ederlandstalige Postbus 394 ¡ 1740 AJ Schagen EX ¢ The Netherlands ebruikersgroep [email protected]
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MAPS '94 Special Edition Reprint from UKTUG Baskerville Vol. 4 No. 6 Nederlandstalige TEX Gebruikersgroup (NTG)
Voorzitter: J.L. Braams, Internet: [email protected] Secretaris: G.J.H. van Nes, ECN, Unit Faciliteiten, Petten. Internet: [email protected] Penningmeester: W. Dol, LEI-DLO, Den Haag. Internet: [email protected] Bestuursleden: E.H.M. Frambach, F. Goddijn RUG, Econometrie, Groningen. Internet: [email protected] Internet: [email protected] Postadres: Nederlandstalige TEX Gebruikersgroep, Postbus 394, 1740 AJ Schagen. Postgiro: 1306238, 000-1662209-17, t.n.v. Penningmeester NTG, t.n.v. Ph. Vanoverbeke (NTG) Eindhoven Langenhoekstraat 28, B-8210 Veldegem, BelgieÈ E-mail bestuur: [email protected]
¢¡¤£ is een, door professor Donald E. Knuth ontwikkelde, `opmaaktaal' voor het letterzetten van documenten, een documentopmaaksysteem. Met TEX is het mogelijk om kwalitatief hoogstaand drukwerk te vervaardigen. Het is eveneens zeer geschikt voor formules in mathematische teksten. Er is een aantal op TEX gebaseerde produkten, waarmee ook de logische struktuur van een document beschreven kan wor- den, met behoud van de letterzet-mogelijkheden van TEX. Voorbeelden zijn LATEX van Leslie Lamport en ¥§¦©¨ -TEX van Michael Spivak.
De Nederlandstalige TEX Gebruikersgroep (NTG) is een vereniging die tot doel heeft het bevorderen van de kennis en het gebruik van TEX. De NTG tracht dat te bereiken door het uitwisselen van informatie, het organiseren van congressen en symposia m.b.t. TEX en `TEX- produkten', en door het onderzoeken en vergelijken van TEX met soortgelijke/aanverwante produkten.
De NTG biedt haar leden ondermeer het volgende:
Tweemaal per jaar een NTG-bijeenkomst. De discussielijst TEX-NL waarop vragen gesteld worden. Tweemaal per jaar het uitgebreide NTG tijdschrift: MAPS Ook worden er via deze listserver ervaringen uitgewisseld. (Minutes and APpendiceS). De ®leserver TEX-NL waarop algemeen te gebruiken `TEX- Speciale MAPS uitgaven (o.a. TEX cursusmateriaal en PR set). produkten' staan. De meeste van deze TEX-produkten De 4allTEX CD-ROM met een volledige en direct te gebruiken zijn, tegen geringe vergoeding, ook op diskette verkrijg- TEX DOS/Windows/OS-2/Linux implementatie inclusief een baar. Daaronder valt ook de 4allTEX distributie set: een ge- zeer uitgebreide verzameling van utilities. De CD-ROM bevat bruiksvriendelijke en `volledige' LATEX/TEX implementatie ruim 150 Mbyte aan documentatie, inclusief discussielijsten voor MS-DOS systemen. van vele jaren, alle MAPS uitgaven, en zeer veel tutorials. Het NTG FGBBS Bulletin Board met ruim 800 MByte aan Korting op (buitenlandse) TEX congressen en cursussen, en op TEX en aanverwante software. het lidmaatschap van TUG. Aktiviteiten in werkgroepen. Enkele belangrijke werk- Eenmaal per jaar een ledenlijst met per lid informatie welke groepen zijn: `Nederlandse TEX', `PC's en TEX', `educatie' software en welke hardware, in relatie met TEX, wordt ge- (cursussen), en `communicatie'. bruikt.
Lid worden kan door overmaking aan de penningmeester van het verschuldigde contributie bedrag. Daarnaast dient een informatiefor-
mulier te worden ingevuld, welke laatste via het secretariaat te verkrijgen is.
De contributie voor een persoonlijk lidmaatschap bedraagt 90,±, de contributie voor een instituutslidmaatschap bedraagt 245,±. Een instituuts- lidmaatschap geeft het recht om drie personen aan te wijzen die informatie welke aan de leden wordt verstuurd, ontvangen. Van die drie personen dient
eÂen persoon te worden aangewezen als rechtsgeldige vertegenwoordiger van het bedrijf/instituut, een ander als vervangend vertegenwoordiger. Indien meer leden per bedrijf/instituut lid willen worden, geldt als additioneel tarief 65,± per persoon. Voor studenten geldt eveneens een tarief van 60,±
(geen stemrecht; bewijs van inschrijving vereist). Voor afwijkende regelingen dient contact met het bestuur opgenomen te worden. Een gecombineerd
NTG/TUG lidmaatschap voor 1994 bedraagt 167,50 per jaar (i.p.v. 90,- + $ 55). Belgische leden kunnen de lidmaatschapskosten van BF 1660 (individueel), BF 4520 (instituutslidmaatschap) of BF 3090 (NTG/TUG lidmaatschap) overmaken op de NTG Belgische postgiro te Veldegem (zie hierboven). B a s k e r v i l l e The Annals of the UK TEX Users' Group Guest Editor: Robin Fairbairns Vol. 4 No. 6 ISSN 1354±5930 February 1995 Articles may be submitted via electronic mail to baskerville@tex.ac.uk, or on MSDOS-compatible discs, to Sebastian Rahtz, Elsevier Science Ltd, The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB to whom any correspondence con- cerning Baskerville should also be addressed. Guidelines for submission of articles may be obtained from the Editor. Please send UKTUG subscriptions, and book or software orders, to Peter Abbott, 1 Eymore Close, Selly Oak, Birmingham B29 4LB. Fax/telephone: 0121 476 2159. Email enquiries about UKTUG to [email protected].
Editorial edition could include inserting it into a `new members pack', publishing updated questions, and possibly republishing the This is the ®rst edition of Baskerville entirely devoted to a whole thing. single topic. It arose from discussion within your committee This edition of Baskerville was processed using a testing A of what we might reasonably do which helps our members, copy of the December 1994 release of LTEX 2 , but none of but which isn't already done elsewhere. We hope it will prove the answers to questions assume that that version is available useful to you. We would welcome comments on the utility or (it's scheduled for public release in the middle of December). otherwise of the article, and on ways it could be improved; This edition was printed in Cambridge on a Xerox Docuprint, letters to the editor are always welcome. Future uses of this in Monotype Baskerville.
The New TEX FAQ: Your 100 Questions Answered
A Contents 26 Documented LTEX sources (.dtx ®les) ¡ 7
E Acquiring the Software ¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡ 8 ¡¢¡£¡¢¡
A Introduction ¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡ 2 27 Repositories of TEX material 8 ¡£¡¢¡
B The Background ¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡ 3 28 Contributing a ®le to the archives 8 ¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡
1 What is TEX? ¡¢¡£¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡ 3 29 Finding new fonts 8 ¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡£¡¢¡
2 How should I pronounce ªTEXº? ¡£¡¢¡ 3 30 TEX CD-ROMs 8
¤¦¥¨§ © § ¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡£¡¢¡ 3 What is ? ¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡ 3 F TEX Systems 8
A A ¡¢¡¢¡ 4 What is LTEX? ¡£¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡ 3 31 TEX/LTEX for different machines 8
A A ¡£¡¢¡¢¡ 5 How should I pronounce ªLTEXº? ªLTEX 2 º? 3 32 TEX-friendly editors and shells 9
A ¡¢¡¢¡
6 Should I use plain TEX or LTEX? ¡£¡¢¡ 3 33 Commercial TEX implementations 10 ¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡
7 What are the AMS packages ( -TEX, etc.)? 3 G DVI Drivers and Previewers 11
¡
¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡
8 What is L -TEX? 4 34 DVI to PostScript conversion programs 11 ¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡
9 What is Eplain? ¡£¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡ 4 35 DVI drivers for HP LaserJet 11 ¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡
10 What is Lollipop? ¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡ 4 36 DVI previewers 11 ¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡£¡¢¡
11 What is Texinfo? ¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡ 4 H Support Packages for TEX 11 ¡¢¡ 12 If TEX is so good, how come it's free? ¡¢¡ 4 37 Fig, a TEX-friendly drawing package 11
A ¡
13 What is the future of TEX? ¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡ 4 38 TEXCAD, a drawing package for LTEX 11 ¡¢¡ 14 What are TUG and TUGboat? ¡£¡¢¡¢¡ 4 39 Spelling checkers for work with TEX 12
15 Are there nationally-based user groups, too? 5 40 The VORTEX package ¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡£¡¢¡ 12 ¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡
16 TUG Technical Working Groups ¡¢¡¢¡ 5 I Literate programming 12 ¡£¡¢¡¢¡ C Documentation and Help ¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡ 5 41 What is Literate Programming? 12
17 Books on TEX and its relations ¡£¡¢¡¢¡ 5 42 WEB for C, FORTRAN, and other languages 12 ¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡ 18 Where to ®nd this article ¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡ 6 J Format conversions 12
A ¡ 19 Mailing lists about TEX and its friends ¡¢¡ 6 43 Conversion between TEX/LTEX and others 12 A
20 BIBTEX Documentation ¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡ 6 44 Conversion from TEX/LTEX to plain ASCII 13 ¡ 21 The PICTEX manual ¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡ 6 45 Conversion from HTML or SGML to TEX 13
A ¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡
22 Finding TEX/LTEX macro packages ¡£¡¢¡ 7 46 Conversion to HTML 13 §
A ¤¦¥¨§¨©
¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡£¡¢¡ ¡£¡¢¡
23 Finding LTEX 2 -related packages 7 K 13
¤¦¥¨§¨© § ¡
D Bits and pieces of TEX ¡£¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡ 7 47 Getting to do what you want 13 ¡£¡¢¡¢¡
24 Virtual fonts ¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡ 7 48 Which font ®les should be kept 14 ¡£¡¢¡ 25 `special' commands ¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡ 7 49 Getting bitmaps from the archives 14 ±1±
The New TEX FAQ ¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡
L PostScript and TEX ¡¢¡£¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡ 14 O Things are Going Wrong... 20 ¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡
50 Using PostScript fonts with TEX ¡£¡¢¡ 14 76 Weird hyphenation of words 20 ¡£¡¢¡¢¡
51 Previewing ®les using PostScript fonts ¡¢¡ 15 77 (Merely) peculiar hyphenation 20 ¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡£¡¢¡ 52 TEX font metric ®les for PostScript fonts ¡ 15 78 Enlarging TEX 20
A ¡£¡¢¡ 53 Problems using PostScript fonts ¡¢¡£¡¢¡ 15 79 Moving tables and ®gures in LTEX 20 A 54 Choice of scalable outline fonts ¡£¡¢¡¢¡ 16 80 \pagestyle{empty} on ®rst page in LTEX 21
A ¡£¡¢¡ 55 Including a PostScript ®gure in LTEX ¡¢¡ 17 81 Odd behaviour of \rm, \bf, etc. 21 A M Special sorts of typesetting ¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡ 17 82 Old LTEX font references such as \tenrm 21
A ¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡ 56 Double-spaced documents in LTEX ¡£¡¢¡ 17 83 Missing symbols 21
A A ¡¢¡¢¡ 57 Formatting a thesis in LTEX ¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡ 17 84 LTEX gets cross-references wrong 21
A ¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡ 58 Including a ®le in verbatim in LTEX ¡¢¡ 17 85 \@ and @ in macro names 21
A ¡¢¡¢¡
59 Generating an index in TEX/LTEX ¡£¡¢¡ 17 86 Where are the msx and msy fonts? 22 ¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡
60 Using BIBTEX with plain TEX ¡£¡¢¡ 17 87 Where are the am fonts? 22 ¡£¡¢¡£¡¢¡ 61 Typesetting music in TEX ¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡ 17 88 `String too long' in BIBTEX 22
A ¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡ 62 Drawing Feynman diagrams in LTEX ¡¢¡ 18 P Why does it do that? 22
A ¡
N How do I do X in TEX or LTEX ¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡ 18 89 Why does it ignore paragraph parameters? 22 ¡£¡¢¡
63 Proof environment ¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡ 18 90 What's the reason for `protection'? 22 ¡¢¡
64 Symbols for the number sets ¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡ 18 91 Why doesn't \verb work within...? 23 ¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡
65 Roman theorems ¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡ 18 92 Case-changing oddities 23 ¡¢¡ 66 Labels on lists ¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡ 18 93 Why are # signs doubled in macros? 23
67 Unnumbered sections in the Table of Contents 18 Q Recent Developments ¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡ 23 ¡ 68 Style of section headings ¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡ 19 94 The New Font Selection Scheme (NFSS) 23
A A
¡£¡¢¡ 69 Indent after section headings ¡£¡¢¡¢¡ 19 95 LTEX 2 (the new standard LTEX) 23
A A ¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡£¡¢¡ 70 Changing the margins in LTEX ¡¢¡£¡¢¡ 19 96 The LTEX3 project 24 A 71 Insisting on changing the margins in LTEX 19 97 Using TEX to typeset from SGML ®les ¡¢¡ 24
72 Finding the width of a letter, word, or phrase 19 98 The Omega project ¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡ 24
¡£¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡£¡¢¡ 73 Excluding blocks of text from the .dvi ®le 19 99 The ¢¡ project 24
A ¡¢¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡
74 De®ning a new log-like function in LTEX ¡ 20 R Perhaps There isn't an Answer 24 ¡¢¡£¡¢¡¢¡ 75 Typesetting all those TEX-related logos ¡¢¡ 20 100 What to do if you ®nd a bug 24 ❧ ❧ ❧ ❧ ❧ ❧ ❧ ❧ ❧ ❧ ❧ ❧ ❧ ❧ ❧ ❧ ❧ ❧ ❧ ❧ ❧ ❧ ❧ ❧ ❧ ❧ ❧ ❧ ❧ A Introduction World-Wide Web, via URL http://www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/cgi-bin/ This article was prepared by the Committee of the UK T X
E texfaq2html?introduction=yes ¥ Users Group (UK TUG) £ as a development of a regular We have rearranged Bobby's article quite a lot, and have comp.text.tex posting to the Usenet newsgroup that added new questions and answers on the basis of our expe- has been maintained for some time by Bobby Bodenheimer rience of answering questions about TEX, writing documents ([email protected]). in TEX, and developing macros for TEX, over the years. We Usenet is a mechanism for exchanging articles between have also pruned it to take account of the changes that have
people who share interests or needs ¤ ; a newsgroup is an area happened in the world of TEX since Bobby ®rst started. within Usenet carrying a particular class of articles. Since a The committee is grateful for help and advice, from the common sort of article asks for help, advice or information, following outside its number: Barbara Beeton, Karl Berry, and since certain of these questions are regularly repeated (of- Damian Cugley, Michael Downes, Berthold Horn, Werner ten with monotonous regularity), some public-spirited souls Icking, Ted Nieland, Pat Rau, Joachim Schrod, Philip Taylor, took to writing articles which listed ªFrequently Asked Ques- Ulrik Vieth, Rick Zaccone and Reinhard Zierke. tionsº and answers to them. Many members of UK TUG do not have access to Usenet, but could be expected to value the Finding the Files answers about TEX that have accumulated over the years; so Unless otherwise speci®ed, all ®les mentioned in this article we decided to update the list and publish it in Baskerville; we are available from a CTAN archive, or from one of their mir- are grateful to Bobby for his permission to use his article in rors. Question 27 gives details of the CTAN archives, and this way. As a quid pro quo, we are making the source of the how to retrieve ®les from them. If you don't have access to article freely available, and it can be compiled by anyone who the internet, question 30 tells you of sources of CD-ROMs A runs a production LTEX 2 (see question 95), and has the re- that offer snapshots of the archives. quired fonts. It is the committee's hope that it will also be pos- The reader should also note that the ®rst directory name of sible for the content of this article to feed back to the world- the path name of every ®le on CTAN has been elided from wide TEX community via Bobby's regular posting. what follows, for the simple reason that it's always the same
In addition, a translation of the article is available on the (tex-archive/). ¦ For 1993-94: Peter Abbott, Rosemary Bailey, Malcolm Clark, Robin Fairbairns, Jonathan Fine, Carol Hewlett, Alan Jeffrey, Sebastian Rahtz, and Chris Row-
ley; in addition, for 1994±95, David Carlisle § Usenet, as its name implies, is a means of using some sort of network; in the earliest days the network was made by stringing together a series of telephone
lines, but nowadays Usenet is most often carried over the Internet ¨ This is a temporary URL; a ®nal home for the document is to be provided in due course ±2± The New TEX FAQ
A To avoid confusion, we've elided the full stop from the 4 What is LTEX? end of any sentence whose last item is a path name (note that LATEX is a TEX macro package, written by Leslie Lamport, such sentences only occur at the end of paragraphs). Though that provides a document processing system. LATEX allows the path names are set in a different font from running text, markup to describe the structure of a document, so that the it's not easy to distinguish the font of a single dot! user need not think about presentation. By using document classes and add-on packages, the same document can be pro- B The Background duced in a variety of different layouts. Lamport says that LAT X ªrepresents a balance between 1 What is TEX? E functionality and ease of useº. This shows itself as a continual TEX is a typesetting system written by Donald E. Knuth, who con¯ict that leads to the need for such as the present article: says in the Preface to his book on TEX (see question 17) that it is ªintended for the creation of beautiful booksÐand espe- LATEX can meet most user requirements, but ®nding out how cially for books that contain a lot of mathematicsº. is often tricky. Knuth developed a system of `literate programming' to A A 5 How should I pronounce ªLTEXº? ªLTEX 2 º? write TEX, and he provides the literate (WEB) source of TEX free of charge, together with tools for processing the web Lamport never recommended how one should pronounce source into something that can be compiled and something LATEX, but a lot of people pronounce it `Lay TEX' or perhaps that can be printed; there's never any mystery about what TEX `Lah TEX' (with TEX pronounced as the program itself; see does. Furthermore, the WEB system provides mechanisms to question 2). A port TEX to new operating systems and computers; in order The `epsilon' in `LTEX 2 ' is supposed to be suggestive of that one may have some con®dence in the ports, Knuth sup- a small improvement over the old LATEX 2.09. Nevertheless, plied a test by means of which one may judge the ®delity of most people pronounce the name as `LATEX-two-ee'. a T X system. T X and its documents are therefore highly E E A portable. 6 Should I use plain TEX or LTEX? TEX is a macro processor, and offers its users a powerful There's no straightforward answer to this question. Many programming capability. For this reason, TEX on its own is a people swear by plain TEX, and produce highly respectable pretty dif®cult beast to deal with, so Knuth provided a pack- documents using it (Knuth is an example of this, of course). age of macros for use with TEX called plain TEX; plain But equally, many people are happy to let someone else take TEX is effectively the minimum set of macros one can use- the design decisions for them, accepting a small loss of ¯ex- fully employ with TEX, together with some demonstration ibility in exchange for a saving of brain power. versions of higher-level commands (the latter are better re- The arguments around this topic can provoke huge garded as models than used as-is). When people say they're amounts of noise and heat, without offering much by way ªprogramming in TEXº, they usually mean they're program- of light; your best bet is to ®nd out what those around you ming in plain TEX. are using, and to go with the crowd. Later on, you can always switch your allegiance; don't bother about it. 2 How should I pronounce ªT Xº? E If you are preparing a manuscript for a publisher or journal,
The `X' stands for the Greek letter Chi (¡ ), and is pronounced ask them what markup they want before you develop your by English-speakers either a bit like the `ch' in `loch' ([x] in own; many big publishers have developed their own LATEX
the IPA) or like `k'. It de®nitely is not pronounced `ks'. styles for journals and books, and insist that authors stick ¨¥
3 What is ¢¤£¦¥¨§ © ? closely to their markup.
¤¦¥ § © §
was written by Knuth as a companion to TEX; ¤¦¥¨§¨©
7 What are the AMS packages ( -T X, etc.)?
whereas TEX de®nes the layout of glyphs on a page, - E
§
de®nes the shapes of the glyphs and the relations -TEX is a TEX macro package, originally written by § between them. ¤¦¥¨§¨© details the sizes of glyphs, for Michael Spivak for the American Mathematical Society TEX's bene®t, and details the rasters used to represent the (AMS) during 1983±1985. It is described in The Joy of TEX glyphs, for the bene®t of programs that will produce printed by Michael D. Spivak (second edition, AMS, 1990, ISBN 0-
output as post processes after a run of TEX. 821-82997-1). It is based on plain TEX, but provides many § ¤¦¥¨§¨© 's language for de®ning fonts permits the ex- features for producing more professional-looking maths for- pression of several classes of things: ®rst (of course), the sim- mulas with less burden on authors. It pays attention to the ple geometry of the glyphs; second, the properties of the print ®ner details of sizing and positioning that mathematical pub- engine for which the output is intended; and third, `meta'- lishers care about. The aspects covered include multi-line dis- information which can distinguish different design sizes of played equations, equation numbering, ellipsis dots, matri- the same font, or the difference between two fonts that belong ces, double accents, multi-line subscripts, syntax checking to the same (or related) families. (faster processing on initial error-checking TEX runs), and
Knuth (and others) have designed a fair range of fonts us- other things.
¤¦¥¨§¨© § ¤¦¥¨§¨© § ing , but font design using is much As LATEX increased in popularity, authors asked to sub- more of a minority skill than is TEX macro-writing. The com- mit papers to the AMS in LATEX, and so the AMS developed
¤¦¥¨§ © A A
plete TEX-user nevertheless needs to be aware of - -LTEX, which is a collection of LTEX packages and
§ ¤¦¥¨§ © §
, and to be able to run to generate personal classes that offer authors most of the functionality of -
copies of new fonts. TEX. `Full stop' (British English)==`period' (American English) ±3±
The New TEX FAQ
8 What is L -TEX? help and the other for a typeset manual, you need write only
L -TEX was Michael Spivak's fusion of -TEX and one document source ®le. When the work is revised, you need LATEX. Its strong points are: only revise one document. You can read the on-line informa-
a commutative diagram package that produces very pleas- tion, known as an ªInfo ®leº, with an Info documentation- ing output; reading program. By convention, Texinfo source ®le names a separate program dvipaste for producing complex tables end with a .texi or .texinfo extension. You can write separately from the main document (thus avoiding prob- and format Texinfo ®les into Info ®les within GNU emacs, and read them using the emacs Info reader. If you do not lems from exceeding TEX's main memory capacity); and extensive control at the user level over the formatting of have emacs, you can format Texinfo ®les into Info ®les us- automatically-generated numbers. ing makeinfo and read them using info. A set of T X macros for formatting Texinfo ®les are avail-
A E
However, -LTEX had come out by the time L - able in macros/texinfo/texinfo.tex
TEX was released, so that L -TEX never really caught on. 9 What is Eplain? 12 If TEX is so good, how come it's free? The Eplain macro package expands on and extends the def- It's free because Knuth chose to make it so. He is neverthe- initions in plain TEX. Eplain is not intended to provide less apparently happy that others should earn money by sell- ªgeneric typesetting capabilitiesº, as do LATEX or Texinfo (see ing TEX-based services and products. While several valuable question 11). Instead, it provides de®nitions that are intended TEX-related tools and packages are offered subject to restric- to be useful regardless of the high-level commands that you tions imposed by the GNU General Public Licence (`Copy- use when you actually prepare your manuscript. left'), TEX itself is not subject to Copyleft. For example, Eplain does not have a command There are commercial versions of TEX available; for some \section, which would format section headings in an ªap- users, it's reassuring to have paid support. What is more, propriateº way, as LATEX's \section. The philosophy of some of the commercial implementations have features that Eplain is that some people will always need or want to go be- are not available in free versions. (The reverse is also true: yond the macro designer's idea of ªappropriateº. Such canned some free implementations have features not available com- macros are ®ne Ð as long as you are willing to accept the re- mercially). sulting output. If you don't like the results, or if you are trying Usually, this article does not describe commercial versions. to match a different format, you are out of luck. Question 33 lists the major vendors. On the other hand, almost everyone would like capabilities such as cross-referencing by labels, so that you don't have to 13 What is the future of TEX? put actual page numbers in the manuscript. Karl Berry, the au- Knuth has declared that he will do no further development thor of Eplain, says he is not aware of any generally available of TEX; he will continue to ®x any bugs that are reported to macro packages that do not force their typographic style on an him (though bugs are rare). This decision was made soon af- author, and yet provide such capabilities. ter TEX version 3.0 was released; at each bug-®x release the version number acquires one more digit, so that it tends to the
10 What is Lollipop? ¡ limit ¡ . Knuth wants T X to be frozen at version when he Lollipop is a macro package written by Victor Eijkhout; it was E
dies; thereafter, no further changes may be made to Knuth's § used in the production of his book ªT X by Topicº (see ques- ¤¦¥¨§ © E source. (A similar rule is applied to ; its version tion 17). The manual says of it:
number tends to the limit ¢ .) Lollipop is `TEX made easy'. Lollipop is a macro There are projects (some of them long-term projects: see, package that functions as a toolbox for writing TEX for example, questions 96 and 97) to build substantial new macros. It was my intention to make macro writing macro packages based on TEX. For the even longer term, there so easy that implementing a fully new layout in TEX are various projects to build a successor to TEX; see ques- would become a matter of less than an hour for an av- tions 98 and 99. erage document, and that it would be a task that could be accomplished by someone with only a very basic 14 What are TUG and TUGboat?
training in TEX programming. TUG is the TEX Users Group. TUGboat is TUG's main ¤¦¥¨§¨©
Lollipop is an attempt to make structured text for- journal, containing useful articles about TEX and -
§ matting available for environments where previously . TUG also produces a newsletter for members (TEX only WYSIWYG packages could be used because and TUG News), organises a yearly conference, runs training adapting the layout is so much more easy with them courses, sells almost all TEX-related books, and distributes than with traditional TEX macro packages. TEX-related microcomputer software on disk. TUG has a The manual goes on to talk of ambitions to ªcapture some Technical Council to coordinate TEX-related developments of the LATEX market shareº; it's a very witty package, but lit- (see see question 16). Enquiries should be directed to: tle sign of it taking over from LAT X is detectable... An article E TEX Users Group about Lollipop appeared in TUGboat 13(3), 1992. P. O. Box 869 11 What is Texinfo? Santa Barbara, CA 93102-0869 Texinfo is a documentation system that uses one source ®le to USA produce both on-line information and printed output. So in- Tel: (+1) 805-963-1338 stead of writing two different documents, one for the on-line Fax: (+1) 805-963-8358 ±4± The New TEX FAQ
Email: [email protected] WG-92-03 Ð Multiple Language Coordination. CTAN details: usergrps/tug The primary purpose of this working group is to obtain, for T X systems, a consistent means for implementing, 15 Are there nationally-based user groups, too? E accessing, and describing, the fonts, ligature rules, hy- The following groups publish their membership (etc.) infor- phenation patterns and other special requirements for a mation electronically on CTAN archives: given linguistic group. DANTE, Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung Contact: Yannis Haralambous TEX e.V. ([email protected]) Postfach 10 18 40 WG-92-04 Ð TEX for the Disabled. D-69008 Heidelberg The primary purpose of this working group is as a forum Germany for those people interested in using and/or enhancing TEX Tel: (+49) 06221/2 97 66 to serve the needs of those with visual and other disabili- Fax: (+49) 06221/1679 06 ties. Email: [email protected] Contact: T.V. Raman ([email protected]) CTAN details: usergrps/dante WG-92-05 Ð TEX Archive Guidelines. GUTenberg, The purpose of this Technical Working Group is to de- BP 10, velop guidelines for the effective management and util- 93220 Gagny principal, isation of major TEX archives, and to initiate communi- France cation among the maintainers of the existing archives for the purpose of coordination and synchronisation. usergrps/gut CTAN details: Contact: George Greenwade ([email protected]) NTG WG-94-07 Ð TEX Directory Structures. Postbus 394, 1740AJ Schagen, The primary purpose of this TWG is to identify a univer- The Netherlands sal directory structure for macros, fonts and other related Email: [email protected] TEX software so that recommendations can be made to all CTAN details: usergrps/ntg suppliers of TEX software. Contact: Norm Walsh ([email protected]) UK T X Users' Group, E WG-94-08 Ð DVI Driver Implementation and c/o Peter Abbott, Standardisation Issues. 1 Eymore Close, The major objective shall be to study the issues in the re- Selly Oak, quirements of DVI Drivers imposed by changing needs Birmingham B29 4LB and technologies, and to make recommendations for im- UK plementation and standardisation of such drivers to en- Tel: (+44) 0121 476 2159 hance the uniformity of their use. Work will include, but Email: [email protected] not be limited to, the examination of the use, syntax, and CTAN details: usergrps/uktug semantics of \special{..} commands. A listing of all known groups is available as usergrps/ Contact: Michael Sofka ([email protected]) info/usergrps.tex WG-94-09 Ð TEX and SGML. The major objective is to investigate the requirements and 16 TUG Technical Working Groups dif®culties in developing an interface technology for T X TUG (see question 14) has an autonomous Technical Coun- E and SGML. cil which oversees a number of working groups on areas of Contact: Ken Dreyhaupt ([email protected]) common interest to the T X community. The Council has E WG-94-10 Ð T X and Linguistics. three members (current chair is Michael Ferguson, assisted by E The main goal is to study and discuss the requirements for Yannis Haralambous and Sebastian Rahtz), who liaise with typesetting linguistics in T X and as a means of identi- chair people of each working group. Each group establishes E fying, examining, testing, and comparing macros, fonts, its own working methods and membership, and anyone in- style ®les and other aids for typesetting linguistics. terested in taking part should contact the chair. Suggestions Contact: Christina Thiele for new groups should be addressed to Michael Ferguson ([email protected]) ([email protected]). A brief list of the active groups follows: C Documentation and Help WG-92-00 (IRP-TWG) Ð Independent Research Project TWG. 17 Books on TEX and its relations While Knuth's book is the de®nitive reference for T X, there To recognise and report to the TEX Board and the TEX E Community on important projects which are independent are other books covering TEX: of TUG but are of concern to the entire TEX Community. The TEXbook by Donald Knuth (Addison-Wesley, 1984, Contact: Alan Hoenig ([email protected]) ISBN 0-201-13447-0, paperback ISBN 0-201-13448-9) WG-92-01 Ð TEX Extended Mathematic Font Encoding. A Beginner's Book of TEX by Raymond Seroul and Silvio To create font encoding standards for Mathematical fonts Levy, (Springer Verlag, 1992, ISBN 0-387-97562-4) used in TEX systems. Introduction to TEX by Norbert Schwarz (Addison-Wesley, Contact: Barbara Beeton ([email protected]) 1989, ISBN 0-201-51141-X) ±5± The New TEX FAQ
A Plain TEX Primer by Malcolm Clark (Oxford University sage containing the lines ªSENDME FAQº to fileserv@ Press, 1993, ISBNs 0-198-53724-7 (hardback) and 0- shsu.edu. 198-53784-0 (paperback)) A version of the article may be browsed via the World- T X by Topic by Victor Eijkhout (Addison-Wesley, 1992, Wide Web, at URL http://www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/
E ISBN 0-201-56882-9) cgi-bin/texfaq2html?introduction=yes T X for the Beginner by Wynter Snow (Addison-Wesley, E 19 Mailing lists about T X and its friends 1992, ISBN 0-201-54799-6) E There are (still) people who can use networks but can't read T X for the Impatient by Paul W. Abrahams, Karl Berry and E Usenet news; for them, not all is lost if they can send and re- Kathryn A. Hargreaves (Addison-Wesley, 1990, ISBN 0- ceive email. 201-51375-7) The UKT X digest and the T Xhax digest are both oper- T X in Practice by Stephan von Bechtolsheim (Springer E E E ated as mailing lists. Send a message `subscribe uktex' Verlag, 1993, 4 volumes, ISBN 3-540-97296-X for the to [email protected], or `subscribe texhax' to set, or Vol. 1: 0-387-97595-0, Vol. 2: 0-387-97596-9, [email protected] to join them. Vol. 3: 0-387-97597-7, and Vol. 4: 0-387-97598-5) The (rather high volume) Usenet group comp.text. T X: Starting from 1 by Michael Doob (Springer Verlag, E tex is gatewayed to the info-tex mailing list; subscribe 1993, ISBN 3-540-56441-1) by sending a message For LATEX, see: `subscribe info-tex
are reported to be in preparation. btxdoc.tex, gives a more complete description. The LATEX § The list for ¤¦¥¨§¨© is rather short: Companion (see question 17) also has information on BIBTEX
IB
¦¥§ ¨¥© ¤ ¡£¢¥¤ and writing B TEX style ®les. The book by Donald Knuth (Addison Wesley, The document ªDesigning BIBTEX Stylesº, contained in 1986, ISBN 0-201-13445-4) the ®le btxhak.tex, explains the post®x stack-based A book covering a wide range of topics (including installation language used to write BIBTEX styles (.bst ®les). The and maintenance) is: ®le btxbst.doc is the template for the four standard styles (plain, abbrv, alpha, unsrt). It also contains Making T X Work by Norman Walsh (O'Reilly and Asso- E their documentation. The complete BIBT X documentation ciates, Inc, 1994, ISBN 1-56592-051-1) E set (including the ®les above) is in biblio/bibtex/ distribs/doc 18 Where to ®nd this article There is a Unix BIBTEX man page in the web2c package The article, on which the present one is based, is posted (see question 31). Throw away any copy you may ®nd of an monthly to newsgroup comp.text.tex and cross-posted obsolete man page written in 1985 before ªBIBT Xingº and to newsgroups news.answers and comp.answers. The E ªDesigning BIBT X Stylesº appeared. most recently posted copy of the article is at CTAN in info/ E TeX-FAQ; it is also archived at any site that archives news. 21 The PICTEX manual answers, such as rtfm.mit.edu (18.181.0.24), and this PICTEX is a set of macros for drawing diagrams and pictures. article is available there via anonymous ftp (in the direc- The macros are freely available in graphics/pictex; tory pub/usenet/news.answers/tex-faq). If you however, the PICTEX manual itself is not free. It is avail-
have access to email, but not to ftp, send an e-mail mes- able for $30 ($35 with the disk) from the TEX Users Group
That's `Starting from Square One'
This is a temporary URL; a ®nal home for the document is to be provided in due course ±6± The New TEX FAQ
(see question 14). The proceeds from the sales go to Michael mon use of virtual fonts is to remap PostScript fonts (see Wichura, the author of PICTEX, and to TUG. question 52) or to build `fake' maths fonts. It is important to realise that T X itself does not see virtual A E 22 Finding TEX/LTEX macro packages fonts; for every virtual font read by the dvi driver there is A Before you ask for a TEX macro or LTEX class or package ®le a corresponding tfm ®le read by TEX. Virtual fonts are nor- to do something, try searching the TEX macro index written mally created in a single ASCII vpl (Virtual Property List) by David M. Jones ([email protected]) ®le, which includes both sets of information. The vptovf pro- and available in help/Tex-index/TeX-index gram is then used to the create the binary tfm and vf ®les. The index is an excellent reference document with plenty The commonest way (nowadays) of generating vpl ®les is to of cross-references, but it is somewhat out of date. Until the use the fontinst package, which is described in detail in ques- present work to bring the index up to date is complete, you tion 52. fonts/utilities/qdtexvplis another utility are best advised to ignore any ®le location information in it; for creating ad-hoc virtual fonts. having learnt of a ®le that seems interesting, search a CTAN archive for it (see below for the simplest method). 25 `special' commands To use the searching features of the CTAN archives T X provides the means to express things that device drivers (see question 27), establish an anonymous ftp con- E can do, but about which T X itself knows nothing. For exam- nection to a CTAN site, and type the command E ple, T X itself knows nothing about how to include PostScript `quote site index
thing which is legal in a dvi ®le. In practice, the most com- need not be kept with the working system; however, for many ¡ In fact,
terial, and maintains authoritative versions of its material. 29 Finding new fonts § These collections are extensive; in particular, almost every- A comprehensive list of ¤¦¥¨§¨© fonts is posted to thing mentioned in this article is archived at the CTAN sites, comp.fonts and to comp.text.tex, roughly every six even if its location isn't explicitly stated. weeks, by Lee Quin ([email protected]); it is available as The CTAN sites are currently ftp.dante.de info/metafont-list (129.206.100.192), ftp.tex.ac.uk (128.232.1.87), The list contains details both of commercial fonts and of and ftp.shsu.edu (192.92.115.10). The organisation fonts available via anonymous ftp. Most of the fonts are of TEX ®les on all these sites is identical and starts at available via anonymous ftp from the CTAN archives (see tex-archive/. To reduce network load, please use the question 27). CTAN site or mirror closest to you. A complete and current list of CTAN sites and mirrors can be obtained by using the 30 TEX CD-ROMs ®nger utility on `user' [email protected]; it is If you don't have access to the Internet, you can get the CTAN also available as ®le CTAN.sites collections on a CD-ROM. Even those who do will ®nd it To ®nd software at a CTAN site, use anonymous very convenient to have 600Mb of TEX-related ®les to hand. ftp to the host, and then execute the command Prime Time Freeware produced TEXcetera 1.1 in July 1994, `quote site index
Linux There are at least two fairly complete implemen- 32 TEX-friendly editors and shells tations of TEX to run on Linux. The Slackware distri- There are good TEX-writing environments and editors for bution includes NTEX (available as systems/unix/ most operating systems; some are described below, but this linux/ntex), which probably contains more TEX- is only a personal selection: related material than you would ever want. The more Unix Try GNU emacs, and the AUCTEX mode (support/ recent teTEX (available as systems/unix/linux/ auctex). This provides menu items and control se- teTeX) is based on Karl Berry's path-searching mech- quences for common constructs, checks syntax, lays out anisms, and is more compact than NT X while still being E markup nicely, lets you call TEX and drivers from within pretty comprehensive. the editor, and everything else like this that you can think PC The emTEX package for PCs running MS-DOS or OS/2 of. Complex, but very powerful. includes LAT X, BIBT X, previewers, and drivers, and is E E VMS An lsedit mode for editing TEX source is available available in systems/msdos/emtex as a series of from TUG (see question 14) as TEXniques 1, VAX disk images. The package was written by Eberhard Mat- Language-Sensitive Editor, by Kent MacPherson (1985). tes, and documentation is available in both German and MS-DOS There are several choices:
English. Windows users, or those wishing to run cur- The 4AllT X workbench (systems/msdos/ A E rent LTEX on machines with a 386 or better processor, 4alltex) provides a very comprehensive environ- systems/ should get the beta-test release of emTEX ( ment written in 4DOS (you need to pay a shareware msdos/emtex/betatest ), and the RSX memory ex- fee for this) which lets you access most T X-related systems/msdos/dpmigcc E tender ( ) software in a friendly way. You can choose your own A second package, gTEX, runs under MS-DOS or Win- editor; something such as QEdit or Brief is suitable. dows (and its users speak well of it). It is available from This whole package is available in easy-to-use form systems/msdos/gtex on CD-ROM from TEX user groups.
TUG (and some of the other user groups) offer all freely- TEXshell (systems/msdos/texshell) is a sim- available TEX software for the PC. A catalogue is avail- pler, easily-customisable environment, which can be able free from TUG (see question 14). used with the editor of your choice.
Mac OzT X is a shareware version of T X for the Macin- E E Eddi4TEX (systems/msdos/e4t) is a specially- tosh. A dvi previewer and PostScript driver are also in- written TEX editor which features intelligent colour- cluded. It should run on any Macintosh Plus, SE, II, or ing, bracket matching, syntax checking, online help newer model, but will not work on a 128K or 512K Mac. and the ability to call TEX programs from within the It was written by Andrew Trevorrow, and is available in editor. It is highly customisable, and features a power- systems/mac/oztex , or on ¯oppy disks from TUG ful macro language. (see question 14). UK TUG prepays the shareware fee, so You can also use GNU emacs and AUCT X under DOS. that members of UK TUG may acquire the software with- E Windows Your best public domain bet is probably to use Mi- out further payment. Questions about OzT X may be di- E croEmacs as an editor and control centre for T X pro- rected to [email protected] E grams. The gT X package (systems/msdos/gtex) Another partly shareware program is CMacT X (avail- E E comes with MicroEmacs ready to go, integrated with able as systems/mac/cmactex), put together by T X, previewer, dvips and GhostScript. Tom Kiffe. This is much closer to the Unix T X setup (it E E On a PC with large enough memory, a version of uses dvips, for instance). GNU emacs, that will run under Windows, is available; VMS T X for VMS is available as systems/vms/ E thus you can also use AUCT X under Windows. Alpha/tex_axp_exe.zip (for Alpha-based ma- E Y&Y's commercial (and high-quality) Windows pre- chines) or systems/vms/VAX/tex_vax_exe.zip viewer, dviwindo, can be used as a good T X shell, call- (for VAX machines). Standard tape distribution is through E ing programs such as T X, drivers, and editors (Y&Y sup- DECUS (see question 27). E ply the public domain PE, and recommend the commer- Atari T X is available for the Atari ST in systems/ E cial Epsilon) from customisable menus (see question 33 atari for details of Y&Y). If anonymous ftp is not available to you, send a mes- Scienti®c Word is a WYSIWYG editing program, strong on sage containing the line ªhelpº to atari@atari. maths, which uses LAT X for output (see question 33 for archive.umich.edu E contact address).
Amiga Full implementations of TEX 3.1 (PasTEX) and
§ © § ¤¦¥ OS/2 Eddi4T X works under OS/2; look also at systems/ systems/amiga E 2.7 are available in os2/epmtex for a speci®c OS/2 shell. You can also order a CD-ROM containing this and other Macintosh The commercial Textures provides an excellent Amiga software from Walnut Creek CDROM, telephone integrated Macintosh environment with its own editor. (+1) 510-947-5997. More powerful still (as an editor) is the shareware Alpha TOPS-20 TEX was originally written on a DEC-10 under (systems/mac/support/alpha) which is extensi- WAITS, and so was easily ported to TOPS-20. A distri- ble enough to let you perform almost any TEX-related job. bution that runs on TOPS-20 is available via anonymous It works well with OzTEX. ftp from ftp.math.utah.edu (128.110.198.34) in pub/tex/pub/web Atari, Amiga and NeXT users also have nice environ- ments. LATEX users who like `make' can ®nd help in, e.g., support/latexmk ±9± The New TEX FAQ
There is another set of shell programs to help you manipu- Tel: 800-742-4059 (within the USA) late BIBTEX databases. Tel: (+1) 508-371-3286 Fax: (+1) 508-371-2004 33 Commercial TEX implementations Source: AMS listing, November 1994 There are many commercial implementations of TEX. The pcT X Long-established: now has a Windows implementa- ®rst appeared not long after TEX itself appeared. Of the ven- E tion. dors, ArborText (formerly Textset) and Personal TEX are those who have survived longest (since the mid or early 80s). Personal TEX Inc What follows is probably an incomplete list. Naturally, no 12 Madrona Street warranty or ®tness for purpose is implied by the inclusion of Mill Valley, CA 94941 any vendor in this list. The source of the information is given USA to provide some clues to its currency. Fax: (+1) 415-388-8865 In general, a commercial implementation will come `com- Email: [email protected] plete', that is, with suitable previewers and printer drivers. Source: TUGboat, 1992, 13(2) They normally also have extensive documentation (i.e., not PC; VTEX Also ªBitmap-freeº. just the TEXbook!) and some sort of support service. In some cases this is a toll free number (probably applicable only MicroPress Inc within the USA and or Canada), but others also have email, 68-30 Harrow Street and normal telephone and fax support. Forest Hills, NY 11375 USA Unix; TEX Silicon Graphics Iris/Indigo, Solaris 2.1, IBM Tel: (+1) 718-575-1816 RS/6000, DEC/RISC-Ultrix, HP 9000. ªComplete TEX packages. Ready to use, fully documented and sup- Fax: (+1) 718-575-8038 ported.º Source: Resource Directory supplement to TUGboat ArborText Inc 1991, 12(12) 1000 Victors Way PC; microTEX MicroTEX and TEX tools. Suite 400 Micro Programs, Inc. Ann Arbor MI 48108 251 Jackson Ave. USA Syosset, NY 11791 Tel: (+1) 313-996-3566 USA Fax: (+1) 313-996-3573 Tel: (+1) 516-921-1351 Source: TUGboat, 1994, 15(1) Email: [email protected] VAX/VMS; Convergent TEX Complete system for Source: AMS listing, November 1994 VAX/VMS machines (a version for Alphas is in prepara- PC; Scienti®c Word Scienti®c Word and Scienti®c Work-
tion); includes LATEX, multinational typesetting support, place offer a mechanism for near-WYSIWYG input of
¤¦¥ § © § and Web. LATEX documents; they ship with TrueTEX from Kinch Northlake Software, Inc. (see above). Queries within the UK should be addressed 812 SW Washington, Ste 1100 to Scienti®c Word Ltd., others should be addressed di- Portland, OR 97201 rectly to the publisher, TCI. USA Dr Christopher Mabb Tel: (+1) 503-228-3383 Scienti®c Word Ltd. Fax: (+1) 503-228-5662 98 Pont Adam Email: [email protected] Ruabon Source: Email from Pat Rau, November 1994 Wrexham Clwyd, LL14 6EF PC; TurboTEX Runs on Windows, MS-DOS, OS/2, Unix UK and VAX/VMS; also TrueTEX for Windows 3.1, Win- dow NT and Windows 95. Tel: 01978 823088 (within the UK) The Kinch Computer Co. Fax: 01978 823066 (within the UK) 611 Mitchell Street Email: [email protected]. Ithaca, New York 14850 uk USA TCI Software Research Inc. Tel: (+1) 607-273-0222 1190 Foster Road Fax: (+1) 607-273-0484 Las Cruces Email: [email protected] New Mexico, 88001 Source: AMS listing, November 1994 USA PC; TEX ªBitmap free TEX for Windows.º Tel: (+1) 505-522-4600 Y&Y, Inc. Fax: (+1) 505-522-0116 45 Walden Street Email: [email protected] Concord MA 01742 Source: Mail from Christopher Mabb, November 1994 USA Macintosh; Textures ªA TEX system `for the rest of us' º; ±10±
The New TEX FAQ § also gives away a ¤¦¥¨§ © implementation and some code as his dvipsk (see question 34), is available in font manipulation tools. dviware/dviljk Blue Sky Research 36 DVI previewers 534 SW Third Avenue EmT X and gT X for the PC, and OzT X for the Macin- Portland, Oregon 97204 E E E tosh, all come with previewers that can be used on those USA platforms. There is a good OS/2 Presentation Manager pre- Tel: 800-622-8398 (within the USA) viewer in emTEX, and a public domain Windows previewer Tel: (+1) 503-222-9571 (dviware/dviwin). Commercial PC TEX packages (see Fax: (+1) 503-222-1643 question 33) have good DOS and Windows previewers. Email: [email protected] Previewers available for other operating systems include: Source: TUGboat, 1994, 15(1) xdvi The most widely used previewer for the X Window Sys- AmigaT X A full implementation for the Commodore E tem (and hence almost any Unix or modern VMS work- Amiga, including full, on-screen and printing support for station); available in dviware/xdvi all PostScript graphics and fonts, IFF raster graphics, au- Karl Berry's version of xdvi, called xdvik, has features tomatic font generation, and all of the standard macros analogous to his dvipsk (see question 34); it is available and utilities. in dviware/xdvik Radical Eye Software dvipage For SunView on (old enough) Sun workstations. PO Box 2081 This was published in volume 15 of comp.sources. Stanford, CA 94309 unix and is archived in dviware/dvipage USA xtex An older previewer for the X Window System; available Source: Mail from Tom Rokicki, November 1994 in dviware/seetex dviapollo For Apollo Domain workstations; available in G DVI Drivers and Previewers dviware/dviapollo dvidis For (old enough, VMS) VAXstations running VWS; 34 DVI to PostScript conversion programs available in dviware/dvidis The best public domain dvi to PostScript conversion pro- dvitovdu for Tektronix 4010-compatible and other termi- gram which runs under many operating systems is Tom Ro- nals under Unix and VMS; available as dviware/ kicki's dvips. dvips is written in C and ports easily to other dvitovdu operating systems; it is available as dviware/dvips dvi2tty A dvi to ASCII conversion program, for normal ter- VMS versions are available through the DECUS minals; available as dviware/dvi2tty library (see question 27), and also from CTAN: texsgi For SGI under Irix; both a binary and source are avail- systems/vms/Alpha/dvips555_axp_exe.zip able, but be sure to get the fonts as well. Available as (for Alpha-based machines), systems/vms/VAX/ dviware/texsgi dvips555_vax_exe.zip (for VAX machines); support ®les are available in H Support Packages for T X systems/vms/dvips555_support.zip, E A and a set of fonts for use with LTEX 2 are available in 37 Fig, a TEX-friendly drawing package systems/vms/dvips_fontsupport.zip (X)Fig is a menu driven tool that allows you to draw ob- A precompiled version for MS-DOS is available from jects on the screen of an X workstation. trans®g is a set of systems/msdos/dviware/dvips tools which translate the code ®g produces to other graph- Karl Berry's version of dvips (called dvipsk) has a con- ics languages including PostScript and the LATEX picture en- ®gure script and path searching code similar to that in his vironment. They are available in graphics/xfig and other programs (e.g., web2c); it is available from dviware/ graphics/transfig dvipsk Fig is supported by Micah Beck ([email protected]. Another good portable program is dvitops by James Clark, edu) and trans®g is maintained by Brian Smith (bvsmith@
which is also written in C and will compile under Unix, MS- lbl.gov). Another tool for ®g conversion is ®g2mf which § DOS, VMS, and Primos; however, it does not support virtual generates ¤¦¥¨§ © code from ®g input. It is available in fonts. It is available from dviware/dvitops graphics/fig2mf Macintosh users can use either the excellent drivers built 38 T XCAD, a drawing package for LAT X into OzTEX or Textures, or a port of dvips in the CMacTEX E E package. TEXCAD is a program for the PC which enables the user to draw diagrams on screen using a mouse or arrow keys, with 35 DVI drivers for HP LaserJet an on-screen menu of available picture-elements. Its output The emTEX package (see question 31) contains a driver for is code for the LATEX picture environment. Optionally, it can the LaserJet, dvihplj. be set to include lines at all angles using the emTEX driver- Version 2.10 of the Beebe drivers supports the LaserJet. family \specials (see question 25). TEXCAD is part of the These drivers will compile under Unix, VMS, and on the emTEX distribution. Atari ST and DEC-20's, and are available from dviware/ A Linux port of the program, systems/unix/linux/ beebe xtexcad-2.1.tar.z, is reported also to run on other Karl Berry's dviljk, which has the same path-searching Unix operating systems. ±11± The New TEX FAQ
39 Spelling checkers for work with TEX FunnelWeb is a version of WEB that is language indepen- For Unix, ispell is probably the program of choice. It is avail- dent. It is available in web/funnelweb able in support/ispell; beware of any version with a Other language independent versions of WEB are nuweb number 4.x Ð such versions represent a divergent version (which is written in ANSI C), available in web/nuweb, and of the source which lacks many useful facilities of the 3.x noweb, available in web/noweb series. For MS-DOS, there are several programs. amspell can J Format conversions be called from within an editor (available as support/ A amspell). jspell is an extended version of ispell (available 43 Conversion between TEX/LTEX and others as support/jspell). troff troff-to-latex For the Macintosh, Excalibur is the program of choice. (available as support/troff-to-latex), written It will run in native mode on both sorts of Macintosh, and by Kamal Al-Yahya at Stanford University (California, is available as systems/mac/support/excalibur/ USA), assists in the translation of a troff document into Excalibur-20-sea.hqx (there are other dictionaries in LATEX format. It recognises most -ms and -man macros, the same directory). plus most eqn and some tbl preprocessor commands. For VMS, a spell checker can be found in support/ Anything fancier needs to be done by hand. Two style vmspell ®les are provided. There is also a man page (which con- verts very well to LATEX...). The program is copyrighted 40 The VORTEX package but free. An enhanced version of this program, tr2latex, VORTEX (available in support/vortex) is a package of is available in support/tr2latex programs written at the University of California at Berkeley, The DECUS TEX distribution (see question 27) also con- and was described by Michael A. Harrison in ªNews from the tains a program which converts troff to TEX. VORTEX projectº in TUGboat 10(1), pp. 11±14, 1989. It in- Scribe Mark James ([email protected]) has a cludes several nice previewers and some emacs modes for copy of scribe2latex he has been unable to test but which TEX and BIBTEX. The VORTEX distribution is not maintained, he will let anyone interested have. The program was writ- and now looks distinctly long in the tooth (it was never up- ten by Van Jacobson of Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. graded to TEX version 3). WordPerfect wp2latex (available as support/ wp2latex) is a PC program written in Turbo Pascal by R. C. Houtepen at the Eindhoven University in the I Literate programming Netherlands. It converts WordPerfect 5.0 documents to 41 What is Literate Programming? LATEX. Pascal source is included. Users ®nd it ªhelpfulº Literate programming is the combination of documentation and ªdecentº in spite of some limitations. It gets high and source together in a fashion suited for reading by human marks for handling font changes, but cannot make in- beings. In general, literate programs combine source and doc- dices, tables of contents, margins or graphics, and can't umentation in a single ®le. Literate programming tools then handle features new in WordPerfect version 5.1, in partic- parse the ®le to produce either readable documentation or ular the equation formatter. The program is copyrighted compilable source. The WEB style of literate programming but free. was created by D. E. Knuth during the development of his Glenn Geers of the University of Sydney, Australia TEX typesetting software. ([email protected]) is translating Discussion of literate programming is conducted in the wp2latex into C and adding some WordPerfect 5.1 fea- newsgroup comp.programming.literate, which is tures, in particular its equation handling. His work is in gatewayed to the mailing list [email protected] (see the glenn subdirectory of support/wp2latex question 19 for details). The literate programming FAQ is PC-Write pcwritex.arc is available in support/ stored as help/LitProg-FAQ pcwritex This is a print driver for PC-Write that ªprintsº a PC- 42 WEB for C, FORTRAN, and other languages Write V2.71 document to a TEX-compatible disk ®le. It TEX is written in the programming language WEB; WEB is a was written by Peter Flynn at University College, Cork, tool to implement the concept of ªliterate programmingº. Republic of Ireland. CWEB, a WEB for C programs, written by Silvio Levy, is runoff Peter Vanroose's ([email protected]. available as web/c_cpp/cweb ac.be) conversion program is written in VMS Pascal. Spidery WEB supports many languages including Ada, The sources and a VAX executable are available from awk, and C. It was written by Norman Ramsey and, while not support/rnototex in the public domain, is usable free. It is available in web/ refer/tib There are a few programs for converting biblio- spiderweb graphic data between BIBTEX and refer/tib formats. They FWEB is a version for Fortran, Ratfor, and C written by are in biblio/bibtex/utils/refer-tools John Krommes. It is available in web/fweb In spite of the directory name, it also contains a shell SchemeWEB is a Unix ®lter that translates SchemeWEB script to convert BIBTEX to refer as well. The collection into LATEX source or Scheme source. It was written by John is not maintained. Ramsdell and is available in web/schemeweb RTF A program for converting Microsoft's Rich Text For- APLWEB is a version of WEB for APL and is available in mat to TEX is available in support/rtf2tex, which web/apl/aplweb was written and is maintained by Robert Lupton (rhl@ ±12± The New TEX FAQ
astro.princeton.edu). There is also a convertor to vides a mechanism whereby mathematics (and other things LATEX by Erwin Wechtl, in support/rtf2latex that browsers can't deal with) may be translated to images Microsoft Word A rudimentary program for convert- that can be loaded in-line into the hypertext document. ing MS-Word to LATEX is wd2latex, for MS-DOS (dviware/wd2latex); a better idea, however, is to K ¢¡¤£¦¥¨§¤© £
convert the document to RTF format and use one of the ¨¥
RTF converters mentioned above. 47 Getting ¢¤£¦¥¨§ © to do what you want §
¤¦¥¨§ © allows you to create your own fonts, and most § A group at Ohio State University (USA) is working on a ¤¦¥¨§¨© T X users will never need to use it. , unlike common document format based on SGML, with the ambi- E T X, requires some customisation: each output device for tion that any format could be translated to or from this one. E which you will be generating fonts needs a mode associated Framemaker provides ªimport ®ltersº to aid translation from
with it. Modes are de®ned using the mode_def convention
¦¥§ ¨¥© ¤ alien formats (presumably including T X) to Framemaker's ¡£¢¥¤ E described on page 94 of The book (see ques- own. tion 17). You will need a ®le, which conventionally called 44 Conversion from TEX/LATEX to plain ASCII local.mf, containing all the mode_defs you will be us- The aim here is to emulate the Unix nroff, which formats text ing. If local.mf doesn't already exist, Karl Berry's col- as best it can for the screen, from the same input as the Unix lection of modes, available as fonts/modes/modes.mf, typesetting program troff. is a good starting point (it can be used as a `local.mf'
Ralph Droms ([email protected]) has a style ®le without modi®cation in a `big enough' implementation of
¤¦¥¨§ © § and a program that provide the LATEX equivalent of nroff, ). Lists of settings for various output devices are though it doesn't do a good job with tables and mathemat- also published periodically in TUGboat (see question 14). ics. The software is available in support/txt;the origi- Now create a plain base ®le using inimf, plain.mf, and nal dvi2tty often does an acceptable job and is available in local.mf: dviware/dvi2tty % inimf Another possibility is to use screen.sty (available as This is METAFONT... macros/latex209/contrib/misc/screen.sty). **plain you type `plain' Use a dvi2tty program of some kind; you might try dviware/crudetype as well. Another possibility (output) is to use the LATEX-to-ASCII conversion program, l2a *input local you type this (support/l2a), although this is really more of a de- (output) TEXing program. *dump you type this The canonical de-TEXing program is detex (support/ Beginning to dump on ®le plain... detex), which removes all comments and control sequences (output) from its input before writing it to its output. Its original pur- pose was to prepare input for a dumb spelling checker. This will create a base ®le named plain.base (or some- 45 Conversion from HTML or SGML to TEX thing similar; for example, it will be PLAIN.BAS on MS- Nathan Torkington ([email protected]. DOS systems) which should be moved to the directory con- nz) developed html2latex from the HTML parser in NC- taining the base ®les on your system (note that some sys-
SA's Xmosaic package. The program takes an HTML ®le tems have two or more such directories, one for each `size'
¤¦¥¨§ © §
and generates a LATEX ®le from it. The conversion code is of used). §
subject NCSA restrictions, but the whole source is available Now you need to make sure ¤¦¥¨§¨© loads this new § as support/html2latex base when it starts up. If ¤¦¥¨§¨© loads the plain base Peter Flynn has developed a pcl program sgml2tex (for by default on your system, then you're ready to go. Under
PCs). It is controlled by a con®guration ®le, and an example Unix (using the default web2c distribution ) this does in- con®guration for translating HTML ®les is given. The pro- deed happen, but we could for instance de®ne a command mf gram is available in support/sgml2tex which executes virmf &plain loading the plain base
®le. § 46 Conversion to HTML The usual way to create a font with plain ¤¦¥¨§¨© is LATEX2HTML (support/latex2html) is a package to start it with the line (mostly of perl scripts) that breaks up a LAT X document into E \mode=
can be read over the World-Wide Web as an hypertext docu- § ment. in response to the `**' prompt or on the ¤¦¥¨§¨© com-
LATEX2HTML de®nes a mapping between LATEX intra- mand line. (If
¤¦¥¨§¨© § document references and hyperlinks, and extends the LATEX mode defaults to `proof' and will produce referencing mechanisms to permit reference to other (possi- an output ®le called .2602gf) The
bly remote) documents and other internet resources. It trans-
¡£¢¥¤ ¦ § ¨ © ¤ lates LATEX accented and other characters (as best it can) to step' (magsteps are de®ned in The book and The
things that World-Wide Web browsers can display, and pro- TEXbook). If mag=
ample, to create cmr10.300gf for an LN03 printer, using bitmap fonts at these sizes? There are two reasons: § the ®le 1. When a bitmap font is created with ¤¦¥¨§¨© , it needs % This is ln03.mf as of 2/27/90 to know the characteristics of the device; who knows what % mode_def courtesy of John Sauter 600 or 1270 dpi device you have? (Of course, this objec- proofing:=0; tion applies equally well to 300 dpi printers.) fontmaking:=1; 2. Bitmap fonts get big at high resolutions. Who knows what tracingtitles:=0; fonts at what sizes you need? pixels_per_inch:=300; It would be possible to provide some set of 1270 dpi bitmap blacker:=0.65; fonts in the archives, but it would take a lot of space, and fillin:=-0.1; might not be right for you.
o_correction:=.5; So what to do? You can build the fonts you need your-
¤¦¥¨§¨© § (note the absence of the mode_def and enddef com- self with : this isn't at all hard, and some
drivers help you (dvips, and the emTEX drivers) construct § mands), you would type ¤¦¥¨§¨©
the commands. You might need to look at Karl § mf \smode="ln03"; input cmr10 Berry's collection of ¤¦¥¨§¨© modes (fonts/modes/ This technique isn't one you should regularly use, but it may modes.mf). Alternatively, if it is a PostScript device you prove useful if you acquire a new printer and want to experi- have, consider using the fonts in Type 1 font format. You can ment with parameters, or for some other reason are regularly buy all the Computer Modern fonts in PostScript form from editing the parameters you're using. Once you've settled on Blue Sky Research or Y&Y (see question 33 for addresses), an appropriate set of parameters, you should use them to re- or you can use Basil Malyshev's public domain versions in build the base ®le that you use. fonts/cm/ps-type1 (the Paradissa collection is com- A summary of the above written by Geoffrey plete, but is gradually being replaced by the better BaKoMa
Tobin, and tips about common pitfalls in using collection).
§ © § ¤¦¥ , is available as documentation/ metafont_for_beginners.tex L PostScript and TEX
48 Which font ®les should be kept 50 Using PostScript fonts with TEX
¤¦¥ § © § produces from its run three ®les, a metrics Before you start: in order to use PostScript fonts, TEX needs (tfm) ®le, a generic font (gf) ®le, and a log ®le; all of these metric (called tfm) ®les. Several sets of metrics are avail- ®les have the same base name as does the input (e.g., if the able from the archives; for mechanisms for generating new input ®le was cmr10.mf, the outputs will be cmr10.tfm, ones, see question 52. You also need the fonts themselves;
cmr10.nnngf and cmr10.log). PostScript printers come with a set of fonts built in, but to ex- To operate TEX using the font, you need a tfm ®le, so you tend your repertoire you almost invariably need to buy from need to keep that. However, you are likely to want gener- one of the many commercial font vendors (see, for example, ate the same font at more than one magni®cation, and each question 54). A time you do so you'll (incidentally) generate another tfm If you use LTEX 2 , the best way to get PostScript fonts ®le; these ®les are all the same, and you only therefore need into your document is to use the PSNFSS package main- to retain one of them. tained by Sebastian Rahtz and Alan Jeffrey (available in To produce preview or printed output, the dvi processor macros/latex/packages/psnfss); it's supported by will need a font raster ®le; this is what the gf ®le provides. the LATEX3 project team, so bug reports can and should However, while there used (once upon a time) to be dvi pro- be submitted. PSNFSS gives you a set of packages for cessors that could use gf ®les, modern processors use packed changing the default roman, sans-serif and typewriter fonts; raster (pk) ®les. Therefore, you need to generate a pk ®le e.g., times.sty will set up Times Roman, Helvetica and from the gf ®le; the program gftopk does this for you, and Courier in place of Computer Modern, while avant.sty once you've done that you may throw the gf ®le away. just changes the sans-serif family to AvantGarde. To go with
The log ®le should never need to be used, unless there was these packages, you will need the font metric ®les (watch out § some sort of problem in the ¤¦¥¨§¨© run, and need not be for encoding problems! see question 52) and font descrip-
ordinarily kept. tion (.fd) ®les for each font family you want to use. These ¡ Note that the ®le name may be transmuted by such operating systems as MS-DOS, which don't permit long ®le names ±14± The New TEX FAQ can be obtained from fonts/metrics, arranged by ven- with this: either you change the TEX macros which reference dor (e.g., Adobe, Monotype, etc.). For convenience, metrics the characters (not much fun, and error-prone); or you change for the common `35' PostScript fonts found in most printers the encoding of the font (easier than you might think); or you are provided with PSNFSS, packaged as macros/latex/ use virtual fonts (see question 24) to pretend to TEX that the A packages/psnfss/lw35nfss.zip encoding is the same as it is used to. If you use LTEX 2 , For older versions of LATEX there are various schemes, of it allows for changing the encoding in TEX; read the LATEX which the simplest to use is probably the PSLATEX macros dis- Companion (see question 17) for more details. In practice, if tributed with dvips. you do much non-English (but Latin script) typesetting, you For plain TEX, you load whatever fonts you like; if the are strongly recommended to use the fontenc package with encoding of the fonts is not the same as Computer Modern option `T1' to select T1 (also known as `Cork' or `DC') en- it will be up to you to rede®ne various macros and accents, coding. The PSNFSS package (see question 50) provides sup- or you can use the font re-encoding mechanisms available in port for PostScript (using virtual fonts) in this encoding. many drivers and in ps2pk and afm2tfm. Alan Jeffrey's fontinst package (fonts/utilities/ Victor Eijkhout's sophisticated Lollipop package fontinst) is an afm to tfm converter written in TEX; it is A (macros/lollipop) supports declaration of font fami- used to generate the ®les used by LTEX 2 's PSNFSS package lies and styles in a similar way to LATEX's NFSS, and so is to support use of PostScript fonts. It is a sophisticated pack- easy to use with PostScript fonts. age, not for the faint-hearted, but is powerful enough to cope Some common problems encountered are discussed else- with most needs. Much of its power relies on the use of virtual where (see question 53). fonts (see question 24). For slightly simpler problems, Rokicki's afm2tfm, dis- 51 Previewing ®les using PostScript fonts tributed with dvips (dviware/dvips), is fast and ef®cient; Most TEX previewers only display bitmap pk fonts. If you note that the metrics and styles that come with dvips are not want to preview documents using PostScript fonts, you have A currently LTEX 2 compatible. three choices: For the Macintosh, there is a program called EdMetrics 1. Convert the .dvi ®le to PostScript and use a PostScript which does the job (and more). It comes with the Textures dis- previewer. Some modern Unix X implementations have tribution, but is in fact free software, available as systems/ this built in (as does NeXT-step); (X11) Unix, Windows, mac/textures/utilities/EdMetrics.sea.hqx OS/2, and MS-DOS users can use the free GhostScript MS-DOS users can buy (see question 33) Y&Y's Font Ma- (support/ghostscript), a complete level 2 imple- nipulation Tools package which includes a powerful afmtotfm mentation. program among many other goodies. 2. Under Windows on a PC, or on a Macintosh, let Adobe 53 Problems using PostScript fonts Type Manager display the fonts. Textures (Macintosh) works like this, and under Windows you can use Y&Y's For the typical LATEX user trying to use the PSNFSS (see ques- dviwindo for bitmap-free previewing. (See question 33 tion 50) package, three questions often arise. First, you have for details of these suppliers.) to declare to the dvi driver that you are using PostScript 3. If you have the PostScript fonts in Type 1 format, use fonts; in the case of dvips, this means adding lines to the ps2pk (fonts/utilities/ps2pk) or gsftopk (de- psfonts.map ®le. Otherwise, dvips will try to ®nd pk signed for use with the ghostscript fonts; fonts/ ®les. If the font isn't built into the printer, you have to ac- utilities/gsftopk) to make pk bitmap fonts quire it (in many cases this means buying it from a commer- which your previewer will understand. This can pro- cial supplier!). You then have to instruct the driver to down- duce excellent results, also suitable for printing with on load it with each job (the mechanism depends on your driver). non-PostScript devices. Check the legalities of this if you So it's no good just installing the metrics for Optima and ex- have purchased the fonts. The very commonest PostScript pecting it to work. You have to pay hard cash for the font it- fonts such as Times and Courier come in Type 1 format self, which will come (for Unix and MS-DOS users) in pfb on disk with Adobe Type Manager (often bundled with (Printer Font Binary) form. Windows, and part of OS/2). Second, you cannot expect your previewer to suddenly start displaying PostScript fonts; most of them only know 52 TEX font metric ®les for PostScript fonts about PK bitmap fonts such as Computer Modern. You can Font vendors such as Adobe supply metric ®les for each font, create these from PostScript fonts if you have bought the in afm (Adobe Font Metric) form; these can be converted pfb ®le by using ps2pk (fonts/utilities/ps2pk); to tfm (TEX Font Metric) form. The CTAN archives have this would also let you use the fonts with non-PostScript de- prebuilt metrics which will be more than enough for many vice drivers such as the emTEX ones. It is your responsibility people (fonts/metrics; beware Ð this directory is at to make sure you are not breaking the licence restrictions on the root of a huge tree), but you may need to do the con- your font if you bought it. version yourself if you have special needs or acquire a new Third, the stretch and shrink between words is a function font. One important question is the encoding of (Latin char- of the font metric; it is not speci®ed in afm ®les, so differ- acter) fonts; while we all more or less agree about the po- ent converters choose different values. The PostScript met- sition of about 96 characters in fonts (the basic ASCII set), rics that come with PSNFSS do quite tight setting, which may the rest of the (typically) 256 vary. The most obvious prob- produce a lot of hyphenation or overfull boxes if you are not lems are with ¯oating accents and special characters such as careful. If you are having trouble, Alan Jeffrey recommends the `pounds sterling' sign. There are three ways of dealing the following settings in a package ®le: ±15± The New TEX FAQ
\tolerance800 distribution includes support for use with plain TEX and \emergencystretch2em LATEX 2.09 (including code to link in Adobe Math Pi 2 A \doublehyphendemerits5000 and Math Pi 6). Support under LTEX 2 is provided in \hfuzz0pt PSNFSS (see question 50) thanks to Sebastian Rahtz. \leftskip0pt minus 1pt Adobe Lucida, LucidaSans and LucidaMath (12 fonts) \rightskip0pt minus 1pt Lucida and LucidaMath are generally considered to be a bit heavy. The three maths fonts contain only the glyphs A future release of these fonts will implement looser typeset- in the CM maths italic, symbol, and extension fonts. Sup- ting by default, so these settings should become unnecessary. port for using LucidaMath with TEX is not very good; you 54 Choice of scalable outline fonts will need to do some work reencoding fonts etc. (In some If you are interested in text alone, you can use any of over sense this set is the ancestor of the LucidaBright plus Lu- 20,000 fonts(!) in Adobe Type 1 format (called `PostScript cidaNewMath font set.) Concrete, the AMS maths fonts etc. Donald E. Knuth and the fonts' in the TEX world and `ATM fonts' in the DTP world), or any of several hundred fonts in TrueType format. That is, pro- AMS. vided of course, that your previewer and printer driver sup- These are sometimes mentioned as alternatives to CM, port scalable outline fonts. but they are really adjuncts, in that you need to use at least T X itself only cares about metrics, not the actual charac- the basic CM maths fonts with them. E Proprietary fonts Various sources. ter programs. You just need to create a TEX metric ®le .tfm using some tool such as afm2tfm, afmtotfm (from Y&Y, see Since having a high quality font set in scalable outline question 33) or fontinst. For the previewer or printer driver form that works with TEX can give a publisher a real com- you need the actual outline font ®les themselves (pfa for petitive advantage, there are some publishers that have Display PostScript, pfb for ATM on IBM PC, Mac outline paid (a lot) to have such font sets made for them. Unfortu- font ®les on Macintosh). nately, these sets are not available on the open market, de- If you also need mathematics, then you are severely limited spite the likelihood that they're more complete than those that are. by the demands that T X makes of maths fonts (for details, see E Mathptm (4 fonts) Alan Jeffrey. the paper by B.K.P. Horn in the Proceedings of the 1993 TUG conference at Aston University, published in TUGboat, 1994, This set contains maths italic, symbol, extension, and ro- man virtual fonts, built from Adobe Times, Symbol, Zapf 14(3)). For maths, then, there are relatively few choices: Chancery, and the Computer Modern fonts. The Math- Computer Modern (75 fonts Ð optical scaling) Donald E. ptm fonts are free, and the resulting PostScript ®les can Knuth be freely exchanged. Contains most of the CM math A Note that CM is available in scalable outline form. There symbols. Support under LTEX 2 in PSNFSS (see ques- are commercial as well as public domain versions, and tion 50) thanks to Alan Jeffrey and Sebastian Rahtz. there are both Adobe Type 1 and TrueType versions. All of the ®rst three font sets are available in formats suit- Some of these are `commercial grade,' with full hand- able for IBM PC/Windows, Macintosh and Unix/NeXT from tuned hinting, some render very poorly, while others are Y&Y and from Blue Sky Research (see question 33 for de- merely incompatible with Adobe Type Manager (ATM). tails). The MathTime fonts are also available from: Lucida Bright with Lucida New Math (25 fonts) Chuck Bigelow and Kris Holmes TEXplorators Lucida is a family of related fonts including seriffed, sans 1572 West Gray #377 serif, sans serif ®xed width, calligraphic, blackletter, fax, Houston TX 77019 Kris Holmes' connected handwriting font, etc; they're not USA as `spindly' as Computer Modern, with a large x-height, The very limited selection of maths font sets is a direct re- and include a larger set of maths symbols, operators, re- sult of the fact that a maths font has to be explicitly designed lations and delimiters than CM (over 800 instead of 384: for use with TEX and as a result it is likely to lose some of among others, it also includes the AMS msam and msbm its appeal in other markets. Furthermore, the TEX market for symbol sets). The planned `Lucida Bright Expert' (14 commercial fonts is minute (in comparison, for example, to fonts) adds seriffed ®xed width, another handwriting font, Microsoft TrueType font pack #1, which sold something like smallcaps, bold maths, upright `maths italic', etc., to the 10 million copies in a few weeks after release of Windows set The distribution includes support for use with plain 3.1!). A A TEX and LTEX 2.09. Support under LTEX 2 is provided Text fonts in Type 1 format are available from many ven- in PSNFSS (see question 50) thanks to Sebastian Rahtz. dors including Adobe, Monotype, Bitstream. Avoid cheap MathTime 1.1 (3 fonts) TEXplorators (Michael Spivak) rip-offs: not only are you rewarding unethical behaviour, de- The set contains maths italic, symbol, and extension stroying the cottage industry of innovative type design, but fonts, designed to work well with Times-Roman. These you are also very likely to get junk. The fonts may not ren- are typically used with Times, Helvetica and Courier der well (or at all under ATM), may not have the `standard' (which are resident on many printers, and which are sup- complement of 228 glyphs, or may not include metric ®les plied with some PC versions). In addition you may want (needed to make TFM ®les). Also, avoid TrueType fonts from to complement this basic set with Adobe's Times Small- all but the major vendors. TrueType fonts are an order of mag- cap, and perhaps the set of Adobe `Math Pi' fonts, which nitude harder to `hint' properly than Type 1 fonts and hence include blackboard bold, blackletter, and script faces. The TrueType fonts from places other than Microsoft and Apple ±16± The New TEX FAQ may be suspect. In any case you may ®nd other problems with 57 Formatting a thesis in LATEX TrueType fonts such as service bureaux not accepting jobs Thesis styles are usually very speci®c to your University, so calling for them. it's usually not pro®table to ask around for a package out- side your own University. Since many Universities (in their 55 Including a PostScript ®gure in LATEX eccentric way) still require double-spacing, you may care to A LTEX 2 (see question 95) has a standard package for graph- refer to question 56. If you want to write your own, a good ics inclusion, rotation, colour, and other driver-related fea- place to start is the University of California style (available as tures. The package is documented in the second edition of the macros/latex209/contrib/ucthesis), but it's not Lamport's LATEX book (see question 17), and is available in worth going to a lot of trouble. (If of®cials won't allow stan- macros/latex/packages/graphics dard typographic conventions, you won't be able to produce A If you don't use LTEX 2 , perhaps the best method is to an ñsthetically pleasing document anyway!) psfig use the macros written by Trevor Darrell, available 58 Including a ®le in verbatim in LAT X in graphics/psfig E A good way is to use Rainer SchoÈpf's verbatim.sty, You will also need a dvi to PostScript conversion pro- which provides the command \verbatiminput that takes gram that supports the \specials. The drivers mentioned a ®le name as argument. This package is available as part of psfig in question 34 do, and come with a version of ready macros/latex/packages/tools to use with them. The psfig macros work best with En- Another way is to use the alltt environment, which capsulated PostScript Files (EPS). In particular, psfig will requires the package available in macros/latex209/ need the ®le to have a BoundingBox (see Appendix H of the contrib/misc/alltt.sty PostScript Language Reference Manual). If you don't have an EPS ®le, life can be dif®cult. 59 Generating an index in TEX/LATEX One point to note about including PostScript ®gures is that Making an index is not trivial; what to index, and how index they are not part of the dvi ®le, but are only included when it, is dif®cult to decide, and uniform implementation is dif®- you use a dvi to PostScript conversion program. As a result, cult to achieve. You will need to mark all items to be indexed most dvi previewers will simply show the blank space TEX in your text (typically with \index commands). has reserved for your ®gure, not the ®gure itself. It is not practical to sort a large index within TEX, so a post- Anil K. Goel has written a long document describing in de- processing program is used to sort the output of one TEX run, tail how to include ®gures, pictures, and images in LATEX doc- to be included into the document at the next run. uments, which is available as info/figsinltx.ps The following programs are available: makeindex for LATEX under Unix (but runs under other M Special sorts of typesetting OSs without changes). Available in indexing/ makeindex; a version for the Macintosh is available as 56 Double-spaced documents in LATEX systems/mac/macmakeindex.sit, and ones for Are you producing a thesis, and trying to obey regulations MS-DOS are part of the emTEX and gTEX distributions that were drafted in the typewriter era? Or are you produc- (the emTEX version also runs under OS/2). ing copy for a journal that insists on double spacing for the The Makeindex documentation is a good source of infor- submitted articles? mation on how to create your own index. Makeindex can A LATEX is a typesetting system, so the appropriate design be used with some TEX macro packages other than LTEX, conventions are for ªreal booksº. If your requirement is from such as Eplain. thesis regulations, ®nd whoever is responsible for the regula- idxtex for LATEX under VMS. Available (together with tions, and try to get the wording changed to cater for typeset a glossary-maker called glotex) in indexing/ theses (e.g., to say ªif using a typesetting system, aim to make glo+idxtex your thesis look like a well-designed bookº). (If your require- texindex A witty little shell/sed-script-based utility ment is from a journal, you're probably even less likely to be for LATEX under Unix. Available from support/ able to get the rules changed, of course.) texindex If you fail to convince your of®cials, or want some inter- There are other programs called texindex, notably one that line space for copy-editing: comes with the Texinfo distribution (see question 11).
Try changing \baselinestretch:\renewcommand 60 Using BIBTEX with plain TEX {\baselinestretch}{1.2} may be enough to The ®le macros/eplain/btxmac.texcontains macros give of®cials the impression you've kept to their regu- and documentation for using BIBTEX with plain TEX, either lations. Don't try changing \baselineskip: its value directly or with Eplain (see question 9). See question 20 for is reset at any size-changing command. more information about BIBTEX itself. Alternatively, use a line-spacing package. Options avail- 61 Typesetting music in T X able are: E A powerful package which allows the typesetting of orches- macros/latex209/ ± for simple double spacing, tral and polyphonic music is MusicTEX, written by Daniel contrib/misc/doublespace.sty, and Taupin ([email protected]).It is avail- ± for greater ¯exibility, macros/latex/contrib/ able in macros/musictex other/misc/setspace.sty, which has been Digital music fans can typeset notation for their efforts A upgraded for LTEX 2 . by using midi2tex, which translates MIDI data ®les into ±17± The New TEX FAQ
MusicTEX source code. It is available from support/ \newcommand{\Q}{{\sf Q\hspace*{-1.1ex}% midi2tex \rule{0.15ex}{1.5ex}\hspace*{1.1ex}}} A rather simpler notation than MusicTEX is supported by \newcommand{\C}{{\sf C\hspace*{-0.9ex}% abc2mtex; this is a package designed to notate tunes stored \rule{0.15ex}{1.3ex}\hspace*{0.9ex}}} in an ASCII format (abc notation). It was designed primar- work well at normal size if the surrounding text is cmr10. ily for folk and traditional tunes of Western European origin However, they are not part of a proper maths font, and so do (such as Irish, English and Scottish) which can be written on not work in sub- and superscripts. Moreover, the size and po- one stave in standard classical notation. However, it should be sition of the vertical bar is affected by the font of the sur- extendable to many other types of music. It is available from rounding text. support/abc2mtex There is a mailing list for discussion of typesetting mu- 65 Roman theorems sic in TEX. To subscribe, send mail to mutex-request@ If you want to take advantage of the powerful stolaf.edu containing the word `subscribe' in the \newtheorem command without the constraint that the body. contents of the theorem is in a sloped font (for example, to use it to create remarks, examples, proofs, ...) then you can 62 Drawing Feynman diagrams in LAT X E use the style ®le theorem.sty (part of macros/latex/ Michael Levine's macro package for drawing Feynman packages/tools). Alternatively, the following sets up an diagrams in LAT X is available in macros/latex209/ E environment remark whose content is in roman. contrib/feynman (see also macros/latex/ contrib/supported/feynmf). \newtheorem{preremark}{Remark}
\newenvironment{remark}%
N How do I do in TEX or LATEX {\begin{preremark}\rm}% {\end{preremark}} 63 Proof environment It is not possible to make a proof environment which au- This will not work if you are using NFSS (see question 94) A tomatically includes an `end-of-proof' symbol. Some proofs outside of LTEX 2 (see question 95), because the command end in displayed maths; others do not. If the input ®le con- \rm behaves differently there. tains ...\] \end{proof} then LATEX ®nishes off the dis- 66 Labels on lists played maths and gets ready for a new line before it reads any If you want your top-level enumerates to be labelled `I/', instructions connected with ending the proof. But tradition- `II/', ..., then give these commands: ally the end-of-proof sign goes in the display, not on a new line. So you just have to put it in by hand in every proof. \renewcommand{\theenumi}{\Roman{enumi}} \renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\theenumi/} 64 Symbols for the number sets It is a good idea to have commands such as \R for the real The possible styles of numbering are given in Section 6.3 of numbers and other standard number sets. Traditionally these Lamport's book (see question 17). If you are lazy and just change \labelenumi in one go then your cross-references were typeset in bold. Because mathematicians usually do not have access to bold chalk, they invented the special symbols will be wrong. enumerate enumi that are now often used for \R, \C, etc. These symbols are For lower level s, replace by enumii enumiii enumiv known as ªblackboard boldº. Before insisting on using them, , or , according to the level. If consider whether going back to the old system of ordinary your label is much larger than the default, you should also \leftmargini \leftmarginii bold might not be acceptable (it is certainly simpler). change , , etc. A enumerate.sty A set of blackboard bold capitals is available in the If you're running LTEX 2 , the package macros/latex/packages/tools AMS fonts ªmsamº (e.g., ªmsam10º for 10pt) and ªmsb- (part of ) offers sim- enumerate.sty mº. The fonts have a large number of mathematical sym- ilar facilities. With , the example above bols to supplement the ones in the standard T X distribu- would be achieved simply by starting the enumeration E \begin{enumerate}[I/] tion. The fonts are available in fonts/ams/amsfonts/ . sources/symbols 67 Unnumbered sections in the Table of Contents Two ®les which load the fonts and de®ne the symbols are The easiest way to get headings of funny `sections' such provided, and both work with either TEX or LATEX. Questions as prefaces in the table of contents is to use the counter or suggestions regarding these fonts should be directed to secnumdepth described in Appendix C of the LATEX man- [email protected]. ual. For example:
Another complete set of blackboard bold fonts, the bbold § ¤¦¥¨§ © \setcounter{secnumdepth}{-1} family, is available in (in fonts/bbold). \chapter{Preface} This set has the interesting property of offering blackboard bold forms of lower-case letters, something rather rarely seen Of course, you have to set secnumdepth back to its usual on actual blackboards. value (which is 2 in the standard styles) before you do any The ªlazy person'sº blackboard bold macros: `section' which you want to be numbered. \newcommand{\R}{{\sf R\hspace*{-0.9ex}% This is why it works. \chapter without the star does \rule{0.15ex}{1.5ex}\hspace*{0.9ex}}} 1. put something in the .toc ®le;
\newcommand{\N}{{\sf N\hspace*{-1.0ex}% 2. if secnumdepth ¡£¢ , increase the counter for the chap- \rule{0.15ex}{1.3ex}\hspace*{1.0ex}}} ter and write it out. ±18± The New TEX FAQ
3. write the chapter title. Somewhat more ¯exible is macros/latex/ contrib/other/misc/vmargin.sty Other sectioning commands are similar, but with other values , which has a used in the test. canned set of paper sizes (a superset of that provided in A LTEX 2 ), provision for custom paper, margin adjustments 68 Style of section headings and provision for two-sided printing. Suppose that the editor of your favourite journal has speci®ed Here is a brief explanation of LATEX's page parameters. For that section headings must be centred, in small capitals, and details, see section C.5.3 of the LATEX manual (pp. 181±182). subsection headings ragged right in italic, but that you don't The origin in dvi coordinates is one inch from the top of want to get involved in the sort of programming described the paper and one inch from the left side. This explains the in The LATEX Companion (see question 17; the programming ªone inch less thanº terminology used in the LATEX manual. itself is discussed in question 85). The following hack will In dvi coordinates, positive horizontal measurements ex- probably satisfy your editor. De®ne yourself new commands tend right across the page, and positive vertical measurements \newcommand{\ssection}[1]{% extend down the page. Thus, for margins closer to the left \section[#1]% and top edges of the page than 1 inch, the corresponding pa- \evensidemargin \oddsidemargin {\protect\centering\sc #1}} rameters, i.e., , , \topmargin \newcommand{\ssubsection}[1]{% , can be set to negative values. \subsection[#1]% To change the margins of a document within the document, {\protect\raggedright\it #1}} modifying the parameters shown in Figure C.3 will not work. They can only be changed in the preamble of the document, and then use \ssection and \ssubsection in place of i.e., before the \begin{document} statement. To adjust \section and \subsection. This isn't perfect: section the margins within a document we de®ne an environment: numbers remain in bold, and starred forms need a separate re- \newenvironment{changemargin}[2]{% de®nition. Also, this will not work if you are using NFSS (see A \begin{list}{}{% question 94) outside of LT X 2 (see question 95), because E \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}% the font-changing commands behave differently there. \setlength{\leftmargin}{#1}% 69 Indent after section headings \setlength{\rightmargin}{#2}% LATEX implements a style that doesn't indent the ®rst \setlength{\listparindent}{\parindent}% paragraph after a section heading. There are coherent \setlength{\itemindent}{\parindent}% reasons for this, but not everyone likes it. The pack- \setlength{\parsep}{0pt plus 1pt}% age indentfirst.sty (part of macros/latex/ }% packages/tools) suppresses the mechanism, so that the \item[]}{\end{list}} ®rst paragraph is indented. This environment takes two arguments, and will indent the left and right margins by their values, respectively. Neg- 70 Changing the margins in LATEX Don't do it. Learn some LAT X, produce some documents, and ative values will cause the margins to be narrowed, so E \begin{changemargin}{-1cm}{-1cm} then ask again. narrows the You can never change the margins of a document by soft- left and right margins by 1cm. (Note that the value given for \parsep A ware, because these depend on the actual size of the paper, is the default for LTEX; what should be there is which may be different from what your software thinks. (For ªthe value in the surrounding textº.) example, standard US paper is a different width from A4 pa- 72 Finding the width of a letter, word, or phrase per.) What you can change are the distances from the appar- Put the word in a box, and measure the width of the box. For ent top and left edges of the paper, and the width and height example, of the text. Changing the last two requires more skill than you might expect. The height should bear a certain relation- \newdimen\stringwidth ship to \baselineskip. And the width should not be more \setbox0=\hbox{hi} than 75 characters. Lamport's warning in his section on `Cus- \stringwidth=\wd0 tomizing the Style' really must be taken seriously. One-inch Note that if the quantity in the \hbox is a phrase, the ac- margins on A4 paper are ®ne for 10- or 12-pitch typewriters, tual measurement only approximates the width that the phrase but not for 10pt type (or even 11pt or 12pt) because so many will occupy in running text, since the inter-word glue can be characters per line will irritate the reader. adjusted in paragraph mode. The same sort of thing is expressed in LATEX by: 71 Insisting on changing the margins in LATEX This answer ®rst helps you change the margins throughout a \newlength{\gnat} document, then tells you how to change the margins in a por- \settowidth{\gnat}{\textbf{small}} tion of the document. This sets the value of the length command \gnat to the Perhaps the easiest way to get more out of a page in width of ªsmallº in emboldened text. LATEX is to get macros/latex209/contrib/misc/ fullpage.sty, which sets the margins of the page iden- 73 Excluding blocks of text from the .dvi ®le tical to those of plain TEX, i.e., 1-inch margins at all four Rainer SchoÈpf's verbatim.sty provides a com- sides of the paper. It also contains an adjustment for A4 pa- ment environment which excludes everything between per. \begin{comment} and \end{comment}. This pack- ±19± The New TEX FAQ age is available as part of macros/latex/packages/ the part after the break at least three characters long. Start- tools ing with version 3.0 the parameters \lefthyphenmin and A more general environment for doing the job is Vic- \righthyphenmin control the length of these fragments. tor Eijkhout's comment.sty, which lets you de®ne en- These are set to 2 and 3, respectively, in the new plain and vironments for inclusion or exclusion in a document, thus lplain formats. They can be set to any value, of course, but offering a primitive con®guration structure. It is available if \lefthyphenmin + \righthyphenmin is greater from the CTAN sites in macros/latex209/contrib/ than 62, all hyphenation is suppressed. misc/comment.sty 77 (Merely) peculiar hyphenation 74 De®ning a new log-like function in LAT X E You may have found that TEX's famed automatic word- Use the \mathop command, as in: division does not produce the break-points recommended \newcommand{\diag}{\mathop{\rm diag}} by your dictionary. This may be because TEX is set up Subscripts and superscripts on \diag will be placed ex- for American English, whose rules for word division (as actly as they are on \lim. If you want your subscripts and speci®ed, for example, in Webster's Dictionary) are com- superscripts always placed to the right, do: pletely different from the British ones (as speci®ed, for ex- ample, in the Oxford Dictionaries). This problem is being ad- \newcommand{\diag}% dressed by the UK TEX User community (see Baskerville, is- {\mathop{\rm diag}\nolimits} sue 4.4) but an entirely satisfactory solution will take time. A A This works in LTEX 2.09 and in LTEX 2 , but not under An interim hyphenation ®le is available in language/ NFSS alone (see question 81). There is an improved method english/ukhyph.tex A for doing this in LTEX 2 in the works; in the interim, one can use the the \operatorname command of amstex.sty 78 Enlarging TEX A People sometimes get messages saying `memory capacity ex- (which is part of the -LTEX package: fonts/ams/ amslatex). ceeded'. Most of the time this error can be ®xed without en- (It should be noted that ªlog-likeº was reportedly a joke on larging TEX. The most common causes are unmatched braces, Lamport's part; it is of course clear what was meant.) extra-long lines, and poorly-written macros. Extra-long lines are often introduced when ®les are transferred incorrectly be- 75 Typesetting all those TEX-related logos tween operating systems, and line-endings are not preserved Knuth was making a particular point about the capabilities of properly (the tell-tale sign of an extra-long line error is when TEX when he de®ned the logo. Unfortunately, many believe, the complaint is that the `buf_size' has over¯owed). he thereby opened ¯oodgates to give the world logos such
If you really need to extend your TEX's capacity, the proper as -TEX, PICTEX, BIBTEX, and so on. Lamport invented method depends on your installation. In the purest form, you A A LTEX, and marketing input led to the current logo LTEX 2 . change the parameters in module 11 of the WEB source. In The common people don't have to follow this stuff wher- less pure forms, you might need to modify a change ®le, or ever it goes, but, for those who insist, a large collection of lo- perhaps change some environment variables; emTEX allows
gos is de®ned in macros/eplain/texnames.sty; the
§ © § ¤¦¥ you to adjust the memory allocation criteria on the command A logo can be set in fonts that LTEX 2 knows line. Consult the documentation that came with your imple- about (so that it scales with the surrounding text) using mentation. the package macros/latex/contrib/supported/ mflogo 79 Moving tables and ®gures in LATEX For those who don't wish to acquire the `proper' logos, the Tables and ®gures have a tendency to surprise, by ¯oating canonical thing to do is to say AMS-\TeX{} (AMS-TEX) for away from where they were speci®ed to appear. This is in fact
-TEX, Pic\TeX{} (PicTEX) for PICTEX, Bib\TeX{} perfectly ordinary document design; any professional type- (BibTEX) for BIBTEX, and so on. setting package will ¯oat ®gures and tables to where they'll ®t without violating the certain typographic rules. Even if O Things are Going Wrong... you use the placement speci®er h for `here', the ®gure or 76 Weird hyphenation of words table will not be printed `here' if doing so would break the You may have a version mismatch problem. The hyphen- rules; the rules themselves are pretty simple, and are given A ation system changed between version 2.9 and 3.0. If you on page 198, section C.9 of the LTEX manual. In the worst case, LAT X's rules can cause the ¯oating items to pile up to are using (plain) TEX version 3.0 or later, make sure your E plain.tex ®le has a version number which is at least 3.0; the extent that you get an error message saying ªToo many un- if you are using LAT X 2.09 (the last version of which was re- processed ¯oatsº; this means that the limited set of registers E A A in which LTEX stores ¯oating items is full. What follows is a leased on 25 March 1992), you need to upgrade to LT X 2 , E simple checklist of things to do to solve these problems (the since the sources of LATEX 2.09 are no longer publicly avail- able. checklist talks throughout about ®gures, but applies equally A well to tables). If you're using LTEX 2 , the problem probably arises from your lthyphen.cfg ®le, which has to be created if you're Are the placement parameters on your ®gures right? The using a multi-lingual version. default (tbp) is reasonable; you should never simply say For the curious, here's what happened: before TEX 3.0 the `h', for example, since that says ªif it can't go here, it hyphenation algorithm would not break a word if the part can't go anywhereº, and as a result all subsequent ¯oats before the break was not at least two characters long, and pile up behind it. ±20± The New TEX FAQ
Can you perhaps prevent your ®gures from ¯oating by ous ¯avours of cmr could be found as \fivrm, \sixrm, adjusting LATEX's placement parameters? Again, the de- \sevrm, \egtrm, \ninrm, \tenrm, \elvrm, \twlrm, faults are reasonable, but can be overridden in case of \frtnrm, \svtnrm, \twtyrm and \twfvrm. problems. The parameters are described on pages 199± These commands were never documented, but certain 200, section C.9 of the LATEX manual. packages nevertheless used them to achieve effects they Are there places in your document where you could `natu- needed. rally' put a \clearpage command? If so, do: the back- Since the commands weren't public, they weren't in- A A log of ¯oats is cleared after a \clearpage command. cluded in LTEX 2 ; to use the unconverted LTEX 2.09 pack- A (Note that the \chapter command implicitly executes ages under LTEX 2 , you need also to include the package A \clearpage, so you can't ¯oat past the end of a chap- rawfonts.sty (which is part of the LTEX 2 distribution). ter.)
A 83 Missing symbols Have a look at the LT X 2 afterpage package (part E \Box \lhd of macros/latex/packages/tools). Its docu- If some symbols, such as and , no longer ap- mentation gives as an example the idea of putting pear to exist, then your system administrator has probably A \clearpage after the current page (where it will clear upgraded your version of LTEX to either NFSS (see ques- A the backlog, but not cause an ugly gap in your text), but tion 94) or LTEX 2 (see question 95). In the former case, use also admits that the package is somewhat fragile. oldlfont.sty, as in the question 81. In the latter, use the
A
latexsym As a last resort, try the package macros/latex209/ package , which is part of the standard LTEX 2 amsfonts contrib/misc/morefloats.sty; this `simply' distribution, or the package , if it is available. A increases the number of ¯oating inserts that LTEX can 84 LATEX gets cross-references wrong handle at one time (from 18 to 36), but that may suit your Sometimes, however many times you run LATEX, the cross- needs. references are just wrong. Remember that the \label com- If you actually wanted all your ®gures to ¯oat to the mand must come after the \caption command, or be part end (e.g., for submitting a draft copy of a paper), don't of it. For example, A rely on LTEX to do it for you: get the endfloat pack- \begin{figure} \begin{figure} age to do the job for you (macros/latex/contrib/ \caption{A Figure} or \caption{A Figure% supported/endfloat). \label{fig} \label{fig}} A 80 \pagestyle{empty} on ®rst page in LTEX \end{figure} \end{figure} If you use \pagestyle{empty}, but the ®rst page is num- bered anyway, you are probably using the \maketitle 85 \@ and @ in macro names command too. This is not a bug but a feature! The standard A common source of problems in a LATEX document is the di- LATEX styles are written so that initial pages (pages contain- agnostic about the appearance of the command \@, or about ing a \maketitle, \part, or \chapter) have a differ- other commands containing the character @. The most com- ent page style from the rest of the document. Hence, the com- mon complaint is ªYou can't use `\spacefactor' in ver- mands internally issue \thispagestyle{plain}. This tical modeº, but other similar ones occur. A is usually not acceptable behaviour if the surrounding page Such problems are usually caused by including a LTEX 2 style is `empty'. class or package ®le into a LATEX document by some means Possible workarounds include: other than \documentclass or \usepackage. LATEX
Put \thispagestyle{empty}immediately after the de®nes internal commands whose names contain the char- @ \maketitle command, with no blank line between acter ; this enables it to avoid clashes between its inter- them. nal names and names that we would normally use in our Use fancyheadings.sty, which allows you to cus- documents. In order that these commands may work at all, \documentclass \usepackage tomise the style for initial pages independently of that and play around with for body pages. It is available in macros/latex/ the meaning of @. Solve this problem by using the correct contrib/other/fancyheadings command to include the ®le. But, you will say, ªThe LATEX Companion tells me to use 81 Odd behaviour of \rm, \bf, etc. commands containing @!º If commands such as \rm and \bf have suddenly stopped Indeed; for example, there's a lengthy section about working in LATEX in the way that you expect, it is likely \@startsection and how to use it to control the ap- that your system administrator has installed a version of pearance of section titles. Page 15 of The Companion ex- LATEX 2.09 with NFSS (see question 94). Complain loudly; plains this; and suggests that you make such changes in ask your system administrator to replace this version with the document preamble, between \makeatletter and A LTEX 2 (see question 95), in which commands such as \rm \makeatother. So the de®nition of \subsection on and \bf work just as before if you are using one of the page 26 could be: standard classesÐarticle, report and book (among \makeatletter others). In the meantime, use the option oldlfont.sty, \renewcommand{\subsection}% which should have been installed at the same time as NFSS. {\@startsection 82 Old LATEX font references such as \tenrm {subsection}% %name LATEX 2.09 de®ned a large set of commands for access to ... the fonts that it had built in to itself. For example, vari- {\normalfont\normalsize\itshape}} ±21± The New TEX FAQ
% style In this way, you arrange that all BIBTEX has to deal with is \makeatother the ®le name, though it will tell TEX (when appropriate) to include all the long text. 86 Where are the msx and msy fonts? The msx and msy fonts were designed by the American P Why does it do that? Mathematical Society in the very early days of TEX, for use
in typesetting papers for mathematical journals. They were 89 Why does it ignore paragraph parameters?
¤¦¥¨§ © § designed using the `old' , which wasn't portable When TEX is laying out text, it doesn't work from word to and is no longer available; for a long time they were only word, or from line to line; the smallest complete unit it for- available in 300dpi versions which only imperfectly matched mats is the paragraph. The paragraph is laid down in a buffer,
modern printers. The AMS has now redesigned the fonts, us- as it appears, and isn't touched further until the end-paragraph
¤¦¥¨§¨© § ing the current version of , and the new versions marker is processed. It's at this point that the paragraph pa- are called the msa and msb families; they are available from rameters have effect; and it's because of this sequence that fonts/ams/amsfonts/sources/symbols one often makes mistakes that lead to the paragraph param- Nevertheless, msx and msy continue to turn up to plague eters not doing what one would have hoped (or expected). us. There are, of course, still sites that haven't got around to Consider the following sequence of LATEX: upgrading; but, even if everyone upgraded, there would still {\raggedright % declaration be the problem of old documents that specify them. %for ragged text If you have a .tex source that requests msx and msy, the Here's text to be ranged left in our best technique is to edit it so that it requests msa and msb output, but it's the only such (you only need to change the single letter in the font names). paragraph, so we now end the group.} If you have a dvi ®le that requests the fonts, there is a package of virtual fonts (see question 24) to map the old to the Here's more that needn't be ragged... new series; it's available in fonts/vf-files/msx2msa T X will open a group, and set the ragged-setting parameters 87 Where are the am fonts? E within that group; it will then save a couple of sentences of One still occasionally comes across a request for the am series text and close the group (thus restoring the previous value of fonts. The initials stood for `Almost [Computer] Modern', of the ragged-setting parameters). Then it encounters a blank and they were the predecessors of the Computer Modern fonts
line, which it knows to treat as a \par token, so it typesets the that we all know and love (or hate) £ . There's not a lot one can two sentences; but because the enclosing group has now been do with these fonts; they are (as their name implies) almost closed, the parameter settings have been lost, and the para- (but not quite) the same as the cm series; if you're faced with graph will be typeset normally. a document that requests them, all you can reasonably do is to The solution is simple: close the paragraph inside the edit the document. The appearance of dvi ®les that request group, so that the setting parameters remain in place. An ap- them is suf®ciently rare that no-one has undertaken the mam- propriate way of doing that is to replace the last three lines moth task of creating a translation of them by means of vir- above with: tual fonts; however, most drivers let you have a con®guration ®le in which you can specify font substitutions. If you spec- end the group.\par} ify that every am font should be replaced by its corresponding Here's more that needn't be ragged... cm font, the output should be almost correct. In this way, the paragraph is completed while the setting pa- rameters are still in force within the enclosing group. 88 `String too long' in BIBTEX The BIBTEX diagnostic ªWarning±you've exceeded 1000, the 90 What's the reason for `protection'? global-string-size, for entry fooº is not one that Sometimes LATEX saves data it will reread later. These data you can hope to avoid by altering the BIBTEX style in a simple are often the argument of some command; they are the so- way Ð BIBTEX itself needs recompiling to increase its limit called moving arguments. (`Moving' because data are moved on string sizes (which is often not practical, and is never de- around.) Places to look for are all arguments that may go into sirable). You must therefore address the problem by changing table of contents, list of ®gures, etc.; namely, data that are your bibliography database. written to an auxiliary ®le and read in later. Other places are The problem usually arises from a very large abstract or an- those data that might appear in head- or footlines. Section notation included in the database. The only way forward is to headers and ®gure captions are the most prominent examples; take the entry out of the database, so that you don't encounter there's a complete list in Lamport's book (see question 17). BIBTEX's limit, but you may need to retain the entry because What's going on really, behind the scenes? The commands it will be included in the typeset. In such cases, put the body in the moving arguments are already expanded to their inter- of the entry in a separate ®le: nal structure during the process of saving. Sometimes this ex- @article{long.boring, pansion results in invalid TEX code when processed again. author="Fred Verbose", ª\protect\cmdº tells LATEX to save \cmd as \cmd, with- ... out expansion. abstract="{\input{abstracts/long.tex}}" What is a `fragile command'? It's a command that expands
} into illegal TEX code during the save process.
¦ ¡
¥ ¦¨§ © ¥ The fonts acquired their label `Almost' following the realisation that their ®rst implementation in ¢¤£ 79 still wasn't quite right; Knuth's original intention had been that they were the ®nal answer ±22± The New TEX FAQ
What is a `robust command'? It's a command that expands \def\a#1{----#1---\def\x #1{xxx#1}} into legal T X code during the save process. E \a{b} \def\x b{xxxb} No-one (of course) likes this situation; the LAT X3 team will expand to `---b--- '. This de- E \x b have removed the need for protection of some things in the ®nes to be a macro delimited by , and taking no argu- A ments, which people may ®nd strange, even though it is just production of LT X 2 , but the techniques available to them E \a within current LAT X mean that this is an expensive exercise. a specialisation of the example above. If you want to de- E \x It remains a long-term aim of the team to remove all need for ®ne to be a macro with one argument, you need to write: these things. \def\a#1{---#1---\def\x ##1{xxx##1}} \verb 91 Why doesn't work within...? and \a{b} will expand to `---b---\def\x #1{xxx#1}', A The LTEX verbatim commands work by changing category because #1 gets replaced by `b' and ## gets replaced by #. codes. Knuth says of this sort of thing ªSome care is needed to To nest a de®nition inside a de®nition inside a de®nition get the timing right...º, since once the category code has been then you need ####1, as at each stage ## is replaced by #. \verb assigned to a character, it doesn't change. So has to At the next level you need 8 #s each time, and so on. assume that it is getting the ®rst look at its parameter text; if it isn't, TEX has already assigned category codes so that \verb doesn't have a chance. For example: \verb+\error+ Q Recent Developments will work (typesetting `\error'), but 94 The New Font Selection Scheme (NFSS) \newcommand{\unbrace}[1]{#1} NFSS was an extension to LATEX written by Frank Mittelbach \unbrace{\verb+\error+} and Rainer SchoÈpf. It is described in TUGboat, 1989 10(2). will not (it will attempt to execute \error). In traditional typesetting, fonts are described by four param- eters: the family (e.g., computer modern), the series (i.e., the This is why the LATEX book insists that verbatim commands must not appear in the argument of any other command; they weight and width of the font, such as light or bold), the shape aren't just fragile, they're quite unusable in any command pa- (e.g., italic), and the size. NFSS is a mechanism allowing the rameter, regardless of \protection (see question 90). user to change any of these independently. NFSS makes it rel- atively easy to use nonstandard fonts such as the PostScript 92 Case-changing oddities ones with LATEX, and easy to change maths fonts. It also al- TEX provides two primitive commands \uppercase and lows dynamic loading of fonts at runtime (i.e., not when the \lowercase to change the case of text; they're not much format ®le is created). used, but are capable creating confusion. With the demise of LATEX 2.09 as supported software, the The two commands do not expand the text that is their label `NFSS' has become somewhat misleading, as there's no \uppercase{abc} ABC parameter Ð the result of is ` ', `old' scheme with which to contrast it Ð LATEX has incorpo- but \uppercase{\abc} is always `\abc', whatever the rated the NFSS. meaning of \abc. The commands are simply interpreting a table of equivalences between upper- and lowercase charac- A A 95 LT X 2 (the new standard LT X) ters. They have (for example) no mathematical sense, and E E A A \uppercase{About $y=f(x)$} LTEX 2 is a new version of the LTEX package, prepared and supported by the LAT X3 project team. It moved out of its test will produce E phase in June 1994, and is now the standard LATEX; LATEX 2.09 ABOUT $Y=F(X)$ is no longer supported. A A which is probably not what is wanted. LTEX 2 is upwardly compatible with LTEX 2.09, but has new features, including: The same sort of problem can arise with LATEX en- A vironment names, on occasions when LTEX employs NFSS (see question 94) is now standard.
\uppercase implicitly. For example, the standard classes SLIT X is consolidated into it, so that there is no longer a \uppercase E use to set the marks according to the argu- need for a separate format.
ments of \chapter and \section commands, so that a Better control of ¯oating environments, such as ®gures.
chapter whose title contains a small table expressed in terms There is a documented interface for package and class of \begin{tabular} ... \end{tabular}, will set a writers (though not yet for designers).
mark containing \begin{TABULAR}, etc., which is an en- Enhanced box commands, e.g., options to specify the vironment that doesn't exist. height of a minipage. 93 Why are # signs doubled in macros? \ref can be used in \caption without being pro- The way to think of this is that ## gets replaced by # in just tected. the same way that #1 gets replaced by `whatever is the ®rst \newcommand can de®ne commands with one optional argument'. argument. So if you de®ne a macro and use it as: A standard package for colour and graphics inclusion.
\def\a#1{...#1...#1...#1...} \a{b} A Since LTEX 2 is supported, you can report bugs or prob- the macro expansion produces `...b...b...b...', which people lems with it by typing `latex latexbug' and sending the ®nd normal. However, if we now ®ll in the `...': report thus generated to [email protected]. ±23± The New TEX FAQ
96 The LATEX3 project ®le. These extensions and enhancements, together with TEX The LATEX3 project team is a small group of volunteers whose proper, will form a system called -TEX, which will be 100% aim is to produce a major new document processing system compatible with TEX; furthermore, it will be possible during based on the principles pioneered by Leslie Lamport in the format creation to construct a format that is TEX: no exten- current LATEX. It will remain freely available and it will be sions or enhancements will be present. fully documented at all levels. The ®nal aim of the project will be to produce an entirely The LATEX3 team has already delivered its ®rst product, new typesetting system, building on the experience gained in A LTEX 2 (see question 95), a macro package based on Lam- the earlier phases. This system is intended to provide a sta- port's original code, but modi®ed to be more readily support- ble basis for typesetting in the future, in the way that TEX has able than was Lamport's. since it was ®rst offered to the world.
97 Using TEX to typeset from SGML ®les R Perhaps There isn't an Answer Jonathan Fine ([email protected]) is develop- 100 What to do if you ®nd a bug ing software which will allow TEX to typeset directly from SGML ®les. The work is producing a macro package that di- For a start, make entirely sure you have found a bug. Double- rectly interprets an SGML source ®le, as opposed to the con- check with books about TEX, LATEX, or whatever you're us- version programs outlined earlier (see question 45). ing; compare what you're seeing against the other answers The work is beginning to show fruits of success, and an an- above; ask every possible person you know who has any TEX- nouncement will be made early in 1995. related expertise. The reasons for all this caution are various. If you've found a bug in TEX itself, you're a rare animal
98 The Omega project indeed. Don Knuth is so sure of the quality of his code that
Omega ( ) is a program built on top of TEX which works he offers real money prizes to ®nders of bugs; the cheques he
internally with 16-bit characters (Unicode); this allows it writes are such rare items that they are seldom cashed. If you ¤¦¥¨§¨©
to work with most scripts in the world without any com- think you have found a genuine fault in TEX itself (or -
§ plications of coding schemes. Omega also has a power- , or the CM fonts, or the TEXbook), don't immediately ful concept of input and output ®lters to allow the user to write to Knuth, however. He only looks at bugs once or twice work with existing transliteration schemes, etc. Omega is an a year, and even then only after they are agreed as bugs by a ongoing project by John Plaice ([email protected]. small vetting team. In the ®rst instance, contact Barbara Bee- ca) and Yannis Haralambous (Yannis.Haralambous@ ton at the AMS ([email protected]), or contact TUG. A univ-lille1.fr). Contact Yannis to get on the discus- If you've found a bug in LTEX 2 , you should submit its sion list. details to the LATEX3 team. To do this, you should use LATEX
to process the ®le latexbug.tex, which is part of the 99 The ¢¡ project A
LTEX 2 distribution. The process will give you instructions The ¢¡ project ®rst saw the light of day at the Hamburg about what to do with your bug report. Please be sparing of meeting of DANTE during 1992, as a response to an aspira- the team's time; they're doing work for the good of the whole tion to produce something even better than T X. The project E LATEX community, and any time they spend tracking down is not simply enhancing TEX, for two reasons: ®rst, that TEX non-bugs is time not available to write or debug new code. itself has been frozen by Knuth (see question 13), and sec- If you've found a bug in LATEX2.09, or some other such un-
ond, even if they were allowed to develop the program, some supported software, there's not a lot you can do about it. You members of the ¢¡ team feel that TEX in its present form is may ®nd help or de facto support on a newsgroup such as simply unsuited to further development. While all those in- comp.tex.tex or on a mailing list such as uktex@tex. volved in the project are involved with, and committed to, ac.uk, but posting non-bugs to any of these forums can lay TEX, they recognise that the end product may very well have you open to ridicule! Otherwise you need to go out and ®nd
little in common with T X other than its philosophy. £ E yourself a willing TEX-consultant £ . Initially, and despite the reservations expressed at the inau- gural meeting, the group is concentrating on extending TEX The UK TEX Users Group Committee per se: members are implementing extensions and enhance- after the original maintained by
ments to TEX through the standard medium of a change- Bobby Bodenheimer
¦ ¦ TUG maintains a register of TEX consultants; UKTUG is developing one ±24± The NTG MAPS editors are very grateful to the editor of the UK TEX Users Group magazine Baskerville: Sebastian Rahtz and to the Guest Editor Robin Fairbairns for making their Baskerville magazine Vol. 4, #6 available for NTG's MAPS '94 Special Edition. For more information about Baskerville, please contact Sebastian Rahtz, Elsevier Science Ltd, The Boule- vard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, England ([email protected]) For more information about UKTUG subscribtion, please contact Peter Abbott, 1 Eymore Close, Selly Oak, Birmingham B29 4LB, England ([email protected]).
This MAPS '94 Special Edition has been presented to you by the MAPS editors Wietse Dol & Gerard van Nes. Earlier publications of the MAPS Special Edition series are: 1992: NTG's Advanced TEX course: Insights & Hindsights, by David Salomon. 1993: NTG's Public Relation Set.
For more information about the NTG magazines MAPS or MAPS Special Editions please contact the NTG secretary Gerard van Nes ([email protected]) or the NTG board ([email protected]). All MAPS issues and part of the MAPS Special Editions are available in PostScript format on the NTG 4allTEX CD-ROM.
This MAPS '94 Special Edition was printed by: CONTEXT SYSTEMS The document was generated by LATEX using the 4allTEX system, and the new 600 dpi PostScript output driver for the Xerox Docuprint. Finally the ®les were electronically forwarded to CONTEXT SYSTEMS where all printed output was gen- erated directly from the electronic version (without using the traditionally paper medium). For more information about the printing process, please contact CONTEXT SYSTEMS, Oosterweg 20, Groningen (050-187840), The Netherlands.