plus the shipping, donated by a tent advisor. In a further step mentioned in press accounts moving company, amounted to to assure factual and policy and reviews as one of the major a combined donation equiva­ accuracy, it was decided to highlights of the Fair. Pavilion lent to approximately $325,000. seek review and approval from attendance, which routinely The U.S. Pavilion contained the DOE for all exhibit text. The approached building capacity, 120 artifacts, including the review amounted to over 900 was generally half of the total Gossamer Penguin, the first pages of copy and over 6 hours Fair attendance on any given solar-powered airplane, loaned of video tape masters for video day. The Pavilion visitor experi­ by the Southwest Museum of disc production. Due in great ence was enhanced by such Science and Technology-The part to the cooperation and elementary considerations as Science Place. The largest assistance of DOE, a two-day an air-conditioned atmosphere, number of artifacts from one turn-around for copy approval especially appreciated during source came from the Edison was achieved. This enabled the the hot summer months, and Institute/Henry Ford Museum exhibit fabricator to adhere to a after some early exhibit place­ which provided 20 historical very tight production schedule. ment adjustments just after artifacts, including a 10,000 lb. opening, there was a smooth In addition, the success of portable steam engine dating traffic flow with easy accessi­ the donations program often from the middle of the last bility to exhibits; there were meant additional effort for the century. The Smithsonian drinking fountains, restrooms, U.S. Pavilion exhibits team and Institution/National Museum of and a first-aid station. Some the fabricator and designer. The American History provided 15 seating was available at various incorporation of loaned or artifacts. Other museum lenders locations in the Pavilion for donated items had to be visitors to rest. The one draw­ decided on a case-by-case back of consequence was a 18 First exhi bits arrive. a t Pavilion load ing dock.

Final touches be f or e opening.

19 limited elevator capacity which, Walking Through the color code was used in the during peak attendance periods, U.S. Pavilion dramatic three-dimensional caused some handicapped · Visitors approached the Pavi ­ time-energy sculpture which visitors minor inconvenience. lion from both sides and walked depicted major energy events, the growth of energy use and There were two major phases along a wide promenade, from the changing mix of energy to the visitor experience at the which they could view a portion sources in the United States U.S. Pavilion; the Pavilion of the Pavilion's interior through from 1800 to the present. exhibits and the large screen the glassed mid-portion of the film presentation. A decision wall. A series of escalators LEVEL B was made early in the project to leading up through the open From a general introduction use an innovative technology in steel structure of the south face to national energy production ttie exhibit to communicate of the building moved visitors to and use, the visitor descended energy information to the the fifth-level entrance to the to the next exhibit level de­ public. Taking experimental exhibit, while at the same time voted to history. Moving technology directly from the providing a panoramic view of through a series of low platform laboratory to the exhibit floor, the south end of the Fair site. clusters containing historical the U.S. Pavilion used interac­ (See Operations for conveying artifacts, graphic images and tive computer video systems to systems.) printed information organized foster individualized information LEVEL A by historical periods related to presentation and visitor interac­ In the introductory level, the previous world's fairs, the visitor tion with the exhibit. The film visitor viewed nine glass towers saw how energy influenced presentation, following the containing specimens of energy work, recreation, communica­ same theme as the exhibit, used sources. A graphic wall intro­ tion, travel, commerce and the large film image to convey duced the nine color coded consumption. Six video towers the immense scale and energy source symbols used brought the visitor up to date dynamism of the energy scene throughout the exhibit. The throu_gh the 1960's and 1970's, to a large aud ience. showing news clips on energy events, heightening awareness of the importance of energy in contemporary social, political - and economic life. Each tower showed film segments on laser­ video disc machines which were programmed to play the segments and loop back to continuously repeat. Moving along a walkway to the next exhibit area, the visitor passed by the suspended Gossamer Penguin airplane, the first solar-powered airplane. The transparent airplane, sus­ pended 40 feet above the bottom exhibit floor, was designed and built by Dr. Paul J. MacCready, Jr.

Time-Energy Curve

20 IMAX Enter Film ~ A

Level F Supply

LEVEL C The next exhibit area was dominated by two major exhibits. One was a color­ coded energy supply and demand chart translated into a three-dimensional suspended neon sculpture. Just below, a keyed relief map presented more detailed information concerning supply and demand. The second exhibit was a wall of 20 television monitors which made up the Energy Debate. Three microcomputers View of "neon sculpture" matching and floppy disc drives, five supply and demand diagram below. touch screens and 10 random access video disc players were used to produce a visitor-con­ five faces of speakers with dif­ alternatives. The computer kept trolled debate. Using 80 video fering opinions appeared on track of who had spoken and segments, featuring energy certain screens. The first face presented choices in logical experts and energy-concerned touched by a visitor became the transition depending on where citizens, each debate sequence next debater and filled the the visitors' choices took the lasted about 10 minutes. The 20 screens, to be followed by debate. segment began with a montage more optional speakers to be LEVEL D of energy pictures and films selected by the audience. This From the debate exhibit, vis­ flashed across 20 wall-mounted continued through 1O choices itors proceeded down an television screens, A speaker and then recycled to the open­ elevated ramp extending giving an energy opinion filled ing montage and a new debate. through the largest open vol­ the 20 screens. Then up to The computer picked the alter­ ume of the Pavilion . At the end natives and the visitor chose of the ramp they entered the the speaker from that group of

21 North Caro lin a's Governor James B. Hunt and Mrs. Hun and son Baxter tour the pavilion with Anita Grinvald s U.S. Pav ilion staff.

Vi sitors examine early steam engine in ene rgy hi story exhi

Visitors examine disassembled car showing new fuel conserving features.

"demand level." Visitors first viewed a transparent house whose plexiglas wall panels ing the Fair to the North and a yellow-highlighted word illustrated home energy conser­ the "Waters of the World" called up its definition. The vation techniques. A second reflecting lake. Inside, visitors program could continue exhibit illustrated the energy were offered a view of the branching through up to seven required to make a variety of bottom exhibit level devoted to levels. Scrolling the screen industry and.agriculture prod­ energy supply. brought up a new "page" of ucts. This effective and popu­ LEVEL F glossary from which to select lar exhibit used a multi-media The nine major energy words to be defined. approach combining interactive sources-coal, oil, natural gas, In addition to the nine energy video-disc monitors, actual nuclear, hydro, geothermal, video towers, 500 energy terms product samples, and visitor­ solar, biomass and wind-each were incorporated into four activated touch panels. By had a dedicated display area. systems displayed on the main touching a product symbol, the Each area featured energy exhibit level. Energy terms visitor could instantly call up a source specimens, a piece of seemed to swoop out from the video segment which illustrated equipment used in the pro­ screen; by touching a graphic how energy was used to duction of energy from that bar on the screen the visitor produce a given product. source and pictures and print could speed up, slow down, Further along, an automobile information . A video tower stop and even reverse the display illustrated improve­ with a touch sensitive screen movement of the terms. Touch­ ments in energy efficiency, featured en,ergy terms specific ing a stopped term called up a including improvement to each of nine fuel options. definition. One video disc in aerodynamic engineering. The visitor touched a word on provided all the information for LEVEL E the screen to call up a defini ­ the system. Moving along a walkway one tion; the definition could be Along one wall of the bottom floor above the ground level, text, text over a picture, or a exhibit level , six computer/ visitors were provided access film clip. Often a definition had 22 to outside balconies overlook- key words in yellow. Touching video stations with touch­ Live Energy Show was popularly called, usually sensitive television screens and One of the most popular at 0 numbered around 700. Shows corresponding images pro­ tractions in the Pavilion was the lasted 10 minutes and were jected on large television Live Energy Show, devoted to presented every 45 minutes. screens, presented a graphic energy in the future . Oak Ridge The contractor developed an rendition of the U.S . energy Associated Universities (ORAU) excellent and popular show supply/ demand schematic. was contracted to develop, which was operated through Touching any of the supply or fabricate and operate a live most of the Fair. When contract demand options on the graphic stage show to be presented on money for the show ran out, caused the display to go to the bottom level of the Pavilion. with six weeks to go until the video disc clips on the subject ORAU was uniquely qualified end of the Fair, U.S. Pavilion touched. Touching the screen to produce such a show since guides took over presenting during the playing of a video they had been doing traveling the show. This was a morale clip caused the display to live energy shows since 1948 booster for the guides and they branch to a more detailed clip for government and industry. made sure that the Live 'Energy of what was on the screen at An inspired addition to the Live Show continued to live up to its that point. One-and-one-half Energy Show was the robot, well-earned reputation as an hours of material was available loaned to the Pavilion for the engaging, crowd-pleasing on each of the si x units in. the duration of the Fair, who soon experience. Pavilion, and visitors could became the Pavilion's most explore the subjects as far as popular personal ity. Audiences their interest took them . for "The Robot Show," as it

Visitors watch "Debate Wall."

Robot in Li ve Energy Show greets aud ience.

Visitors await start of U.S. Pavilion Li ve Energy Show. 23 Theater and Holding Area The entrance to the 1 ,000- seat IMAX Theater was adjacent to the bottom exhibit level. Visitors, up to the 1,000 theater capacity, assembled in the theater holding area next to the souvenir shop. The 27-minute film was shown every 45 minutes, with 7.5 minutes allotted before and after the film for filling and clearing the theater, and 3 minutes for a security check. There were 16 shows a day, with an average daily attendance of 800. The total theater attendance for the run of the Fair was 2,296,644. IMAX film crew on location. The waiting period to see the IMAX film usually did not The theater achieved an message. It provided a con­ exceed 45 minutes, even during excellent 98% operating reli­ centrated experience for an peak visitor periods. If the ability record. Much of the audience seated in a darkened theater holding area filled up, credit for the technical theater, free from other distrac­ visitors would opt to leave the efficiency of the theater belongs tions. The IMAX film format building through a series of to those behind the scenes. was chosen to convey the The diligence and expertise of magnitude and scope of the doors on the east end of the the projectionists, combined energy theme. bottom exhibit level and return with high quality projection and later in the evening when The IMAX film process, with sound systems, and consistent attendance was lighter. While its peripheral screen and large equipment manufacturer and waiting to enter the theater, film image exceeded the power consultant cooperation, all visitors could use a bank of of the standard 35mm or 70mm contributed to this effort. telephones to call up energy picture in its ability to move, tips provided by the Better The Film entertain and inform its Business Bureau and interact The movie "Energy, Energy" audiences. According to the with glossary displays which was an acknowledged hit of the film makers, one of the keys to featured information on energy Fair. Its popularity spread by the visual brilliance of the terms. One wall of the holding word of mouth and through IMAX process is the large film area listed acknowledgments · reviews of Fair attractions frame. The larger the film to the many sponsors to the which appeared in the regional frame, the better the picture United States Pavilion. and national media. It was the quality. This system uses the feature of the U.S. Pavilion Theater attendants counted largest film frame in motion visitors, made sure visitors experience which received the picture history-ten times the most praise from visitors. were evenly distributed in the size of a conventional 35mm theater, and gave a brief safety In tandem with Pavilion frame and three times the size message on emergency exits exhibits, the motion picture of a standard 70mm frame. and leaving the theater after the was deemed to be the most The screen can also be ten show. Visitors exited through effective medium for furthering times the size of a conventional doors at the top and back of public understanding and con­ screen. The screen at the the theater onto the concourse veying the United States energy theater in the U.S. Pavilion level. measured 93.5 feet by 66.5 feet. 24 _:_...------

A synopsis of the film was submitted in March 1981 . The contract was signed June 15, 1981, for $1,225,000. Principal Film Format Comparison photography for the film was One of the keys to IMAX: the larger the film frame, the better the scheduled for spring and P!cture qualit~. IMAX uses the largest film frame in motion picture, summer of 1981 , with the history-ten times the size of a conventional 35mm frame, and unique IMAX camera traveling three times the size of a 70mm frame. to 23 states to photograph such contrasting scenes as midtown Manhattan, the Rocky Moun­ tains, and the California sea­ coast. In all, more than fifty locations of importance to the energy story were filmed . The film went through a number of screenings, begin­ IMAX ning with a rough assembly 70mm, 15 perforations/frame viewing in October 1981. · 1.91" X 2.74", Area= Subsequent screenings, to 5.23 sq in which the IAWG and DOC and 48.51 mm X 60.60mm, other agency officials were Area = 3376.30 sq mm invited, took place in Wash­ ington ir,i November and December 1981, and in February 1982. The producers were present at all the screen­ ings to answer questions and ••••••••••••••• participate in the discussion sessions that followed. In addition, written comments solicited from attendees were • • STANDARD 70mm, used in attaining energy policy 5 perforations/frame • • .870" x 1.91", Area= consistency in the film. • • Throughout the production 1.66 sq in • • 22 .10mm X 48.51 mm, Area = process, the concept, the • • script, and the film footage 1072.07 sq mm were reviewed by the Depart­ ment of Energy, as was all exhibit content. Though some .---,,,=••-,..- I --,-I•.---. 4ST perforations/frame AN DAR D 35m m, changes were requested very late in the production process, • .825" X .600", Area = .50 sq in most areas of difference were • 20.96mm x 15.24mm, Area = Ii-....;;;;....i.___ ---L=-..J 1 31 9 .43 sq mm resolved . Most important, the audiences loved the film, appreciating both its content STANDARD 16mm, balance and entertainment 1 perforation/frame impact, which reflected well on .284" x .380", Area = .11 sq in U.S. participation at the Fair. 7.21 mm x 9.65mm, Area= 69.58 sq mm VII. PUBLIC AFFAIRS

Staffing sine drivers, and this program General of Section and con­ Staffing of the U.S. Pavilion continued but expanded as tributed greatly to the overall Public Affairs (PA) Section needed to accommodate over­ public relations effort. began earlier than originally load days. This often caused Corporate Recognition Days planned. Even with the shortages in other areas of the Planning for recognition of Pavilion. previously listed reductions to the corporations, organizations keep within budget, funds for Before opening, in March and individuals that had the presentation of a first-class 1982, the Commissioner donated or loaned services, U.S. Pavilion and exhibit were General of Section, anticipat­ materials or funds to the U.S. tight, and no funds had been ing the need, designated a Pavilion began with the com­ appropriated for a Commis­ prominent local citizen and piling of lists, addresses, phone sioner General of Section 's former Knoxville Mayor to act numbers, contact persons, and discretionary use . This left the as an Associate Commissioner items donated. Exhibits officers Office of the U.S. Pavilion's General to advise and assist worked with the PA Office in Commissioner General unable in greeting and hosting special assembling this information. to sponsor courtesies that guests on behalf of the Com­ Once this information was must be extended to special missioner General. This was a compiled, each corporate guests, especially from other part-time, voluntary position donor was contacted to nations, and with no means to but a valued addition to the reserve a day at the Pavilion to reciprocate special courtesies Office of the Commissioner recognize their contribution. and support extended to the U.S. Pavilion . Because the pavilion of the host country is expected to . ~\ •11,, '/''.'J p., excel in courtesy and diplo­ matic matters, it became '·,, ;, 1 · apparent that additional funds were needed. The augmenting of a major U.S. exhibition's appropriation with private ~~ - r1 material donations, loans and cash, has been done in all past m . ~ •• •~ U.S . Pavilions, but was more l~ ,,_ -~ urgent in this case because of the size and uniqueness of the Pavilion. I The number of guests requiring various levels of special treatment went beyond what was originally anticipated, ~/ 'ti1i: so the duties of scheduling reservations and transportation was assigned to a guide who 'rf worked full time for the PA ,\ i section. The original plan had called for guides to be assigned daily to the PA section as press aides, escort guides and limou-

26 r Corporations donating or Club '82 Commissioner General's loaning materials and services The Club '82 project was Lounge and Activities were pleased with the activities initiated to raise monies for the The guest lounge in a planned for them and numerous Gifts and Bequests Fund for national pavilion at an interna­ letters of gratitude were use in recognizing corporate tional exposition serves as the received . In addition to sponsors, hosting international location for diplomatic and certificates of appreciation, guests and for other courtesy courtesy functions. The com­ corporate sponsors received activities in the Pavilion. A list missioner general of a pavilion, the following: complimentary of prominent leaders in the as the senior representative of admission to the grounds; Knoxville area was compiled a government's exhibit partici­ guided tours of the U.S . Pavilion and a letter from the U.S. pation, must have an area apart and the film; souvenir pack­ Pavilion Commissioner General from the exhibits and general ages; group reception in the sent, asking for a $1,000 dona­ public, where domestic and U.S. Pavilion Lounge; public tion . Although not as successful international dignitaries may be recognition at the U.S. Pavilion as anticipated, the response received in an appropriate and in official publications; was good, with 24 members setting. contributing. Passports to the admission to the U.S. Pavilion The U.S. Pavilion lounge was U.S . Pavilion and lounge were & lounge when visiting the Fair particularly unique due to the mailed to each member. Four on other than their recognition design and configuration of the receptions were given for all day; and official sponsor status structure. The lounge was members, and members were for advertising and marketing situated on the sixth level with on the invitation list for other with specified limitations. an open inside view to all levels Pavilion events.

U.S. Pavilion Associate Commis­ sioner General Kyle Testerman presents certificates of recogni­ tion to U.S. Pavilion corporate supporters.

27 ..

Senator Paul Laxalt and Senator of the exhibit. Through large Howard Baker with U.S. windows or an outside balcony Commissioner General Dortch facing north, visitors were Oldham. offered a spectacular view of the fairgrounds, the "Sun­ sphere" theme tower and the "Waters of the World" reflect­ ing lake below. The lounge was staffed, managed and partially supplied by a generous corporate dona­ tion. (See Appendix for services donations.) A caterer was con­ tracted, using monies from the Commissioner General's Gifts and Bequest Fund, to serve special receptions, luncheons and dinners. Pavilion souvenirs with the U.S. Pavilion logo, were obtained through dona­ tions, as well as purchases, using donated funds. kdistinc­ tive lapel pin with the Pav-ilion logo was designed and pur­ chased . The "pinning" of guests become a pleasing ceremony. Following USA Day, a series of informal weekly luncheons in the 6th level conference/ dining room were initiated, hosted by the U.S. Pavilion Deputy Commissioner General.

Former President Jimmy Carter visits the U.S. Pavilion, escorted by Allen Beach, U.S. Pavilion Deputy Commissioner General and Jake Butcher {left), Chair­ man, and Bo Roberts (right), Former Vice President Walter President, of KIEE. Mondale signs U.S. Pavilion guest book. Jake Butcher (left), 28 Chairman KIEE. General Carl Wallace Tennessee National Guard, and U.S. Pavilion Commissioner General Joe M. Rodgers.

The Honorable James Edwards, U.S. Secretary of Energy, and Mrs. Ed wards tour the Pavilion with James Ogul, U.S . Pavilion staff.

The French Pavilion sponsors luncheon for His Excellency, Bernard Vernier-Palliez, Ambassador of France to the United States in the Pavilion lounge. 29 W. K. Wiechers, Deputy Director of KEMA, Arnhem, the Netherlands (right) and U.S. Astronauts Hartfield and Commissioner General of the Mattingly visit U.S. Pavil ion, with EC Section Andries Ekker Edward Buckbee, Director, (center) is given gu ided tour by Alabama Space and Rocket Emmett Cunn ingham, U.S. Center. Pavilion staff. Guests included the Fair's international community, the Fair Organizers and the U.S. Pavilion staff. Each luncheon was limited to twelve and funds for catering were drawn from the U.S. Pavilion's gifts and bequests funds. These events proved to be popular. Inter­ national participants appreci­ ated the opportunity to become acquainted with each other in an informal and relaxed atmosphere. During each international participant's national day at the Fair, all staff, including guides, were invited to a U.S. Pavilion " open house." The U.S. Pavilion staff and guides on duty rotated to the lounge to greet and mingle with the guests. The Pavilion lounge was also used for entertaining numerous national and inter­ national dignitaries. The Sec­ retary of Commerce-hosted a luncheon in the Pavilion dining room on Opening Day; the U.S. Commissioner General for the Fair entertained the Ambas­ sador of Luxembourg, and the Fair sponsored a luncheon in the lounge for the Ambassador of France and an evening reception for the President of the Philippines. Former Presi­ Bob Hope and Mrs. Hope reg ister dent and Mrs. Carter visited the in U.S. Pavi lion guest book. lounge in October, as did former Vice President Mondale and party earlier. U.S. Pavilion Commissioner General Rodgers hosted several dinners, lunches and receptions for business, political and sports leaders, and Assistant Secretary William H. Morris held a reception for civic leaders of Tennessee.

30 ---

Printing and Publications First Lady of the A great variety of printed Philipp in es and material was needed prior to Govern or of Metro opening and particularly during Man il a, Madam the operations period. Costs Marcos is escorted for some of this material were through the U.S. Pavil ion by Bo charged against the Gifts and Roberts (l eft) Bequests Fund. President of KIEE Stationery and Envelopes and Emmett Office of U.S. Pavilion letter­ Cu nningham, Pavi­ head lion Exh ibits Director. Office of U.S. Commissioner General letterhead Office of U.S. Commissioner General of Section letterhead Guides Manual Information Kits Pavilion rendering folder for informational inserts Press kit folders Press release paper letterhead Invitations and Envelopes Film preview day with RSVP card Opening Day with RSVP card and gate pass Commissioner General's Ball, USA Week, with RSVP card Luncheon or dinner invitations: Secretary of Commerce; Assistant Secretary of Commerce; All en Beach, U.S. Pavilion Deputy Comm iss ioner U.S. Pavilion Commissioner General, presents Pavilion souvenir to the General, Associate Hon. Robert Eaton (center) Minister, W.P., and Comm iss ioner General John Powles (right), Commissioner General, Deputy from Canada. Commissioner General Brochures Promotional brochure for lamp or tree donation and sub­ scription card " Energy Place" brochure Certificates Corporation recognition Guides and staff appreciation Entertainment appreciation

31 Canadian delegation representing the Vancouver The Honorable Patrick Re id (l eft) Comm iss ioner Expo '86 pauses at U. S. Pavilion entrance. General, Vancouver Expo '86, is greeted by U.S. Pavilion staff.

Special Identifications Club '82 membership card Pavilion staff ID cards Guest day pass/stickers U.S. Commissioner General's Report U.S. Pavilion Commissioner Gen'eral's Report The International Directory During the last months of the Fair, the U.S. Pavilion under­ took the production of an International Directory. The intention was to provide a memento of the Fair and a Senator Howard Baker, on one of his several U.S. Pavilion officers explain pictorial address book of the visits to the Fa ir, tours the U. S. Pavilion with exhibits to His Excell ency, Dr. Pav ii ion staff. Laszlo Kapolyi of Hungary, staffs of International Pavilions. Commiss ion er General of Section In previous world's fairs this and State Secretary of In dustry type of memento has been very (center). popular and has usually been provided by the Fair Organizers. When it was apparent that the Knoxville Fair Organizers were not planning such a publication, the PA staff of the U.S. Pavilion took on the project. The Directory was given to staff members of all the Inter­ national Pavilions and was well received. 32 VIII. SPECIAL EVENTS

Pre-Fair Activities There were several major pre-Fair events arranged and .· ------... -.. ------.. ------.- -. -.- I managed by the staff of the • Public Affairs Section of the • U.S. Pavilion. The first was the • Pavilion topping out ceremony • held on October 22, 1982. • Officials of KIEE, the Com­ • I missioner General of Section ...... __~ -~~~~-....;;.---~..--....!- · and Assistant Secretary of Knoxville World's Fair : Commerce participated. The press attended and the cere­ monial "last beam" was put in place. Then, on Sunday afternoon, April 4, a party and preview of the U.S. Pavilion was hosted for • the construction c'ompany • employees and the U.S. I ~.• Pavilion staff and families by 1 Breeder reactor Knoxville World's Fair • Fossil fuels Knoxville World's Fair : I • the construction company, and the Sunsphere owners. ·------··········' Attendees toured the nearly­ finished U.S. Pavilion. Pavilion staff was present to greet the guests and explain the building and exhibits. The next major event was the official pre-opening screening of the film "Energy, Energy." Two hundred guests were invited including members of the Fair's international com­ munity and Fair officials. This was the first screening on the huge 6½-story-high screen. First Day of Issue Stamp The reaction could not have Ceremony on U.S. Pavilion West been more gratifying; through­ Plaza. out the film, various scenes and sequences were applauded, and at the end the audience indicated its approval with a On April 29, the United States to the Pavilion's fountain-pool. prolonged ovation. Postal Service held its "First By law, an event such as this Day Stamp Issue" ceremony must be open to the general on the "West Plaza," the public. Special security Pavilion's huge outdoor area, arrangements involving KIEE located under the building's and U.S. Pavilion Security cantilevered floors and adjacent Services were necessary.

33 I

The final pre-Fair event, and a "test-run" for Opening Day, THE WHITE HOUSE was Press Preview Day, April 30. For this event, each of the WASHINGTON U.S. Pavilion corporate spon­ sors and donors sent repre­ February 11, 1982 sentatives to be available to answer questions from approxi­ mately 800 members of local and national media previewing the Fair. Press representatives toured the U.S. Pavilion, as the general public would do on the I want to extend a warm welcome to all of those following day. Pavilion press visiting the United States Pavilion! kits were available at the 5th floor entrance where press The timely energy theme of this World's Fair makes representatives were greeted this a majur event and guarantees each of you an by uniformed U.S. Pavilion exciting and stimulating experience. In this land­ guides. Corporate representa­ mark structure you will explore the reality and the tives stationed themselves near dream of the American energy story. The developmen their loaned or donated item to of energy resources past, present, and future is answer questions. In the depicted in a wide array of creative exhibits that evening, a reception was held are both enlightening and entertaining. in the U.S. Pavilion lounge for Innovative scientific and technological break­ the corporate contacts who had throughs, new ideas for energy use by consumers, been dealing with the Pavilion and imaginative ways for industry and commerce to staff on a regular basis. deal more effectively with ene~gy demands are all Corporate CEO's received explained in terms that provide practical infor­ invitations to the KIEE Pre­ mation for today as well as fascinating insights Opening Gala at the Court of into the energy world of tomorrow. Flags and the Tennessee Amphitheatre. The evening The United States Pavilion stands as a symbol of ended with a party for 1,000 America's commitment to the energy challenges of people sponsored by the KIEE the future. I invite you to share that commitment in the Pavilion's West Plaza. as you view the progress that lies ahead in your visit here today.

34 -- -

Secretary Malcomb Ba ldrige Omar Baldanado presents season introduces President Reaga n at tickets from his penny drive to the U.S. Pavilion dedication President and Mrs. Reagan at ceremony. Pavilion dedication ce remo ny.

U.S. Senator James Sasser (l eft) is in troduced at Pavilion ded ica­ tion : other platform dign itaries, U.S. Comm iss ion er General Dortch Oldham, Senator Howard Baker, Secretary John Block, Department of Agriculture.

Opening Day Federal, State and local and the press box, was com­ Opening Day, May 1, 1982, officials; and KIEE officials and pleted. The President first came was the culmination of all the their families. briefly to the Pavilion at 12:00 staff efforts in planning for the Detailed planning for Open­ noon to broadcast his weekly visit of the President of the radio talk, then was trans­ ing Day began in mid-April United States. The Commis­ ported to the Fair Opening with the arrival of White House sioner General of Section Ceremonies. He returned to advance people to survey the invited special guests to the the Pavilion and Fairground routes U.S. Pavilion about 1 :30 U.S. Pavilion ceremony and to p.m. to be received by the for the President. special seating areas at the Commissioner General of the Court of Flags for the Fair's The first Opening Day Pavilion, who officiated at the official opening beginning activity in the U.S. Pavilion was ceremonies and introduced the at 11 :00 a.m., followed by an 8:00 a.m. breakfast recep­ President and platform guests. the Pavilion dedication at tion for 1,000 invited guests. The ceremonial platform was 1 :30 p.m. The guest list for Meanwhile the U.S. Marine Band located on the ground floor. the Pavilion dedication included and U.S. Army Trumpeters took Several thousand guests viewed Pavilion corporate sponsors; their places and final work on the ceremony from all levels of the special stage for the the Pavilion's interior. President and platform guests, 35 I

U.S. National Week An important part of nations' participation in all international expositions takes pl ace during their national week or day. It is an opportunity to expand the thematic exhibits in their pavi­ lions with cultural events and visits of national dignitaries. Nearly all the participating nations made elaborate plans to celebrate their national week and day. The U.S. Pavilion appropria­ tion did not include funds for a The President and First Lad y at th e U.S. Pavilion ded ication USA National Week. The ceremony on Opening Day. Joe M. Rodgers, U.S. Pavilion absence of such an event Commiss ioner Ge neral, is at the pod ium . would have been embarassing to the United States as the host nation. KIEE, the prime host, had no special entertainment plans for a USA Week. In the Summer and Fall of 1981 , the PA staff contacted show producers and potential financial supporters. This resulted in a well -known impressario and producer of fireworks spectaculars agreeing to produce the USA National Week with funds to come from sales of souvenir books, TV time and admission to the

U. S. Pavilion gui de does signing for hearing impaired at opening ce remony of U. S.A. Week.

U.S. Pavilion gu ide becomes 36 Un cle Sam for USA Wee k. ...

University of Tennessee (U.T.) The USA National Week was stadium for a July 4th considered a success, in spite Spectacular. of some financial and other Financial arrangement was difficulties. The exhaustive made for advance funds effort of the PA staff as well as between the producer, the Fair the entire U.S. Pavilion staff souvenir book publisher and a resulted in an impressive well-known public relations firm schedule of events. The fire­ giving the public relations firm ' works spectacular and show on the right to sell souvenir books July 4th, despite a major storm at the stadium show and on the night before which nearly the Fairgrounds to recover the destroyed the set-pieces, was advance backing. Other private truly spectacular, and was sources also contributed funds. attended by nearly 50,000 people. The PA staff planned addi­ USA Week opening tional activities for USA Week ceremonies Bo Roberts, wh ich included a "National President, KIEE; Week Gala" ball on June 28 Mrs. Rodgers and U. S. attended by over 500 peopl~; Pavilion Commissioner Co urt of Flags Ceremony on Ge neral Joe M. Rodgers. the Fairgrounds; a special cere­ mony honoring U.S. Veterans; a ceremony honoring the Daughters of the American U.S. Pavilion Commis­ soner General Joe Revolution, and other events 1 Rodgers, addresses such as special parades and aud ience at Co urt of the arrival of the "Recreated Flags on opening day of Continental Army Units." Twice USA Week. daily a "Rocket-Belt Pilot" was launched from th e U.S. Pavilion for a brief flight. The jet pro­ pulsion energy source was contained in a back-pack. The pilot controlled the speed and direction with hand controls attached to the belt. This event attracted thousands of visitors to the U.S. Pavilion and the Fair. The week culminated with the "Star Spangled Spectacu­ lar" at the U.T. Stadium on July 4th. U.S. Marines ra ise flags on U. S. Pavilion con­ course; USA Week.

37

------The USA Day Evening Program 8:15-8:30 Official Opening 7:00-7:30 Pre-Show Enter­ Ceremony tainment Fanfare and "Americana 7:30-8:00 "Sounds of America" Overture" United States Army Band, U.S. Army Band and Herald Chorus and Herald Trumpets, Trumpets Colonel Eugene W. Allen, Welcome to International Leader and Commander; Guests Captain Frank Dubuy, Director, Commissioners General of Army Chorus, Dr. W. C. Julian, Participating Nations Director of Bands, University of Entrance of the Colors Tennessee, Guest Conductor Commander-in-Chief's Guard, Company A, Third U.S. Infantry, 8:00-8:15 Gymnastic Military District of Washington Demonstration Invocation Members of the U.S. Gymnastic National Anthem Team 8:30-9:15 Johnny Cash with June Carter and the Johnny USA Week opening ceremonies. Cash Show Band Jake Butcher, Chairman, KIEE 9:15-10:30 "A Star Spangled and Mrs. Butcher; Allen Beach, Spectacular" Deputy Commissioner General, U.S. Pavilion, and Mrs. Beach Scene One : " Celebration" and Randy Tyree, Mayor of Scene Two: "A Nation is Born" ;._~~":j Knoxville. Scene Three: "Way Down Yonder" Scene Four: "Hello Broadway" Scene Five: "L'il Bit of Country" Scene Six: "Battle of the Galaxies" Scene Seven: "An American Mosaic" Scene Eight: "Space-The Quest of Man" Scene Nine: "Salute to America's Gallant Men" Scene Ten : "Grand Finale"

38 List of donors to international party on Pavilion West Plaza. West Plaza The architectural configura­ tion of the U.S. Pavilion, with its east and west cantilevers, resulted in an ideal covered ampitheatre at the west end. The plaza, with its adjacent fountain pool was envisioned by the architects as a covered rest area for visitors; however, early in planning, the Pavilion staff designated this as the "West Plaza," an area for live entertainment and other events. Folding chairs, portable platforms, a public address system and other equipment were procured. To the south there was convenient access, through a wide passageway under the concourse to the Pavilion parking lot, and enter­ tainers' busses and equipment could be brought directly to the Plaza. The generator room, off the passageway, had ample space for costume changes and musical instrument storage. With the wide stairs plus the folding chairs, the Plaza could seat an audience of over 500. From the west portion of the Pavilion's grade­ level east-west concourse, several hundred more visitors could look down over the railing-bulkhead to view shows.

Knoxville College "Musical Memories" perform on Pavilion West Plaza.

39

• International Relations In addition to the daily entertainment features, the Plaza was an ideal all-weather location for other events, particularly events that brought together personnel of the The Hon. Hamish Gray, Minister international pavilions and the of State, Department of Energy Fair staff. The U.S. Pavilion for Great Britain, and Trevor staff and guides took the lead Gatty, Consul General and in this by hosting several Comm iss ioner General of the gatherings on the West Plaza British Pavilion, tour the U.S. after pavilions closed at 9:30 Pavilion durin g British week. p.m. Many Knoxville suppliers contributed food and bever­ ages. Other international parties were organized by

1 other pavilions and corporate • I' I . \ ! 81 ·r·, m~ '\ l. . sponsors, both on and off the ~ , ' S:~ tl'- ~ ·'. .:: Fair site. -1 , '· ,. . , , '; .. ,:', · \' , . ,.I "",. , ,;,',... . , ....> ·~. .,.9, , I. ·~., . .,.. ,,f· • -e, r(' • !'. , . i' Commissioners General partici­ --- ,, ,' . pate in flag presentation ceremony during meeting of Coll ege of Commissioners General Susan Carroll, (l eft center foreground) U.S. Pavilion staff, · assists.

U.S. Pavilion hosts "open house" for Saudi Norishige Hasegawa, President, Sumitomo Arabia Pavilion staff on their national day. Chemical Co., LTD (center), Japan, receives Prince Faisal bin Abdullah bin Turki Al -Saud, USA pin in Pavilion lounge. Honorable Ry.o Manager, Pub lic Relations, Royal Commissioner Kawade (right), Commissioner General of Japan of Jubail (3rd from left). and President of the Steering Committee of the College of Commissioners General. 40 His Excell ency Yoshio Okaware, Ambassador to the United States from Japan (right), is escorted to the U.S. Pavilion by Chris Arnold, U. S. Pavilion staff.

Pavilion staff member explain s exhibits to delegation from the Camaroons and Nigeria. Lt. Gov­ ~rnor John S. Wilder (ri ght) accompanies group.

His Highness, the Royal Crown Prince of Jordan (left) and official party escorted through pavilion by U.S. Pavilion Asso­ ciate Commissioner General Kyle Testerman (2nd from left).

Chinese Pavilion officers and staff at U.S. Pavilion open house during China Week.

Guests from international pavilions and KIEE hosted at luncheon in U.S. Pavilion dining room by U.S. Pavilion staff. His Excellency Ambassador Alberto Balladelli, Commissioner General Italian The Rt. Honorable Doug las Anthony, C. H., Pavilion (far right), and Anuar Karam, Deputy M.P., Deputy Prime Minister, (right), Comm issioner General, Mexican Pavilion (2nd is greeted at the U. S. Pavilion durin g from left). Mary Beach, U.S. Pavilion (l eft). Australian week. Commiss ioner General Eric Wigl ey and Mrs. Wigley (2nd and 3rd from left).

41 His Excell ency Suk Joon Suh, Minister of Commerce and In dustry, Republic of Korea, signs reg istry book at U.S. Pavil ion with aid of Patti Wilson, Pavilion staff. Korean Stamp Exhibit During Korea's National Week, May 17-23, the U.S. Pavilion donated exhibit space, on the ground level in the large covered passageway adjacent to the West Plaza, for an out­ standing and excellently presented exhibition of Korean postage stamps commemor­ ating events in the 100 years of Korean-American diplomatic relations. Columbus Day The PA staff and other Pavilion employees and guides organized a special day of activities for the International Participants honoring Colum­ bus Day, October 11. The day started with ceremonies at the Court of Flags. The U.S. Pavil­ ion Associate Commissioner General served as master of ceremonies and presented King Ferdinand, Queen Isabella, and Christopher Columbus. Costumes were obtained and the parts were played by U.S. Pavilion personnel. The event was open to the general public. The main events of the day were an International Pavilion raft race and a "homemade"

U.S. Pav ilion entry in Columbus Day Regatta.

42 boat regatta held on the Waters of the World . Prizes were awarded the winners by a judges' panel made up of officials from U.T., KIEE and the U.S . Pavilion. That evening, . a Columbus Day reception for all internationals was held on the West Plaza. Sports The Special Events Section of the Public Affairs Office Champion cheerleaders initiated an interpavilion sports perform on West Plaza . program of weekly softball and volleyball games. At one time or another, teams from 10 pavilions played volleyball and 8 pavilions played softball. . This was in addition to 8 teams formed from various depart­ ments of the Fair Organizers. This effort by the U.S. Pavilion PA Section brought together different pavilions' staffs in a spirit of friendly competition, contributing to the overall Fair spirit of developing international understanding and friendships. Gymnasts clubs, although not part of the interpavilion league, performed daily at the U.S . Pavilion and became a popular attraction, bringing many fans through the Fair gates and to the Pavilion. USA gymnastic team performs on West Plaza.

U. S. Pavilion Associate Com mis­ sion er Ge neral Kyle Testerman prepares to introduce "Columbus," "Queen Isabell a" and "Kin g Ferd inand" at Cou rt of Flags. 43 Farewell Party The Steering Committee of the College of Commissioners General formed a "Farewell Party" Planning Committee to organize a party to be given by all international participants as a " thank you and farewell" to members of the community and the Fair Organizers, on October 28. It was to be the final opportunity tor all of the Inter­ national Pavilion staffs, attend­ ants and guides to get together. USA gymnastic tea ms The U.S. Pavilion Deputy perform on West Plaza. Commissioner General, Special Events Officer and Exhibits Officer served on the Com­ mittee for the U.S. Pavilion. Committee members were assigned to specific tasks. At the party, the "Maxwellaires" Air Force Jazz Band performed and entertainment and skits were presented by Interna­ tional Pavilion staffs. Formal pre::,entations, by the Com­ mittee and Chairman of the College of Commissioners General, were made to the Fair Chairman, and President, the U.S. Commissioner General and his predecessor, and the Governor and Mayor. All of the International Pavilion staffs and attendants contributed in some way. Many pavilions set up decorated counters serving food and beverage of their country. On October 31, the official Fair Closing Ceremony was held at the Tennessee Amphi­ theatre and the Court of Flags.

U.S. Volleyball team readies for match with Australia. Jim Van Slyke, U. S. Pavilion staff (front row ri ght). 44 IX. ADMINISTRATION

Administration Fair if budget savings could be Accounting Records In July 1979, the Department found sufficient to allow pay­ It was the responsibility of of Commerce submitted a ment. Funds for construction the Pavilion 's Administrative Fiscal Plan to Congress for and exhibits and operation of and Budget and Fiscal staffs approval of $20.8 million for the Pavilion were priority. to keep the entire project within participation in Energy Expo Second, the U.S. Pavilion the appropriation. A manual '82. It detailed the breakdown Office was informed that only system for each cost center of the $20.8 million as : design 25 people were to be hired and was set up by the Pavilion's Ad­ and construction-$12.3 divided between the U.S. ministrative Section and every million; exhibit design, fabrica­ Pavilion and the U.S. Commis­ expenditure was subtracted tion installation and dismant­ sioner General 's Office, instead daily from the total so that ling~$4.5 million; operations­ of the original 30 approved. the exact financial position was $2 .0 million ; and administration This resulted in a review of known by the staff at all times. -$2.0 million. The staffing positions and a reduction of The categories of expenditures, requirements were 25 people personnel in the Office of the in this type of project, do not all for the U.S . Pavilion and 5 U.S. Commissioner General fall neatly into the DOC speci­ people for the U.S. Com­ to four and the U.S. Pavilion to fied cost centers, but since missioner General. 21. These remaining 25 posi­ these procedures could not be Budgeting tions still had to perform all the modified, the budget was Employing a staff began in work as seen in the original divided into categories as close as possible to standard DOC the Fall of 1980. The first planning. critical task was to develop categories, 54-01-Ad!"llinistra­ Also not originally included tion and Operations, 54-02- and refine a fiscal plan which in the plan submitted to would reflect all cost informa­ Construction, 54-03-U.S. Congress, was a sufficient Commissioner General, 54-04 tion available at that time. A staffing allotment for guides process of periodically refining -Exhibits, 54-05- Film; and for the U.S. Pavilion . About 54-06-Commissioner General the plan as actual costs became 60 guides were needed instead apparent was continued of Section. There were also of 40, but there was an even three gift accounts set up: The throughout the entire project. greater problem. The U.S. In December 1980, the budget U.S. Pavilion, The U.S. Com­ Pavilion could not employ the missioner General, and the was revised into Fiscal Plan II . guides directly. After discus­ At this point the Pavilion Commissioner General of sions with DOC Personnel and Section. All gifts of money or Administrative Officer was Contracts sections, it was informed of two necessary items were recorded in the determined that the only way to respective gift funds. changes. First, the Pavilion provide guides was to do so would be required to pay into through an independent con­ the DOC Working Capital Fund tr~fotor. Fortunately, with a an estimated $147,000. How­ major university in the city of ever, this item was not included Knoxville, hundreds of students in the July 1979 plan submitted wishing to work at the Fair were to Congress. An agreement available. DOC contracted was reached with the Chief of with the University of Ten­ the Working Capital Fund, nessee to provide a guide deferring charges until after the supervisor and guides. The above changes were reflected in Fiscal Plan II. (See Appendix for budget summary.)

45 ------

Federal Participation Budget $0.9 m Appropriation Requested OFFICE OF Total $20.8 Million COMMISSIONER GENERAL (4.3%) $1.3 m OPERATIONS DURING EXPO (6.3%)

$2.1 m ADMINISTRATION (10.1%)

$6.0m EXHIBITRY {28.8%)

Fiscal Plan II Through Fiscal schedule change. Reduction substantially reduced. Savings _Plan VI adjustments were made in were made by moving D.C. As the project progressed several cost categories, mostly staff from Georgetown back to toward opening, more infor­ in supplies and salaries. How­ the Commerce Building and mation was known, and more ever, these earlier than planned remaining there until the staff actual cost decisions were additions were much needed returned from Knoxville, made, allocations within the to add strength to the Orga­ thus avoiding outside rent for budget could be more nizers' campaign in solicitating the first and second quarter of accurately adjusted. Fiscal private industry participation in FY 1983. Supply needs were plans changed periodically to the Fair, as well as similar U.S. dramatically reduced. The meet the then current budget Pavilion efforts. initial purchase of office equip­ allocations. In later fiscal plans, other ment was deemed enough to carry through the entire Fair, By March 1981, the Commis­ general economies were made. sioner General of Section was Payroll was reduced by filling albeit minimal and often causing inconvenience. The appointed and a support staff many staff positions later than film contract was reduced by hired. The original budget had originally .scheduled and at a called for this appointment later lower rate. Shipping costs to $160,000 by relinquishing distribution rights. in the year. This necessitated and from the site were a review of the budget to find extra funds for this manning

46 0..46m Federal Participation Budget BALANCE Post Fair January 1, 1983 1.5% Total $20.8 Million 0.49m OFFICE OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL 2% 2.12m ADMINISTRATION AND OPERATIONS 8.8%

------0.47m , ...... OFFICE OF ' ' ...... COMMISSIONER ' .... ,, ---1.7~----- GENERAL ,,, EXHIBIT 1m OF SECTION ,, DESIGN FILM 1.6% 4.9% ' ',,,, 9.5% ' ', 1.6m EXHIBIT FABRICATION 9.4% * A/E = Architect/Engineer * * CM Construction Management

Conservation and Augmentation entertainment, receptions, and and the U.S. Commissioner of Budget other courtesies, a Gifts and General. These loans greatly From the appropriated funds, Bequests fund was set up for reduced the burden on the $12,000 was authorized for the the Pavilion Commissioner budget and in many instances U.S. Commissioner General of General, as well as for provided a better display or the Fair for entertainment of · additional funds for the better materials and services foreign officials, but this was Commissioner General for the than it would have been insufficient, and there were no Fair. Privately donated funds possible to purchase from similarly designated funds for were deposited in these existing funds. the Office of the Commissioner accounts. Supplies and Administrative Coordination General of the Pavilion. services were also donated for Because of the popularity of the use in protocol and courtesy Washington D.C. Offices U.S. Pavilion, the Office of the representation, critical to the Office space was not avail­ Commissioner General of the United States image in this able in the main Commerce U.S. Section had as many, if international event. building for the expanding staff not more, representation Also in order to cut other of Schedule A term employees. responsibilities than the U.S. costs, loans of exhibits' hard­ Outside space was sought and Commissioner General for the ware and software, artifacts, found at 1010 Wisconsin whole Fair. furnishings, and services were Avenue in a building in the Prior to opening of the Fair, given to both the U.S. Pavilion in order to provide funds for 47 final stages of completion. Commissioner General of the Computerization On December 1, 1980, the U.S. U.S. Pavilion transferred to One of the most helpful Pavilion offices and Washington Knoxville in July 1981, to direct corporate loans to the U.S. office for the U.S. Commis­ all field operations. Pavilion was the computer sioner General were transferred Pavilion Offices systems. This gave the to this Georgetown location. Pavilion word processing, mail­ By April 1981, the staff had Offices in the U.S. Pavilion list handling, inventory, nearly outgrown the space. could not be occupied until scheduling and budget systems. April 1982, but by February, all With this system, the budget The move across town from the staff to be assigned to was programmed for each cost the support services and the Knoxville had been transferred, center and cost category. International Expositions Staff resulting in an overload on Columns to show total budget, office in the DOC bu ilding office equipment, telephones total obligated to date, and meant many commutes between and space in the temporary balance left in each fiscal year the two offices, sometimes field office. To rel ieve the was set up. Each day, every several times a day, in order situation, the Pavilion Engineer, obligation was recorded in the to coordinate efforts, exchange Facilities Manager and a system and new totals for documents and attend meet­ secretary moved first to a obligations and balances ings. After the Fair opened, rented trailer on the site, and computed. In this way, staff the remaining staff of three was later into the first available was able to know, on a daily transferred back to the DOC room in the Pavilion with heat basis, exactly how much money building. and phones. was committed and how much Knoxville Field Office Several devices and systems money was still unobligated. A temporary field office in were initiated to alleviate the Each time budget changes Knoxville had been in the multi-office communications were made in the Fiscal Plan, original planning, but it became problem. Telecopiers were the figures were brought up to urgent in January 1981, that established in the Georgetown date. ·The computer system this office should be established office, U.S. Commissioner ensured that all expenditures and staffed, particularly with a General's office and Pavilion were recorded instantly and that resident Pavi lion engineer, as field office (later in the Pavilion the latest information was soon as possible. Fortunately, office); DOC had a telecopier always available. Because it ground floor space, requiring in the central mail room. Staff was computerized, the balances only minimal refurbishing and meetings were scheduled were figured automatically and with six adjacent parking slots, simultaneously in both the the bottom line figure was was located two blocks from Georgetown and field office. always $20.8 million. the U.S. Pavilion site. Securing Each office had telephone space through GSA delayed conference speakers in case This system was more occupancy until May. By June discussions between offices accurate and much faster in 1981 , an engineer, administra­ were required. handling the hundreds of obligations on the project than tive assistant and secretary Other measures to improve the cumbersome manual were employed locally and communications were taken. system. It also produced a one secretary transferred from The Commissioner General of concise, easily-read report that the Washington, D.C., office. Section established a liaison provided a daily check on Over half the appropria- person in his Nashvill e office to amounts spent and pending tion was designated for coordinate' with the Pavilion obi igations. construction. Faced with this staff. A member of the KIEE budget priority, critical staff was invited to sit in on the schedules and other matters Pavilion staff meetings. needing attention, the Assistant

48 X. THEATER

Theater Management were discussed and -researched offered to supply the projection The originally approved 1979 as to legality. The admission and other equipment, operate budget did not adequately take idea was quickly dropped­ the theater and holding area, into account the personnel and BIE objections could be and book and information other requirements for the expected and possibly public counter in exchange for a operation of a 1000-seat theatre criticism. fi xed payment and rights to sell with a show every 45 minutes, A quasi-State Government U.S . Pavilion " Official " 16 times a day; a theater organization in Alabama, souvenirs at the counter to help holding area, and an adjacent successfully operating a space recover expenses. An agree­ information and book counter. and rocket museum along with ment was consummated in As early as January 1981, the souvenir sales, expressed March 1982. staff discussed how to augment interest in managing the theater. funds in order to properly The Alabama organization operate the theater. An effort was launched to find a single A committee of th e donor to underwrite all or even Tennessee State Leg is­ lature hold special part of the cost of the film and morning session in the projection equipment. Post­ U.S. Pavilion th eater. Fair distribution rights to the film, with certain usage reserved for DOC, was considered as an added incentive. Several companies expressed interest, but the donation did not materialize. Other ideas, such as a small admission to the theater or sale of Pavilion souvenirs at the book and information counter

Theater Attendance/ Sales Persons 600,000 ------Theater Sales - (persons) • (dollars)

300,000

100,000

0 May June July August September October TOTAL 49 l Souvenir Counter Although having a sales counter in the U.S. Pavilion added several logistics and cleaning problems, it was an added attraction for the visitor. The quality of the U.S. Pavilion souvenirs was kept high; prices were competitive and often less than the prices of similar souvenirs being sold elsewhere at the Fair. The counter was always busy and visitors appreciated the opportunity to buy a U.S. Pavilion memento. The presence of the souvenir stand in the Pavilion made available a ready supply of a variety of souvenirs for presentation to special guests. The operators donated the original supply; when this ran Former U.S. Commissioner General Charles Fraser with guest out, additional souvenirs were Dr. Solaiman AI-Solaim, Minister of Commerce, Saudi Arabia, view ordered at reduced rates, using Fa ir from U.S. Pavilion balcony. monies donated to the Pavilion Gifts and Bequests Fund.

U.S. Pavilion souvenir counter.

50 XI. ATTENDANCE

Attendance at the Knoxville observer kept the guide Fair did not follow the predicted at the entrance informed of attendance pattern. Usually, crowd conditions in the after the Opening Day excite­ building. The system worked ment and the first week, and even on the most crowded attendance drops. It then days, visitors waited no more increases as schools close for than 15 minutes to enter the summer vacation, peaking in U.S. Pavilion. August, then dropping again in Hand counters were used to early September followed by a monitor U.S. Pavilion atten­ rapid rise in mid-September dance at the exhibit entrance. through the close of the Fair. Over 5.8 million were counted. In Knoxville, a steady rise There is always a percentage started shortly after opening of error on the low side when with consistently high atten­ using a hand counter, especially dance in May and June; then a on crowded days. Also, enter­ steady decline occurred through tainers and special guests, July, August and September, entering directly from the with a sharp rise again in concourse to the theater or to October. Interesting also, is the exhibit by elevator, were the fact that throughout the not always counted. Allowing Fair, Sunday's attendance wa~ for this, the net attendance is the lowest, when traditionally It estimated at well over 6 million, is the highest. but for reporting purposes, a With the crush of attendance rounded 6 million is used as starting early, there was little the U.S. Pavilion official time for people-handling attendance over the Fair's 184 adjustments and fine tuning. days. This averages approxi­ Long queu lines developed, mately 33,000 a day. particularly at the U.S. and Over 8,000 special visitors Chinese Pavilions. The U.S. registered in the Commissioner Pavilion's "Design Day" General's lounge. This, too, is attendance was 50,000, and the less than the actual, since many two escalators to the first plat­ visitors, especially those in form and the two more to the large groups, did not sign the exhibit entrance level could guest book. The hundreds of easily handle such capacity at handicapped visitors who used nearly 5,000 per hour, but the elevator were included in congestion developed on the the general attendance count. walkway and in the building. A method was devised tor-route visitors between the two entrance esQalators with guides with walkie-talkies stationed in Crowds awaiting entrance to the strategic locations, controlling U.S. Pavilion. the volume of people by open­ ing and closing the second , escalator as needed. An inside

51 Attend nee Chart The attendance chart is based on the gross attendance of 11 million.

Persons 1,070,844

MAY JUNE

900,0001'----- 2,150,465

800,000 >------.I•

300,000

200,000

100,000

0 111ileater Pavilio111 Fair 1heater Pavili(})@ fair (right scale~ Persons 1,074,632

AUGIJJST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER ---....; 2,500,000 977,753

___....; 2,250,000

802,498

1,750,000

1,500,000

1,250,000

1,000,000

750,000

500,000

250,000

0 Theater Pavilion Fair Tlrleater Pavilion Fair 'Theater Pm1,ilion Fair -- The Fair's overall attendance goal of 11 million was surpassed. This figure is a total " turnstyle" count and includes employees, which were estimated to be in excess of 6 thousand a day, plus season pass re peats and those entering and leaving one or more times on one ticket using the " hand stamp " re- entry system . Based on the gross attendance figu re for the Fair, the U.S. Pavil ion attracted over 50% · Fa irgoe rs vi ewed from U. S. Pavilion 6th floor offices.

Co mmissioner Ge neral Rodgers (rear, 3rd from right) and Mrs. Rodgers (front, 3rd from left) with visiting group from Montgomery, Alabama.

54 XII. OPERATIONS

Guides The U.S. Pavilion guides were provided under a contract with the University of Tennes­ see . In order to meet the building and exhibits needs and cover other duties, it was determined that a total of 61 guides were needed to staff the building from 8:00 am to 10:00 pm, seven days a week, with no one guide working more than 40 hours per week, and the total work hours not to exceed 2,440 per week. These require­ ments did not include the 30 theater guides and information/ souvenir shop staff who were provided under contract with the theater managers. Guides were selected locally from a pool of applicants coming mostly from the Univer­ sity of Tennessee and local colleges. Nearly 150 applicants were interviewed and 60 were chosen. Applicants were judged on the basis of poise, manner, maturity, and special skills, such as foreign 0 >, languages and signing for the V> (l) t:: deaf. The Pavilion guide pool ::, 0 included young people pro­ 0 0 15 ficient in Arabic, French, .c German, Japanese and Span- a. ish, as well as deaf signing . U.S. Pavilion guide takes her shift as phone receptionist.

Darrell Stingley of the Boston Patriots is given warm welcome at the U.S. Pavilion by Shirley Gray, U.S. Pavilion staff.

55 In addition to guides, U.T. during the course of the Fair; uniforms would be ready by was required to provide a guide no one became a "specialist" opening. Final uniform fittings supervisor. The supervisor's in any one job, but everyone required much last minute work responsibilities included pre­ learned all necessary skills for of the part of the donor, to paring payrolls, scheduling, and all assignments. This resulted assure that every guide had a coordinating guides responsi­ in a great deal of flexibility; the fitted uniform by Opening Day. bilities with other departments supervisor did not have to The original agreement with in the Pavilion. The guide depend on one individual for U.T., negotiated by the DOC supervisor, along with the a specific task. Contracts Section greatly limited Pavilion staff, was responsible A formal training period took guides' duties. This was later for maintaining morale and place during the last two weeks amended allowing more flexi­ esprit de corps. before opening. Each guide bility. Guides assisted in several Guides' duties were not lim­ was given a training manual operations tasks such as setting ited to greeting visitors and which included a history of the up sound equipment for enter­ answering routine questions U.S. Pavilion, a description of tainment on the West Plaza, regarding the building and the design concept, Pavilion arranging ropes and stanchions exhibit. In order to make the facts and figures and the text for crowd control, and other work as interesting as possible of copy appearing in the exhibit. errands. Press aides assisted and to develop a sense of com­ The training schedule included the PA Section in conducting mitment, after a few weeks of brief presentations by senior Pavilion and Fair tours for the experience, the guides were staff on each of the aspects of press and dignitaries and given much responsibility for the Pavilion, ranging from con­ greeted visitors. When the supervising themselves. Each struction to exhibits and public Pavilion clerical staff was re­ day, for each shift, a head guide affairs. The intention was to duced by attrition or transfers, was designated to be responsi­ give the guides a feeling for the guides aided as duty secre­ ble for supervising the rotation Pavilion; what it represented, taries. The guide supervisor of guides through duty stations and the planning that went worked with the PA Section to in the building. The appointed into it. plan guide requirements for special events. head-guide was non-rotating, Guide uniforms, in denim and as was the telephone recep­ red-check, reflected an "all­ The United States Pavilion tionist, press aide, escort driver, American" image. Uniforms guides served with enthusiasm and building operations as­ were donated both for the and loyalty, with a very low sistant, who were assigned guides and for the senior staff, turn-over rate for the size of these duties for a full shift. All who wore navy blue jackets and the staff, age cohort, and at a guides served in all positions tan pants or skirts. The donation near minimum pay scale. They was confirmed in April 1981 and performed all the tasks asked of uniform designs were de­ them with enthusiasm. In the veloped in consultation with cold, the heat, th e rain , with Pavilion staff. The guide staff thousands of people each day, had not been employed at that they worked hard and they time but it was necessary for worked well. The guides orders to be placed so that the represented the Department of Commerce and the United States to millions of guests, consistently receiving high praise.

U.S. guides with U.S. Pavilion logo. Scheduling secretary" assigned to each All cars were appropriately The Fair started with a team. An administrative staff identified with decals or other schedule of open hours from worked regular business hours. markings as U.S. Pavilion 10:00 a.m . to 10:00 p.m . for During the first few weeks of the official vehicles. The two pavilions. Later, due to a volume Fair, several schedule modifi­ limousines carried specially of attendance not anticipated so cations were made to accom­ ordered Tennessee license early in the season, gate open­ modate irregular hours of some plates-USA 1 and USA 2. In ing was advanced to 9:30 a.m. student guides and to add addition to the above regular U.S. Pavilion staff arrived personnel to the staffs of the car pool, a Knoxville Cadillac between 8:30 a.m. and 9:30 PA Section and Facilities and dealership supplied additional a.m. to check Pavilion mechani­ Services. cars as needed. cal functions, activate electronic Transportation Parking equipment and ready the The U.S. Pavilion's "official" The U.S. Pavilion location Pavilion for opening. vehicular transportation for was excellent for vehicle In order to staff the Pavilion officers, staff and special guests access, directly from a city for over 12 hours a day, seven was supplied through generous street to an open area, one level days a week, for 184 days, a loans. The U.S . Pavilion car below Fairgrounds level, but minimum of three shifts was fleet consisted of: required . Such a system was 2 Cadillac Limousines inaugurated on May 2, the day 1 Pontiac J-Car Sedan after Opening. All staff was 1 Chevrolet Cavalier Station present on Opening Day to Wagon assist in Pavilion ceremonies 5 Jet Electric-Escort Sedans and the President's visit. The staff, including guides, was 1 Jet Electric Courier Pick-up divided into three teams, Truck working six consecutive days, 3 Natural Gas Fairmont with three days off. The six-day Sedans periods were staggered. When U.S. Pavilion the starting hour was changed staff promotes to 9:30 a.m., the Pavilion U.S. exports. opened at 9:45, and all staff and guides were to be in .. uniform and at their stations. The first film showing in the theater was at 10:15 a.m., allowing early visitors time to see the exhibits before entering the theater. Three senior officers were designated "Duty Officers," so that a responsible Government representative would be in the D STATES PAVILION Pavilion du'ring all open hours; FFICIAL VEHICLE the early shift officer checked ORLD 'S FAIR '82 the Pavilion for readiness and the late shift officer secured Jet electric vehicle on display in front of U.S. Pavilion. the building after closing. The clerical staff was also divided into three teams with a "duty 57 with no access to Fair streets First-Aid Maintenance and Cleaning where vehicles were prohibited. A fully equipped and staffed The U.S. Pavilion's cleaning This open area could accom­ emergency aid station was and maintenance services com­ modate a portion of Pavilion established on the ground floor pany was selected through employees and service near the elevator, easily competitive bid . A Knoxville­ personnel cars, U.S. Pavilion accessible to the west exit door · based firm won the award . The official cars, and limited, and vehicle area outside for bulk of the Pavilion cleaning temporary parking for special easy transfer of emergency was done after closing each guests and entertainers. victims to ambulances. night, but a daytime, open­ The Fair organizers gener­ The Pavilion budget could not hours crew was assigned to do ously assigned 16 additional contain the cost of a fully staffed continuous trash and litter parking slots to the U.S. aid station. However, an pick-up and rest room Pavilion in a Fair parking lot association of hospitals gener­ maintenance. outside the site, across the ously contributed a professional During the pre-Fair activities street from the Pavilion. These staff, and other contributors and Opening Day, additional spaces were used for overflow provided modern equipment personnel had to be added to parking on special days and for and supplies. Fortunately there do a variety of maintenance, official vehicle storage when were few serious accidents or cleaning and carpentry work. needed. health crises, but the station Immediately after opening, was constantly in use. During when the crush of visitors was the Fair, 6,175 people were beyond the Fair estimates, Coordinated Hospital Services treated in the First Aid Station. maintenance personnel were Group. again added to work in the West Plaza area and the loading area. Throughout the balance of the Fair, with continued capacity or near-capacity attendance, the Pavilion was kept clean and maintained. Electro-Mechanical Systems A solar-powered heating and cooling system supplemented conventional building heating and air conditioning systems. State-of-the-art roof-mounted, sun-tracking, focusing col­ lectors provided the solar energy collection equipment for the system. In summer opera­ tion, an absorption chiller used the solar heat to provide base­ line building cooling. When the solar system was fully loaded, a conventional electric-driven chiller was used. In winter operation, solar collectors, in conjunction with the absorption chiller, were designed to 58 supplement the heating load. All water heaters met substrata glass absorbed a This system supplied roughly ASHRAE energy requirements. portion of the remaining solar 10% of heating capacity at All public lavatories were energy and rejected up to 36% 180 degrees water temperature. equipped with metering faucets of this energy to the exterior ¼ gpm flow restrictors. Toilets through re-radiation and An electrically driven centri­ were equipped with water­ convection. fugal , high-efficiency chiller saving flush valves. provided maximum cooling The Pavilion was oriented so with minimum electric input. Energy Conservation Features that its long axis is almost The chiller was specified to The U.S. Pavilion utilized a perpendicular to Knoxville's provide bu ilding cooling with a significant amount of glazing prevailing May/October maximum electrical consump­ on its sloping north wall maxi­ breezes, thus taking advantage tion rate of 0.69 kwh per ton­ mizing use of natural light as of natural ventilation . well as allowing viewing of th e hour load. Security and Communications Fair from within the building . Air handler economizer cycle A professional security com­ Also, the building orientation units were controlled to take full pany was selected through attempted to maximize daylight advantage of free cooling pro­ competitive bid. An average of while minimizing mechanical vided by fresh air instead of 12 guards, working in shifts, cooling requirements. Carefully mechanical refrigeration .­ were required over a 24-hour selected reflecting-insulating Whenever outside air conditions period. Two guards covered glass provided all-season were such that building loads the closed hours. The security insulating properties while could be satisfied by introduc­ service outfitted their personnel allowing excellent light trans­ tion of fresh air, the air handler in identical jackets and slacks mission for the interior. A economizer controls activated so they were easily identifiable. metallic coating reflected up to and reduced or eliminated the 29% of solar energy, while a A central security control and need for electrical refrigeration.

I tJtilities/l!J.S. Pavilion

Water/ Water Month Electt:ic Gas Fire Protection and sewer Total May $10,784.16 $ 852.75 $ 32.00 $ 2,455.00 $14,124.47 June 10,996.65 1,363.93 32.00 4,654.70 17,046.78 July 10,816.46 2,118.95 32.00 3,425.90 16,393.31 August 11,541.94 1,186.98 35.00 4,385.82 17,149.84 September 1 ~ ,218.60 3.30 35.00 3,675.17 14,932.07 Octobe rr 10,204.38 3.~o 35.00 702.59 10,945.21 TOTAL $65,562.19 $5,529.21 $201.00 $19,299.18 $90,591.68

Average $10,927.03 $1,382.30 $ 33.50 $ 3,859.84 $15,098.61

59

i L communication room was One of the most difficult arrangement of exterior esca­ established on the ground floor. security posts was the vehicle lators provided Pavilion visitors From this room, all mobile entrance gate, where all views of nearby Fair events and communications stations could vehicles, passengers and scenery while ascending . Once be monitored. Guards, as well pedestrians including all inside, visitors circulated down as staff and guides assigned Pavilian staff, were checked for broad stairs and a bridge ramp stations, could communicate proper Fair entry permits or through a series of exhibit plat­ with each other as well as the I.D.'s c).nd logged in and out. forms. An elevator provided control room. Each station was The gate entry report, along access to each level for the assigned a code number. with the closed-hours "rounds" physically handicapped. This Originally, only guards, Duty report and special "irregularity" system was able to carry 4,000 reports, were submitted each to 5,000 people an hour. Officers, operations personnel morning, for the previous and the PA office were assigned Log Book 24 hours, for inclusion in the log walkie-talkies, but it was soon Beginning with Opening Day book. found that additional stations and extending through the last were needed including certain Certain telephones in the day of the Fair, a log was kept strategic guide positions. The Pavilion were equipped so that covering all hours the Pavilion mobile communications units announcements could be made was in operation. The Duty were critical during visits of over the building-wide public Officer was responsible for dignitaries requiring special address system direct from the making entries detailing general security precautions. The telephone set. In addition, the conditions, such as weather and regional Secret Service and system had the capability to attendance, and noting special FBI personnel were exceedingly direct announcements to occurrences or visitors, as well cooperative during these visits. certain zones, such as the as operational problems and concourse, or the theater. how they were being solved. Conveying Systems: The log was entered on a com­ Visitors ascended 12.5 feet in pute·r and available for viewing two 32" escalators to an throughout the day and was elevated entry platform, then printed out along with cumula­ ascended an additional 25 feet tive attendance figures each on two more adjacent 32" morning before the opening of escalators, within the cage wall, the Pavilion. In addition, other to a final entry platform outside operational units in the Pavilion, the topmost exhibit level. This such as security and first aid, prepared detailed daily reports. These, along with the schedule U.S. Pavilion security guard \ of events, the official vehicle in summer uniform. assignment log, the parking lot access log, and the Duty Officer's log were compiled daily and became the record of U.S. Pavilion operations.

U.S. Pavilion interpreter explains fairgrounds from Pavilion balcony 60 to Mitsubishi. XIII. A WARDS

THE SOUTH ATLANTIC REGION THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHI'FECTS

IS PLEASED TO CX>NFER THE

HONOR AWARD

ON ,ft,.J.Jd(,~.Jf!- fo,t,!'1$1l)JA FINCH ALEXANDER BARNES J.-irli.1:,,.{r ROTHSCHILD & PASCHAL, INC.

FOR THE OF.SIGN OF

UNITED STATES PAVILION-1982 WORLD'S FAIR KNOXVILLE, TN

II II Presented to the U.S.DEPARTMJENili' OF COMMERCE II For its innova tive and progressive use of audio-visual, video and microcomputer II technologies in the U.S. Pavilion of the 1982 World's Fair to demonstrate advanced technologies. and to enable visitors to become actively involved in learning about energy topics and issues. by IBE NATIONAL AUDIO-VISUAL ASSOCIATION October 18, 1982

£X£cutlV£ VICE PRESIOE!I.T

Deputy Secretary Guy Fiske (right) accepts the National Audio Visual Association's "Outstanding Achievement" Award for 1982, to the Department of Commerce for the U.S. Pavilion's interactive computer video systems; Harry McGee, Executive Vice President of the association presents the award. James Ogul (far left), U.S. Pavilion exhibit officer and Albert H. Woods (2nd from right), of Ramirez and Woods, exhibit designers for the U.S. Pavilion look on. 61

L XIV. DISMANTLING AND INVENTORY

Dismantling and Inventory solicited information on each to the lender's instruction. Items Plans for dismantling the item's value, quantity, descrip­ purchased by DOC or United States Pavilion exhibit tion (such as serial number), donated to the project were began in July 1982. With a wide method of procurement, loca­ either designated to the New variety of.items ranging from tion in building, date of inven­ Orleans project or were identi­ lighting fixtures to exhibit arti­ tory, and staff contact fied as items to be surplussed. facts, and hundreds of indi­ responsible for the item. Dismantling the U.S. Pavilion vidual items to dispose of, an Furthermore, the work sheet exhibit was a major task due to also requested information efficient dismantling plan the number of large industry required an accurate inventory. which could be later used in artifacts and delicate historical Items in the Pavilion were the dismantling process, such artifacts which had to be obtained in one of four ways­ as: crating requirements, crate removed and returned. The loan, purchase, rental, or location, packing schedule, exhibit installers were the most donation-and disposition disposition, destination, trans­ logical choice for dismantle­ requirements differed accord­ portation, and shipping ment, since they were familiar ingly. Given the complexity of schedule. Each inventory sheet with the technical aspects of the task, the staff decided to was assigned a number and the installation. use the Pavilion office com­ information was transferred to puter capabilities to design a the computer. The inventory In order to hold down costs, detailed inventory system with sheets were kept on file for close coordination was neces­ information which could be reference purposes. If the sary between the exhibit staff, sorted in various ways to pro­ computer print-out did not the dismantlement contractor duce a range of specific provide detailed enough infor­ and lenders of industry and inventory information. mation, the disposition sheet historical artifacts. In dis­ number identified where further mantlement, as in installation, a Every item in the Pavilion fit information could be found . number of companies and into one of nine standard With inventory information in institutions sent experts to inventory categories: Building, hand, the staff began planning assist. Coordination and exhibit, furnishings, office · Pavilion dismantling scheduling was important in equipment, theater equipment, procedures. efficiently utilizing specialized electronic equipment, vehicles, trades and equipment for taking A determination had to be expendables, or miscellaneous. down large exhibits. The made on the disposition of all The inventory work sheet exhibits were dismantled and items in the Pavilion. Rental or shipped to their respective lease items were returned after locations by the end of the third use. Items loaned to the Pa­ week of November and contract vilion, whether under the exhibit, work was completed on building, or other category, schedule and within budget. were returned to the lender or arrangements were made to dispose of the item according

62 XV. RESIDUAL USE

Residual Use of Exhibits Residual Use of Building Residual use was found for a As this report goes to press, majority of the exhibits. In dis­ there is no firm purchaser for posing of DOC owned exhibits the U.S. Pavilion. The General and equipment, priority was Services Administration (GSA) was given to the U.S. Pavilion in is advertising for a sealed bid New Orleans. Items reserved in­ public sale on July 14, 1983. cluded exhibit cases, computer The City of Knoxville, in order racks, light tracks and fixtures. to have time to find a private Much of the remaining exhibitry source of funds for purchase of (30 displays) was declared the building to use as a sports surplus and transferred to DOE or science museum, had through GSA for display in the requested a 180-day extension. American Museum of Science This request was denied by and Energy in Oak Ridge, Ten­ GSA, but a sale cutoff date of nessee, including the larger June 14, 1983, was given the share of graphic panels, exhibit City. platforms, and the time/energy Security of the Pavilion is sculpture. TVA received mis­ being maintained ori a 24-hour cellaneous exhibits, including basis under contract through the architecture/commerce September 30, 1983, with a exhibit. All loaned artifacts 30-day cancellation clause if were either returned to the the building is disposed of lender or loans were renego­ sooner. tiated by the residual users.

School patrol winners of the AAA safety award are given tour through U.S. Pavilion.

63

XV. APPENDICES

Legislation 1.

City Certificate 2.

lnteragency Working Group 3.

U.S. Pavilion Officers and Staff 4.

Principal Contractors for Personnel and 5. Services Pavilion Guides Theater Guides

Club '82 Membership 6.

Pavilion Donors 7.

Artifact Lenders 8.

Photo Credits 9.

Computer/Video Credits 10.

Corporate Recognition Days 11 .

USA Day Contributors 12.

Contractors-Pavilion and Exhibits 13.

West Plaza Entertainment 14. Gymnasts

Pavilion Facts 15.

Budget Summaries 16.

Sample Daily Events Schedule 17.

Chronological Summary 18.

65

\ Appendix 1 PUBLIC LAW 96-169-DEC. 29, 1979 93 STAT. 1281 Legislation Public Law 96-169 96th Congress An Act

To provide for participation of the United States in the International Energy Dec. 29, 1979 Exposition to be held in Knoxville, Tennessee, in 1982, and for other purposes. [H.R. 5079] Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That, in accordance International with the Act entitled "An Act to provide for Federal Government Energy Exposition, recognition of and participation in international expositions proposed Knoxville, Tenn. to be held in the United States, and for other purposes", approved U.S. May 27, 1970 (Public Law 91-269; 22 U.S.C. 2801 et seq.), the participation. President is authorized to provide for United States participation in an international exposition to be known as Energy-Expo 82 (herein­ after in this Act referred to as the "exposition"), to be held in Knoxville, Tennessee, in 1982. The purposes of the exposition are- (1) to offer the citizens of the world a greater understanding of the effective uses of energy and energy resources, of the necessity to conserve existing energy resources, and of the need for creativity in the development of new and alternative energy sources; and (2) to encourage tourist travel in and to the United States, stimulate foreign trade, and promote cultural exchanges. SEC. 2. (a) The President, through the Secretarr, of Commerce (hereinafter in this Act referred to as the "Secretary ') and the other officials designated in this Act, is authorized to carry out in the most effective manner the proposal for United States participation in the exposition, transmitted by the President to the Congress pursuant to section 3 of Public Law 91-269 (22 U.S.C. 2803), and to carry out the responsibilities of the Federal Government for the organization, development, and administration of the exposition as required by the Convention Relating to International Expositions, done at Paris on November 22, 1928 (hereinafter in this Act referred to as the "Convention"), and the General Rules for Energy-Expo 82, as ap­ proved by the Bureau oflnternational Expositions. '(b) The President is authorized to appoint, by and with the advice Presidential and consent of the Senate, a Commissioner General of the United appointment. States Government for Energy-Expo 82, who shall be the senior Federal official for the exposition and who shall have such duties and exercise such responsibilities for the organization, development, and adminis­ tration of the exposition as may be necessary and appropriate to fulfill the requirements of the Convention and the General Rules for Energy-Expo 82. The Commissioner General shall be in the Depart­ ment of Commerce and shall be compensated at the rate of basic pay which is equal to the rate payable for level IV of the Executive Schedule under section 5315 of title 5, United States Code. (c) The Secretary shall designate a Commissioner General of Section for United States participation in the exposition (as provided for in the proposal referred to in subsection (a)), who shall be in the Department of Commerce and who shall perform such duties in the execution of this Act_ as may be delegated or assigned by the Secretary, including serving as director of the United States pavilion.

66 59-1 39 0 - 80 (. 11) 93 STAT. 1282 PUBLIC LAW 96-169_.:DEC. 29, 1979

Consultants and SEc. 3. (a) The Secretary is authorized to obtain the services of experts. consultants and experts as authorized by section 3109 of title 5, United States Code, at rates not to exceed the daily rate in effect for grade GS-18 under the General Schedule, to the extent the Secretary deems it necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act. Subject to the availability of appropriations, persons so appointed shall be reimbursed for travel and other necessary expenses incurred, includ­ ing a per diem allowance, as authorized by section 5703 of title 5, United States Code, for persons in the Government service employed intermittently. Contracts. (b) Subject to the availability of appropriations, the Secretary is authorized to enter into such contracts as may be necessary to provide for United States participation in the exposition. Buildings and (c) The Secretary is authorized to erect such buildings and other other structures, structures as may be appropriate for United States participation in erection. the exposition on land (approximately 4.6 acres, including land necessary for ingress and egress) conveyed to the United States in consideration of participation by the United States in the exposition and with.out other consideration. The Secretary is authorized to accept title in fee simple to such land ahd any interest therein if the Secretary determines that it is free of liens, or of any other encum­ brances, restrictions, or conditions that would interfere with the use of the property by the United States for purposes of this Act or would prevent the disposal of the property as provided in section 6. In the acceptance of such property, and in the design and construction of buildings and other structures and facilities on such property, the Secretary shall consult with. the Administrator of General Services and the heads of other interested agencies to assure that such activities will be undertaken in a manner that (1) minimizes to the greatest extent practicable any adverse effects on the recreational and other environmental values of the area, and (2) preserves and enhances to the greatest extent practicable the utility of the property for public purposes, needs, or other benefits following the close of the exposition. (d) Subject to the availability of appropriations, the Secretary is authorized to incur such other expenses as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this Act, including but not limited to (1) expendi­ tures involved in the selection, purchase, rental, construction, and other acquisition, and in the disposition, of exhibits and of materials and equipment for exhibits and in the actual display of exhibits, and (2) related expenditures for transportation, insurance, installation, safekeeping, printing, maintenance and operation, rental of space, representing and dismantling, and the purchase of reference books, newspapers, and periodicals. SEC. 4. The head of each department, agency, or instrumentality of the Federal Government is authorized- (1) to cooperate with the Secretary with respect to carrying out any of the provisions of this Act; and (2) to make available to the Secretary from time to time, on a reimbursable or nonreimbursable basis, such personnel as may be necessary to assist the Secretary in carrying out any of the provisions of this Act. Report to SEC. 5. Within one year after the date of the official close of the Congress. exposition, the Secretary shall transmit to the Congress a report on the activities of the Federal Government pursuant to this Act, including a detailed statement of expenditures. Upon transmission of such report to the Congress, all appointments made under this Act shall terminate, except those which may be extended by the Presi- 67

L PUBLIC LAW 96-169-DEC. 29, 1979 93 STAT. 1283

dent for such additional period of time as he deems necessary to carry out the purposes of this Act. SEC. 6. After the close of the exposition, all Federal property shall be disposed of in accordance with provisions of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 and other applicable Federal 40 USC 471 note. laws relating to the disposition of excess and surplus property. SEC. 7. The functions authorized by this Act may be performed without regard to the prohibitions and limitations of the following laws: (1) That part of section 3109(b) of title 5, United States Code, which reads "(not in excess ofone year)". (2) Section 16(a) of the Administrative Expenses Act of 1946 (31 U.S.C. 638a) to the extent that it pertains to hiring automobiles. (3) Section 201 of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (40 U.S.C. 481) (procurement). (4) Section 305(c) of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (41 U.S.C. 255(c)) (security for advance payments), and section 3648 of the Revised Statutes of the United States (31 U.S.C. 529) (advance of public moneys), if the Secretary determines that it is impracticable to obtain adequate security and that there is a compelling need to make an advance payment. (5) Section 322 of the Act of June 20, 1932 (40 U.S.C. 278a) (lease of buildings to the Federal Government), if the Secretary deter­ mines that waiver of that section would be in the best interests of the Federal Government. (6) Section 2 of the Act of March 3, 1933 (41 U.S.C. 10a) (Buy American Act). (7) Section 501 of title 44, United States Code (printing by the Government Printing Office). · (8) Section 3702 of title 44, United States Code (advertisements without authority). (9) Section 3703 of title 44, United States Code (rates of payment for advertisements). SEC. 8. To carry out United States participation in the exposition, Appropriation there are authorized to be appropriated $20,800,000 to remain availa- auth0rization. ble until expended. Approved December 29, 1979.

LEGISLATIVE HISTORY: HOUSE REPORT No. 96-714 (Comm. of Conference). SENATE REPORT No. 96-369 accompanying S. 1012 (Comm. on Foreign Relations). CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, Vol. 125 (1979): . Oct. 9 , considered and passed House. Nov. 14, S. 1012 considered in Senate; H.R. 5079 considered and passed Senate, amended, in lieu of S. 1012. Dec. 20, Senate and House agreed to conference report. WEEKLY COMPILATION OF PRESIDENTIAL DOCUMENTS, Vol. 15, No. 52: Dec. 31, Presidential statement.

68 Appendix 2 City Certificate

CERTIFICATE

The undersigned hereby certifies that the City of

Knoxville, Tennessee ("City"), through its development agency,

Knoxville 's Community Development Corporation, is proceeding

to acquire the site ("Site") on which the proposed Federal

Pavilion is to be located for the Knoxville International Expo­

sition in 1982 ("Expo '82"). As soon as the Site acquisition

has been completed, the City will have the ability to convey

by deed the Site to the Federal Government in fee simple and

free of liens and encumbrances as authorized by Resolution

of its City Council by Resolution Nos. 6314-77, R-175-78,

R-176-78 and R-18-79 which is hereto attached as an exhibit .*

The only consideration on the part of the Federal Government

for the conveyance of the Site shall be the Federal Government's

commitment to participate in Expo '82.

1< Availa ble upon request from the United States Travel Service , U.S. Depa rtme nt of Commerce, Washington, D.C. 20230 69

L Appendix 3 Appendix 4 lnteragency Working Group U.S. Pavilion Officers and Staff National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of the Commissioner General of Section National Endowment for the Arts Joe M. Rodgers 3/81-11 /82 National Science Foundation Commissioner General U.S. Department of Agriculture and Director U.S. Department of Commerce Chuck Hagel 3/81-9/81 U.S. Department of Defense Deputy Commissioner General u:s. Department of Energy Allen E. Beach 9/80-3/83 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Deputy Commissioner General U.S. Department of Housing and Urban and Field Director Development Kyle Testerman 2/82-11 /82 U.S. Department of the Interior Associate Commissioner General* U.S. Department of Transportation Susan Seguin 3/81-9/81 U.S . Environmental Protection Agency Secretary U.S. International Communications Agency Exhibits Emmett Cunningham 12/80-11/82 Design and Exhibits Director Mara Yachnin 9/80-9/82 Program Specialist Chris Arnold 4/81-1/83 Program Specialist Anita Grinvalds 5/81-3/83 Program Specialist Peter C. Hinz 8/81-2/83 Program Specialist Jim Ogul 10/81-3/83 Program Specialist Construction and Maintenance Frank Weiskopf 5/81-12/82 Pavilion Engineer Dewey Smith 9/81-3/83 Facilities And Services Manager Marty Cole 5/82-11 /82 Guide-Services Aide Public Affairs Brent Bahler 6/80-5/82 Information Officer Director of Public Affairs Office Ron Eberhardt 9/81-5/82 Special Projects Director Patti Wilson** 1/81-3/83 Special Assistant to the U.S. Pavilion Commissioner General for Public 70 Affairs Direction Jim Van Slyke 3/82-11/82 Karla Rhodes 5/81-9/82 Special Events Assistant Administrative Services Techniqian Pat Thomas 8/81-5/82 Susan Carroll *** 5/81-9/82 Information Specialist Secretary, Administrative Assistant Press · Merrender Quicksey 6/81-9/82 Terri Gallu 2/82-12/82 Administrative Assistant Clerical and Press Aide Shirley Gray 6/81-3/82 Bob Dinwiddie 5/82-11/82 Secretary , Administrative Assistant Guide-Scheduling Aide Clerical Staff Administration Elizabeth Faulkner 12/80-11/82 Sandy Libby 11/80-3/83 Helen Frazer 4/81-2/82 Administrative Officer Wanda Sims 8/81 - 2/82 Bill Jordan 4/81-3/83 Jane Park 1/82-12/82 Budget and Fiscal Analyst, Joy Kakac 2/82-11/82 Office Manager Sidney Jeffers Consultant * Honorary * * Transferred from Office of U.S. Comm issioner General * * * Transferred to Office of U. S. Commis si oner General

Certificates be in g presented to staff and gui des · by U. S. Pavilion Dep uty Comm iss ion er Genera l.

71 Appendix 5 Pavilion Guides Principal Contractors for Personnel and Services Lea Adcock Guides Kevin Aukerman Kendra Aukerman University of Tennessee Opal Bailey Supervisor: Diane Cudahy Jeff Baker (See Guide List) Kayne Beasley Theatre and Souvenir Counter Jack Burdick Alabama Space and Rocket Center Glen Bugos Supervisor: Don Neville Bob Burns (See Guide and Staff List) David Clary Computer-Video Equipment Maintenance John Cole New England Technology Group Marty Cole* Supervisor: Stan Shurygailo Dana Coleman Security Caroline Dewhirst Wackenhut Company Robert Dinwiddie*** Supervisors: Jim Marshall Steve Dylewski John Seay Amanda Easter Jimmie Sharpe Dorraya EI-Ashry (See Officers List.) Charlie Ferrell Cleaning and Maintenance Karen Fly Rolen-Rolen and Associates, Inc. Mary Jane Forrest Supervisor: Bill Rolen Michelle Fox Linda Geiss Photographers Julie Gettlefinger John R. King Chris Gonzales Th_om R. King Eve Halsted Joan Hardy Linda Herlinger Lisa Hyatt Robin Ingle** David Ivins Amy Jetton Mark Jordan Mark Johnson Brett Johnson Rachel Kisber Donated Operations and Personnel Services Theresa Kriegel Commissioner General's Lounge Richard Law Philip Morris Incorporated Fred Lay Supervisor: Mary Lou Schattily Brett LeSeur Assistants: Muffett Testerman Mary Luther Kim Ayers First Aid Station Coo rdinated Hospital Services Director: Sidney Ray

72 Philip Marlino Theater Guides and -Staff Diane L. Patton Robert Marlino David L. Pearson Chuck Martin Amy C. Adams Jeff R. Reece Sherry Martin Richard Angel Jennifer B. Roberts Cathy Matthews Melinda F. Andrews Mary E. Ryan Gary Matthews Melanie L. Barker Christina M. Sanio Bill Mayfield Jeffrey M. Bartling Wilifred L. Sanio William Moulton Elizabeth L. Brown T. Charles Savas Steve Muldowney Robert J. Bugos Linda M. Schauman David Muldowney Yvonne M. Clark Tammy L. Schrader Laura McCall Susan Craig Mary B. Sharp Lee Mccampbell Teresa Crowe Eddie Siegel Steve McKamey Elizabeth Cunningham Evelyn G. Spillers Denise Ousley Mary Beth Cunningham Thomas L. Stewart Vickie Painter Donna M. Czegledi Philip Susong Ashley Andreson Pi zzato David C. Doyal Harold A. Swan Tracy Phillips Sean W. Doyle Charles R. Thress David Pollio Pamela J. Duncan Lisa G. Toot Myke Pratt William C. Eckert Anne E. Williams Connie Frazer Dawn Pridmore Jaybena R. Williams Karla S. Galloway David Rayson Rebecca A. Wilson Ann A. Garst Anne Riordan Susan Wright Brett Garrett Debbie Ross Todd Zepke Angelia Goodman David Scott Marvin A. Harrell John Seay Sharon Harrell Steve Smith Jerry W. Haston Security Officers Myra Taylor Thomas L. Holliday Mickey Thomas Floyd Boring Anna R. Johnson David Van Audenhove Samuel Kaiser Frank S. Johnson, Jr. Rebecca Wallace Marshall Houston Karen C. Kenney Barry Wallingford Samuel Howell Nancy A. King Jim Walls Lonnie Spillers Annetta K. Langdon Christine Warrington Donald Minier Amy C. Longmire Mark Wise Sally Marshall Kevin Mack James White Michael Parker Julie C. Marcum James E. Mathews * Assigned to Operations Dennis T. Matthes ** Assigned to U.S. Anita A. Mays Commissioner General's Cynthia A. Mays Office *** Assigned to PA Office Laura A. McCall Jane V. McDow Scott Millar Edwin D. Moeland Jenny L. Montgomery Doris Neville

73 Appendix 6 Lee Congleton Robert F. Worthington, Jr. Club '82 Membership Knoxville, Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee Ralph L. Millet, Jr: T.R. Bell Knoxville, Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee Clinton Campbell James F. Smith, Jr. Gustave M. Handly Knoxville, Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee Lenoir City, Tennessee Roger A. Daley John L. Cummings, Jr. James M. Overby Knoxville, Tennessee Nashville, Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee Dr. William F. Gallivan George F. Donovan Knoxville, Tennessee Tom McHugh Ann Arbor, Michigan Knoxville, Tennessee H. Pat Wood John R. King Knoxville, Tennessee Dr. Edward J. Boling Knoxville, Tennessee Kingsport, Tennessee F. Rodney Lawler Ira A. Lipman Knoxville, Tennessee John T. Lupton Chattanooga, Tennessee Memphis, Tennessee I. 0 . Johnson, Jr. Jake F. Butcher Knoxville, Tennessee LarryJ. Heard Knoxville, Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee James A. Haslam, II Knoxville, Tennessee Marvin T. Runyon Smyrna, Tennessee

Vi sitors study exhibit of 19th ce n­ Diane Cud ahy, U.S. Pavilion staff, assists in hosting intern ational tury heating stove. guests from the Australian and Italian Pavilions.

Vi sitor tou ches screen to activate video panel expl aining energy needed to produce a 74 product. Appendix 7 Grove Manufacturing Company Joe Parrot Screen Printing, Inc. United States Pavilion Grumman Corporation Perma Power Electronics, Inc. Hampton House Studios, Inc. Philip Morris Incorporated Corporate Sponsors Harris Corporation Pickard Incorporated Hyatt Regency Knoxville Polaroid Corporation Advanced Electronics Design, Home-Crest Corporation Printing Industries of the South Inc. Interstate Van Lines, Inc. Red Devil, Inc. Alabama Space & Rocket Ionization Systems, Inc. Renfield Imports, Ltd . Center Jack Daniel Distillery Republic Steel Corporation American Automobile Jarman Shoe Company Rockwell International Association J. B. Lansing Sound, Inc. Rohm and Haas Company American Expo Jet Industries, Inc. Samsonite Contract Furniture American Financial Corporation Johnson Controls, Inc. Seven-Up Company American Hospital Supply Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical ShowAmerica, Inc. Corporation Corporation Sonics Associates, Inc. Apple Computer, Inc. Kidde, Inc. Sony Corporation of America A. T. Cross Company Land Design Associates, Inc. Sunbeam Appliance Company Blue Coral, Inc. Lenox Crystal Temperature Control, Inc. Brumfield-Gallagher, Inc. · Levolor Lorentzen, Inc. Tennessee Nurserymen's Cedar Crest Boot Company Levi Strauss & Company Association Collins & Aikman Corporation Lunt Silversmiths Texaco, Inc. Comshare Execuchart Inc. Mademoiselle Magazine 3M Company Coordinated Hospital Services, Manitowoc Equipment Works United Textile Workers of Inc. Marantz Company, Inc. America Corning Glass Works The Martin-Senour Company Vivar, Inc. Corvus Systems, Inc. Louis M. Martini Walpole's Eastern Plastics and McDonald's Corporation Wente Bros. Fabrication, Inc. Medifac Westinghouse Electric Elographics, Inc. Miller Brewing Company Corporation Executone, Inc. Montgomery Elevator Company White-Westinghouse Appliance Ficks Reed National Association of Company General Electric Company Advertising Publishers Wm. Hobbs, Ltd. General Motors Corporation Notifier Company Zippo Manufacturing Company Genesco Open Plan Accessories, Inc.

75 Appendix 8 Island Creek Coal Company Appendix 9 Artifact Lenders Joy Machinery Company Photo Credits Kerr-McGee Corporation Keystone Consolidated Aerospace Research Industries · Aero Vieroument Inc. Corporation Michael D. Korolenko, Korry AGA Corporation Alabama Space & Rocket Productions Allied Corporation Center Knoll International Aluminum Association American Can Company Land Between the Lakes, TVA American Airlines Battelle Pacific Northwest Lava-Simplex International American Gas Association Laboratories James Leffel and Company American Iron and Steel Bethlehem Steel Corporation Let There Be Neon Institute California Raisin Advisory Lone Star Industries American Institute of Architects Board Lowe's of Knoxville American Petroleum Institute Carter Mining Company Miller's Department Store American President Lines Chicago Historical Society Montgomery Ward & Company, Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Consolidation Coal Inc. Railroad Company Core Laboratories National Coal Association Atlantic Richfield Company Corning Glass Works National Museum of American Atomic Industrial Forum Duro Test Corporation History, Smithsonian Bob Bailey Studios Durward R. Center Institution Bettman Archive East Tennessee Natural Gas William J. Notto Jonathon Blair Company Peabody Family Boeing Company Enertech Seiscom Delta Brookhaven National Bob Gallagher Solar Energy Research Institute Laboratory General Motors Corporation Solarex Corporation Brown Brothers General Shale Products Solar Kinetics, Inc. Bucy~us-Erie Company Corporation Southwest Museum of Science Burlington Industries, Inc. Glazer Steel Corporation & Technology-The California Office of the State Glen-Gery Corporation Science Place Architect Georgia Ag ri ram a-The State Suzanne Lipschutz, Second Don Carstens Museum of Agriculture, Hand Rose, N.Y. CEI, Raymond Lowery Tifton, Georgia TVA-Land Between the Lakes Celanese Corporation Goodyear Tire and Rubber Tennessee Farmers Co-Op Center for Renewable Company Texas A and M University Resources Gordon St. Claire Dickerson Tokheim Corporation Chessie System Railroads Graybar Electric Company Tosco Corporation Clinch River Breeder Reactor Robert E. Green Tri-County Oil Company Council Pipeline Company Grumman Corporation Union Oil Company Consolidated Edison Company Henry Ford Museum & University of Idaho of New York, Inc. Greenfield Village, Dearborn, Jerry Valenta & Sons Inc. Consumers Power Company Michigan Vermont Castings, Inc. Corning Glass Works Hobie Cat Company Peter M. Warner Ronald Corso Hughes Aircraft Museum Westinghouse Electric Crosbyton Solar Power Project Hughes Tool Company Corporation Cromwell, Truemper, Levy, IBM Westvaco Parker and Woodsmall, Inc. Bruce Dale/National Geographic Society Denver Public Library; Western History Department 76 Perry Duis Museum of the City of New Scribe Publishing Corporation E G & G Inc. York, Byron Collection · Ted Speigel Electric Power Research National Aeronautics and Space Standard Oil Company Institute Administration Sun Transport, Inc. Ellerbe Associates, Inc. National Archives and Records Taft Museum, Cincinnati, Ohio El Paso Company Services, Washington, D.C. Texaco Ernest Franzgrote National Coal Association Tosco Corporation Henry Ford Museum & National Museum of American Union Oil Company of Greenfield Village, Dearborn, History, Smithsonian California Michigan Institution University of Virginia Freelance Photographers Guild, National Sunflower Association U.S. Department of Agriculture Inc. NKK America U.S. Department of Energy Gas Research Institute New York Historical Society, U.S. Department of General Electric Company New York City Transportation General Foods Corporation Occidental Petroleum U.S. Windpower, Inc. General Montgomery Meigs, Corporation Peter M. Warner U.S.A. Old Sturbridge Village Harry Weese, Associates General Motors Corporation Palmer/Kane Inc. Westinghouse Historical Goodyear Tire and Rubber Peale Museum, Baltimore, Collection Company Maryland Westvaco Grumman Corporation Phillips Petroleum Company Wind Ship Development Hausman Bus Sales Public Service Electric & Gas Corporation Heery & Heery, Architects and Company Woodfin Camp Inc. Engineers Railroader's Memorial Museum, Woodward & Lothrop Brian Horrigan Inc., Altoona, Pennsylvania W. R. Grace and Company Greg Hursley Franklin D. Roosevelt Library IBM Rondal Partridge Image Bank Rowe Holmes Associates

James Leffel and Company Photo cou rtesy of Preston G. Haag, Jr. Johnson/Burghee Architects r------·rr Cathy Kelly Michael D. Korolenko, Korry Productions Lear Avia Corporation Library of Congress Lorenz and Williams Martin Marietta Corporation Chris McQueen Merrimack Valley Textile Museum Metropolitan Edison Company Meyers and Bennett/BRW Architect Modern Plastics Magazine, McGraw-Hill, Inc. Moore Grover Harper

77

...l Appendix 10 Coronet Films International Film Bureau Computer Video Credits Creative Venture Films Kai Dib Films International CTV Television Network Ltd. Kaiser Aluminum Department of Agriculture KPBS-TV AGA Corporation Department of Energy KPHO-TV Aluminum Association Department of Transportation KSTW-TV American Gas Association Direct Cinema Lawrence Livermore National American Enterprise Institute Walt Disney Laboratory American Textile Manufacturers Telecommunications League of Women Voters Institute Document Associates Magic Lantern Americans for Energy Dura-Test Corporation Ralph Nader (Amy Keolbel) Independence Educational Materials & Co. NASA Atomic Industrial Forum Electric Council of New England National Coal Association Barr Films Electric Power Research National Conservation Battelle Pacific Northwest Institute Foundation Laboratories Encyclopedia Britannica National Film Board of Canada Bethlehem Steel Envision Corp. National Geographic Society BFA Educational Media Exxon Corporation New Hampshire Voices for B. C. Hydro Stuart Finley Inc. Energy Blackwood Productions Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. Oak Ridge National Laboratory BP North America-Index Film General Foods Corporation Phillips Petroleum Co. and Television Library LTD George Ancona Portland Cement Association Brookhaven National Laboratory Georgia Power Company Public Service Electric & Gas Brooklyn Union Gas Gibbs & Hill Inc. Co. Bullfrog Films Glen-Gery Corp. Ramsgate Films C-E Power Systems Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. James L. Ruhle & Associates Charles County Community Green Mountain Post Films Science & Mankind Inc. College Sherman Grinberg Film Shell Film Library Churchill Films Libraries Solar Energy Research Institute Colorado University Hobie Cat Company Solar Lobby Colorado State University Indiana University Conoco, Inc. Southern California Edison International Association of Company Consolidation Coal Machinists and Aerospace Consumer Power Company Steuben Glass Workers Tennessee Valley Authority Time Life Video Underwood, Jordan Associates United Nations U.S. Navy Office of Information Valero Energy Corp. Western Electric Westinghouse Corporation Westvaco Commissioner WGBH-TV General Lu of the WGGB-TV Chinese Pavilion WIFT-TV points out feature WNET-TV on the U.S. Pa- WTBS-TV vii ion's energy supply and demand diagram to Chinese 78 delegation. Appendix 11 Appendix 12 Corporate Recognition Days Contributors to U.S. National Week

May 6, 7 Apple Computer Tommy Walker Productions May 8 Executone Corporation Brumfield-Gallagher, Inc. May 10 Red Devil , Inc. Carl Lindner-American Financial Corporation May 11 Johnson Control, Inc. May 13 A. T. Cross Company May 15,16 Interstate Van Lines fv!ay 25 Coordinated Hospital Services May 28 Land Design Associates May 29 Texaco Inc. May 30 Blue Coral, Inc. June 7 J. B. Lansing Sound, Inc. June 12 Levi Straus & Company June 13 Miller Brewing Company June 23 Advanced Electronics Design, Inc. June 25 Oak Ridge Associated Un iversities July 11 Elographics, Inc. July 20 Alabama Space & Rocket Center U.S. Pavilion staff hosts reception for Australian July 29 Sony Corporation of America staff honoring Australia. Deputy Comm iss ioner July 31 Temperature Control, Inc. General John Maddern and Mrs. Maddern (9th and 10th from left, standing). Francis Thompson Sept. 11 William Hobbs, Ltd. (far left, kneeli ng) and Bayley Silleck ( far left Sept. 26 Samsonite, Inc. stand ing ), " Energy Energy" fil m producers, join ed Sept. 30 Grumman Corporation the event. Oct. 3 Brumfield-Gallagher, Inc. Oct. 7 Manitowac Equipment Works Oct. 9 Tennessee Nurserymen's Association

Guests arrive for U. S. Pavili on weekly " Interna­ tional" luncheon. John Maddern, Deputy Comm iss ioner Ge neral, Australian Pavilion (2nd from right).

The Lord Mayor of London, Sir Christopher Leaver, tries hi s hand at the piano in the lou nge during his and Lady Leaver's visit to the U.S. Pavilion . 79 Appendix 13 Theater Design Consultant Contractors for the U.S. Pavilion and Exhibits Will Szabo Associates, Ltd. New Rochelle, New York Design and Construction Construction Management Pavilion Concept Rentenbach Engineering Knoxville, Tenn&ssee Haworth and Anderson, Inc. Landscaping Washington, D.C. Hickory Construction Cooper-Lecky Partnership Knoxville, Tennessee Washington, D.C. Architect Film FABRAP Architects, Inc. Production FABRAP/LETCO Francis Thompson, Inc. Atlanta, Georgia New York, New York Associated Architects Exhibits Lindsay and Maples Architects, Inc. Knoxville, Tennessee Design Structural Engineer Carlos Ramirez & Albert H. Woods, Inc. O'Kon and Company New York, New York Atlanta, Georgia Computer Software and Systems Design Landscape Architects New England Technology Group Bill Oliphant and Associates, Inc. Salem, Massachusetts Atlanta, Georgia Live Energy Show Oak Ridge Associates Universities Oak Ridge, Tennessee Fabrication and Installation Korean Pavilion attendents await Design and Production, Inc. arrival of official party to open special Alexandria, Virginia Korean stamp exhibit at Pavilion West Plaza. USA Day Rocket Belt Pilot Clyde Baldshun Assoc. Woodland Hills, Calif.

Appendix 14 West Plaza Entertainment Brigham Young Ambassadors Diana Warwick Army Tradoc Stage Band Hamilton High School Singers Abraham Baldwin College Band and Chorus Fort Ustis Drill Team Sound Foundations Wateseka Sensations Sho-Sei-Kai Kato Group from Japan The Expressions-Buffalo Grove High School The Natural High Singers-Lake Wells High , 80 School Kenny Rogers and Mrs. Rogers on U.S. Pavilion balcony.

The Sounds of Sun Maxwell Air Force Jazz Band Palmetto State Cloggers-Columbia, S.C. Jebry Lee Briley Washburn University Singers The Minnesingers Ralph Case Cloggers & Case Brothers Band Salem Gymnastics Center, Winston/Salem, NC 572nd Air Force Jazz Band Camp Chattooga Gymnastics, Marietta, GA Drury High School Jazz Band Cedar Hill Gym Center, Cedar Hill, TX Lower Columbia Singers-Washington State Ponies Gym Team, Hume, VA Tennessee Half-Pints with the Morristown Maverick Gym Club, Charleston, WV County Cloggers Mile High Twisters, Cranford, NJ First United Methodist Youth Choir Gymnastic Academy of Boston, Norwood, MA Tuckertown Cloggers Olympiad Gymnastic Club, Wilmington, DE Duluth Cloggers Bloomington-Normal Gym Center, Myles Caskie's Mimes & Clowns from Canada Bloomington, IL Knoxville College-Musical Memoirs Signal School Of Physical Education, Signal U.S. Cheerleaders Association-National Mountain, TN Grand Champions First State Sch. of Gymnastics, Wilmington, DE 82nd Airborne Band and Chorus Lake Gymnastic Center, Parsippany, NJ General Assembly Chorus Gymnastics World, Broadview Heights, OH Countrytime Cloggers Giguere Gymnastic Exhibition Team, Cherry Caboose Cloggers Valley, MA U.S. Army Field Band and Chorus Gymnastics Chalet; Norman, OK Georgetown Highsteppers-National Champion Alt's Gymnastics School, Aberdeen, NJ High School Dance Line Keystone Gymnastics, Mechanicsburg, PA Mississippi State Madrigal Singers Galesburg Gymnastic Club, Galesburg, IL The Madisonians-James Madison University Gymn. Acad. of Boston, Norwood, MA Crabmeat Thompson Richmond Olympiad, Richmond, VA Star Family Singers American Turners, Algonquin, IL Premier Band Royal T's, Crofton, MD U.S. Naval Academy Dixieland Band Ski-Lan Performing Arts, Rutland, VT Mont Clair High School Concert Band SPECS Gymnastics Club, McLean, VA Carson Newman College Men's Chorus Triple City Stars, Vestal, NY Philippine Madrigal Singers John Pancott Sch. of Gymn., Malvern, PA London County Senior Citizens Kitchen Band Gymstrada Schools, Virginia Beach, VA 530th Air Force National Guard Band Wayne's Angels, Pinson, AL Starlite Cloggers Gemini Gymnastics, Altoona, PA Morris Dancers-Berea College Greenville YWCA, Greenville, SC Maxwell Airs Air force Jazz Ensemble Jewarts Gymnastics, Pittsburgh, PA Cleveland St. Youth Players Terryette Gymn. Club, Milford, CT United States Association of Independent Angela's Angels, Gaffney, SC Gymnastic Clubs Dayton Academy of Gymn., Dayton, OH Liberty Belles Gymn. Club, Philadelphia, PA The United States Association of Independent World of Sports Instruction, New Port Richey, FL Gymnastics, Ltd., Dayton, OH Gymnastics Clubs Performers at the United Springfield Gymn. Center, Springfield, MO States Pavilion Gymnastic Spectrum, Davenport, IA Stars Gymnastics Academy, Cedar Rapids, IA Gymnastics Plus, Columbus, GA Gym Elite Gymnastics Training Cntr., Norcross, Gymscamps of Florence, Florence, SC GA 81 Appendix 15 II. Areas Pavilion Fact Sheet (Interior Environmentally Controlled) . A. Exhibit 41,885 SF B. Theatre (including lobby) 21,000 SF I. Dimensions C. Support Areas 24,530 SF A. Height D. Total Interior Area 87,335 SF 1. Lowest exhibit level to top of cage steel 124'-6-½" Ill. Conveying Systems 2. Main concourse to top of Length of longest escalator-65 Ft. cage steel 112'-0-½" (17 Mtrs.) 3. Main concourse to roof slab 75'-0" 1. Travels 90 Ft. per minute (27.3 Mtrs. per 4. Interior-main exhibit floor to minute) highest interior point 94' -3-1/a II 2. Each unit carries a maximum of 5,000 B. Length people per hour 1. Overall East/West Cage 417' -10-½' 2. Overall North/South 145'-3-1/a" 3. 2 parallel escalators, thus 10,000 people 3. Theatre-overall East/West 135'-0" per hour overall North/South 113'-2" IV. Theatre 4. Interior-main exhibit space- East/West 327'-0" Capacity Seating-Approximately 1,000 main exhibit space-,,- V. Solar Panels on Roof North/South 112'-6" 4,100 Sq. Ft. or 381 Sq . Mtrs. of solar collector area

Appendix 16 Budget/Summary /Cost Center (12/31 /82) United States Participation Approved Projected Cost Budget Obligations Estimated Final Center FPII To Date Cost FPVI Balance Admin & OPS $ 2,450,928 $ 1,631,679 $ 1,835,827 615,101 8.8% Pav. & Const. $12,748,910 $12,941 ,253 $12,946,370 (197,460) 62.3% U.S.C.G. $ 415,219 $ 397,506 $ 417,085 ( 1,866) 2.0% Exhibits $3,901,115 $ 3,920,362 $ 3,931,540 ( 30,425) 18.9% Film $ 1,175,000 $ 1,013,000 $ 1,015,000 160,000 4.9% C.G.S. $ 108,828 $ 326,317 $ 340,872 (232,044) 1.6% Reserve $ 313,306 (313,306) 1.5% 82 TOTAL $20,800,000 $20,230,017 $20,800,000 -0- Appendix 16 (cont.)

Budget/Summary /Cost Category (12/31 /82) United States Participation Projected Cost Approved Obligations Estimated Final Category Description Budget-FPII To Date Cost-FPVI Balance 10/11 Per Comp $ 1,451,668 $ 1,242,577 $ 1,286,750 164,918 6.2% 12 Per Ben 145,055 115,656 119,809 25,246 0.6% 21 Travel 198,900 203,439 217,160 (18,260) 1.0% 22 Trans Things 61 ,975 10,162 19,277 42,698 0.1% 23 Rent,Com,Ut • 398,614 298,588 368,642 29 ,972 1.8% 24 Printing 50,391 58,610 82,457 (32,066) 0.4% 25 Other Services 18,080,553 18,228,700 18,294,165 (213,612) 87.9% 26 Supp. & Mat. 47,300 39,164 40,585 6,715 0.2% 31 Equipment 105,050 33,121 57 ,849 47,201 0.3% 80 Working Capital 146,825 -0- -0- 146,825 Fund Payment Reserve 113,669 -0- 313,306 (199,637) 1.5% TOTAL $20,800,000 $20,230,017 $20,800,000 -0-

U. S. Pavilion staff gather for final staff meeting on Closing Day. 83 Appendix 17 (Sample Schedule of Events)

Daily Schedule of Events for Wednesday, June 16, 1982 10:15 a.m. Motorcade carrying Australian government dignitaries arrives at Pavilion service-gate. Party proceeds directly to Tennessee Amphitheatre. 10:30 a.m. Camp Chattooga Gymnastics on West Plaza. 11 :00 a.m. Mr. L. W. Zinski and party arrive for a tour of the Pavilion. They should be directed to the VIP lounge, and given a tour by press aide. 12:00 noon - BYU Young Ambassadors on West Plaza. 1 :00 p.m. Mr. Jim Welch and a party of 4 arrive for a tour of the Pavilion. They should be directed to the 6th floor. 2:00 p.m. BYU Young Ambassadors on West Plaza. 2:00 p.m. Mr. Gene Heller and a party of 4 arrive to tour U.S. Pavilion. They are with the Grumman Corp. 2:30 p.m. Limousine pick-up. USA will be dispatched to Island Airport to meet Alabama Space and Rocket officials. 2:40 p.m. Commissioner General Joe Rodgers, Mrs. Rodgers, and Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Grawert arrive at Island Airport. USA-1 will be dispatched with special driver to meet. 3:00 p.m. Mr. Brookhart and a party of 18 from Rotary International will arrive for a tour, and a visit to the VIP lounge. 3:00 p.m. BYU Young Ambassadors on West Plaza. 4:00 p.m . BYU Young Ambassadors on West Plaza. 7:00 p.m. Camp Chattooga Gymnastics on West Plaza. Carol and Tom Barnette will also be arriving today for a tour. They should be directed to the VIP lounge.

Appendix 18

Pre-Fair Chronological Summary 1976 Aug 28 U.S. Department of Commerce endorses Expo '82 plan. Nov 28 The BIE accepts KIEE 's plan for World 's Fair in Knoxville in 1982. Dec Consultants contracted to prepare Environmental Impact Statement for Knoxville exposition. 1977 Mar 25 Application for Expo '82 in Knoxville approved by DOC and forwarded to the president by the Secretary of Commerce. March 15 Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) published. Apr 26 President recognizes Expo '82 as being in the National Interest. Apr 27 BIE gives official date approval and registers Expo '82.

84 May/ June lnteragency Working Group (IAWG) formed . Aug 26 Contractor selected to develop U.S . Pavilion theme. Sept 2 Architectural firm selected to assist with selection of design team. 1978 Feb 15 Consultants complete theme development statement for U.S. Pavilion . Mar 10 Department of Energy approves theme for Federal Pavilion. June 1 Expositions Staff reestimates budget for U.S. Pavilion and Commissioner General. Nov 1 DOC team meets in Knoxville with BIE President and French delegate to review documents required by BIE, also review project's financial status and plans. Progress sufficient for recommendation from Secretary to President for issuance of invitations Proclamation. Dec 1 President issues invitations to foreign nations to participate in Expo '82. Dec 12 U.S. Pavilion Design solicited by advertisement in Commerce Business Daily. Dec 29 Public Lavy 96-169 was enacted to provide for United States participation in the Knoxville International Energy Exposition in Knoxville, Tennessee in 1~82. This law authorized the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to appoint a Commissioner General of the United States for Energy Expo '82. It also provided for the Secretary of Commerce to designate a Commissioner General of Section, who would serve as the Director of the United States Pavilion. 1979 Feb 2 Five finalists for U.S. Pavilion design chosen by Architect/Engineer Evaluation Board. May 2 An eleven-member inter-agency design and architect selection board appointed. May 11 DOC/OBPA budget of $24.3 million for Federal participation in Expo '82 sent to 0MB. June 11 Supplement to the FEIS completed by consultant and comments invited. June 28 Selection of U.S. Pavilion architect, exhibit designer, and film producer. Aug 9 Comments and responses to FEIS published by consultant. Aug 17 President signs U.S. Participation Plan for Expo '82 . Aug 27 U.S . Participation Plan in Expo '82 submitted to Congress. Aug 28 President publicly announces U.S. Participation Plan in Expo '82.

1980 Feb 1 Letter agreement signed with architect of Pavilion for continuing preliminary design work. July 8 Public Law 96-304 enacted, authorizing $20,800,000 for designing, constructing and operating a Federal Pavilion in the Knoxville International Energy Exposition. July 29 Appropriation approved. Aug 1 Letter contract sign for IMAX film producer. Aug 29 Real estate closing for U.S. Pavilion site in Knoxville. Sept 2 Letter contract signed with exhibit designer.

85 Sept 5 Title to land for United States Pavilion cleared and transferred. Signing of indemnity agreement with KIEE, and the City of Knoxville, and Knoxville's Community Development Corporation. Oct 20 Letter contract signed for construction management. Oct 23 Groundbreaking for United States Pavilion. 1981 June 18 Fixed price contract signed with film producer for the production of an IMAX film for $1,225,000. Aug 18 Pre-bid meeting with potential exhibit fabricators. Sept 10 Exhibit fabrication bid deadline. Oct 22 U.S. Pavilion Topping Out Ceremony. Nov 2 Contract for exhibit fabrication signed for $1,079,000 for 80% of exhibit fabrication.

86 Photo court esy of Preston G. Haag , Jr. All U.S. Pavilion staff contributed to this report, which was organized and compiled by Allen E. Beach and Anita Grinvalds, assisted by Shirley Gray and Sharon Wells.

1 lI