Selecting Plants for Pollinators Selecting Plants for Pollinators

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Selecting

Plants

for

Pollinators

A Regional Guide for Farmers, Land Managers, and Gardeners In the

Hawaiian Islands Province

Including the

Tropical Moist Forest,

Tropical Dry Forest,

and

Tropical grassland

and & Shrubland NAPPC Table of CONTENTS

Why Support Pollinators? 4

Getting Started 5

Hawaiian Islands Province 6

Meet the Pollinators 8

Plant Traits 10

Developing Plantings 12

Farms 13

Public Lands 14

Home Landscapes 15

Bloom Periods 16

Plants That Attract Pollinators 18

Habitat Hints 20

This is one of several guides for Checklist 22 different regions in the United States. We welcome your feedback to assist us in making future guides Resources and Feedback 23 useful. Please contact us at feedback@pollinator.org

Cover photos: Butterﬂ y & Eleilei Bay courtesy Karl Magnacca, Kauai mountains and taro ﬁ elds courtesy Lauren Rusert.

2 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Selecting Plants for Pollinators

A Regional Guide for

Farmers, Land Managers,

and Gardeners

In the

Ecological Region of the

Hawaiian Islands Province

Including the

Tropical Moist Forest,

Tropical Dry Forest,

and

Tropical grassland & Shrubland

a NAPPC and Pollinator Partnership Publication

This guide was funded by Robert Batinovich, the Greene Family, Ruth and Chuck Adams, and the Hawaii Department of Agriculture with oversight by the Pollinator Partnership (www.pollinator.org), in support of the North American Pollinator Protection Campaign (NAPPC–www.nappc.org).

Hawaiian Islands Province 3 Why support pollinators?

IN THEIR 1996 BOOK, THE FORGOTTEN POLLINATORS, Buchmann and Nabhan estimated that animal pollinators are needed for the reproduction “Flowering plants of 90% of ﬂ owering plants and one third of human food crops. Each of us depends on these industrious pollinators in a practical way to provide us across wild, farmed with the wide range of foods we eat. In addition, pollinators are part of the intricate web that supports the biological diversity in natural ecosystems and even urban that helps sustain our quality of life. landscapes actually Abundant and healthy populations of pollinators can improve fruit set and quality, and increase fruit size. In farming situations this increases feed the terrestrial production per acre. In the wild, biodiversity increases and wildlife food sources increase. world, and

Macadamia nuts, avocados, watermelon, guava, and coffee are some of the pollinators are the crops that rely on honey bees and native bees for pollination. Domestic honey bees pollinate approximately $10 billion worth of crops in the U.S. great connectors each year. who enable this giant Unfortunately, the numbers of both native pollinators and domesticated bee populations are declining. They are threatened by habitat loss, disease, and the excessive and inappropriate use of pesticides. The loss of food system to work commercial bees to Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) has highlighted how severe the issues of proper hive management are to reduce stresses caused for all who eat... by disease, pesticide use, insufﬁ cient nutrition, and transportation practices. Currently, the pollination services that the commercial beekeeping industry including us.” provides are receiving much needed research and conservation resources. -- Roger Lang, The efforts to understand the threats to commercial bees should help us understand other pollinators and their roles in the environment as well. Chairman, Pollinator partnership It is imperative that we take immediate steps to help pollinator populations thrive. The beauty of the situation is that by supporting pollinators’ need for habitat, we support our own needs for food and support diversity in the natural world.

Thank you for taking time to consult this guide. By adding plants to your landscape that provide food and shelter for pollinators throughout their active seasons and by adopting pollinator friendly landscape practices, you can make a difference to both the pollinators and the people that rely on them.

Laurie Davies Adams Executive Director Pollinator Partnership

4 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Getting Started

THIS REGIONAL GUIDE IS just one and is used to predict responses Islands Province has a small but in a series of plant selection tools to land management practices distinctive population of fauna. designed to provide information throughout large areas. This guide There are many native bird on how individuals can infl uence addresses pollinator-friendly land species, along with a few species pollinator populations through management practices in what is of introduced mammals. The fl ora choices they make when they farm known as the Hawaiian Islands includes many endemic species, a plot of ground, manage large Province. and major habitat types include tracts of public land, or plant a The Hawaiian Island Province shrublands, forests, bogs, and moss garden. Each of us can have a comprises an area of 6,500 square and lichen covered mountainsides positive impact by providing the miles with its topography varying and outcrops that vary according to essential habitat requirements for greatly from the western sea-level elevation and wind exposure. pollinators including food, water, plains to easterly mountainous Long before there were homes, shelter, and enough space to allow terrain reaching heights of more development, and invasive pollinators to raise their young. than 13,000 feet. species in this area, the original, Pollinators travel through the The temperature in this province native vegetation provided landscape without regard to varies greatly by altitude, but continuous cover and adjacent property ownership or state maintains an average of 70-75° F feeding opportunities for wildlife, boundaries. We’ve chosen to use year round. The climate also varies including pollinators. In choosing R.G. Bailey’s classifi cation system greatly by location–the windward plants, aim to create habitat for to identify the geographic focus sides of the islands experience pollinators that allow adequate food, of this guide and to underscore heavy precipitation year round, shelter, and water sources. Most the connections between climate while the leeward slopes are pollinators have very small home and vegetation types that affect semiarid. ranges. You can make a difference the diversity of pollinators in the by understanding the vegetation Hawaii is characterized by its environment. patterns of the farm, forest, or tropical climate and volcanic neighbor’s yard adjacent to you Bailey’s Ecoregions of the United history–all 9 islands are volcanoes and by making planting choices States, developed by the United at various stages of activity and that support the pollinators’ need States Forest Service, is a system decay. Due to its isolation and for food and shelter as they move created as a management tool unique soil profi le, the Hawaiian through the landscape.

Hawaiian Islands Province 5 Understanding the Hawaiian Islands Province

n This region is designated M423 in the Baileys’ Ecosystem Provinces. To see a map of the provinces go to: www.fs.fed.us/rm/ecoregions/products/map-ecoregions- united-states/.

n Not sure about which bioregion you live or work in? Go to www.pollinator.org and click on Ecoregion Locator for help.

n The Hawaiian Islands region covers 6,500 square miles.

n Primarily a hilly and mountainous region, all the islands are volcanoes in various stages of activity and decay.

n Elevations ranging from sea level to higher than 13,000 feet.

n Average annual temperature ranges from 70° to 75°F.

n Year-round precipitation can reach averages of 200 inches.

Photo courtesy Colleen Kwong n USDA Hardiness Zones 9a-13a (2012 version).

Characteristics

n The ohia tree, its accompanying ferns, and the koa tree predominate ecosystems unique to Hawaii’s wet forests.

n Shrublands exist primarily on leeward mountainsides where rainfall is minimal.

n Bogs are common at higher elevations with heavy rainfall.

n Mosses and lichens survive even above the tree line, where frost is a frequent occurrence.

n The volcanic islands’ surfaces vary from deep Ultisols on the older islands to igneous rock on the youngest islands.

6 Selecting Plants for Pollinators The Hawaiian Islands Province “Creating pollinator habitat is one includes: practice we must employ to mitigate the The Tropical Moist Forest, Tropical Dry Forest, and impact of new viral and parasitic pressures Tropical Grassland and on Hawaii’s environmentally isolated feral Shrubland and domesticated honey bee populations.”

-- Dave Schell, GM, Island Princess Macadamia Nut Company, Kea’au, Hawaii, Operations

Hawaiian Islands Province 7 Meet the Pollinators

Who are the (Megachile spp.), which prefer dead trees or branches for their nest sites; pollinators? and mason bees (Osmia spp.), which Bees utilize cavities that they fi nd in Bees are well documented stems and dead wood. pollinators in the agricultural and Butterfl ies natural systems of the Hawaiian Gardeners have been attracting Islands Province. A wide range of butterfl ies to their gardens for some crops including Macadamia nuts, time. These insects tend to be eye- watermelon, guava, and coffee all catching, as are the fl owers that benefi t from bee pollination. attract them. Position fl owering Most of us are familiar with the plants where they have full sun and colonies of honey bees that have are protected from the wind. Also, been the workhorses of agricultural you will need to provide open areas pollination for years in the United (e.g. bare earth, large stones) where I’iwii bird States. They were imported to butterfl ies may bask, and moist soil Hawaii from Europe about 150 from which they may get needed years ago. minerals. By providing a safe place to eat and nest, gardeners can also There are nearly 4000 species of support the pollination role that native ground and twig nesting bees butterfl ies play in the landscape. It Photo courtesy Karl Magnacca in the U.S. Some form colonies might mean accepting slight damage while others live and work a solitary to the plants, known as host plants, life. Native bees currently pollinate that provide food for the larval stage many crops and can be encouraged of the butterfl y. to do more to support agricultural endeavors if their needs for nesting A diverse group of butterfl ies habitat are met and if suitable are present in garden areas and sources of nectar, pollen, and water woodland edges that provide bright are provided. Bees have tongues of fl owers, water sources, and specifi c varying lengths that help determine host plants. Numerous trees, shrubs, which fl owers they can obtain nectar and herbaceous plants support and pollen from. butterfl y populations. The sweat bee (family Halictidae) Butterfl ies are in the Order nests underground. Various species Lepidoptera. Some of the species in are solitary while others form loose the Hawaiian Islands Province are colonies. the Citrus Swallowtail, Painted Lady, Hawaiian Blue, and the King Solitary bees include carpenter Kamehameha butterfl y. They usually bees (Xylocopa spp.), which nest look for fl owers that provide a good in wood; digger, or polyester landing platform. bees (Colletes spp.), which nest underground; leafcutter bees Wet mud areas provide butterfl ies

8 Selecting Plants for Pollinators with both the moisture and large, strong scented fl owers with plant to plant. minerals they need to stay healthy. their sexual organs exposed. They The brightly colored and aptly Butterfl ies eat rotten fruit and even are known to pollinate Magnolia, named Hummingbird Moth often dung, so don’t clean up all the sweetshrub (Calycanthus), paw causes confusion; but there are messes in your garden! paws, and yellow pond lilies. no hummingbirds, either native Moths Flies or introduced, in the Hawaiian Moths are most easily distinguished It may be hard to imagine why one Islands Province. from butterfl ies by their antennae. would want to attract fl ies to the However, hummingbirds are the Butterfl y antennae are simple with a garden. However, like beetles, the primary birds which play a role swelling at the end. Moth antennae number of fl y species and the fact in pollination in the rest of North differ from simple to featherlike, that fl ies are generalist pollinators America. Their long beaks and but never have a swelling at the (visit many species of plants), tongues draw nectar from tubular tip. In addition, butterfl ies typically should encourage us all to leave fl owers. Pollen is carried on both are active during the day; moths at those fl ies alone and let them do the beaks and feathers of different night. Butterfl y bodies are not very their job as pollinators. hummingbirds. The regions hairy, while moth bodies are quite Recent research indicates that fl ies closer to the tropics, with warmer hairy and more stout. primarily pollinate small fl owers that climates, boast the largest number of Moths, generally less colorful than bloom under shade and in seasonally hummingbird species and the greatest butterfl ies, also play a role in pollination. moist habitats. The National number of native plants to support They are attracted to fl owers that Research Council’s Status of Pollinators the bird’s need for food. White- are strongly sweet smelling, open in North America study states that winged doves (Zenaida asiatica) are in late afternoon or night, and are fl ies are economically important as also pollinators of the saguaro cactus typically white or pale colored. pollinators for a range of annual and (Carnegeia gigantea) in the south bulbous ornamental fl owers. central United States. Beetles Bright colored tubular fl owers Over 30,000 species of beetles Plants pollinated by the fl y include the American pawpaw attract hummingbirds to gardens are found in the United States throughout the United States. and many of them can be found (Asimina triloba), dead horse arum (Helicodiceros muscivorus), skunk Hummingbirds can see the color on fl ower heads. Gardeners have red; bees cannot. yet to intentionally draw beetles cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus), to their gardens, possibly because mango (Mangifera indica), lychee Bats (Litchi chinensis), and members of beetle watching isn’t as inspiring Though Hawaii’s lone native the carrot family like Queen Anne’s as butterfl y or bird watching. Yet bat, the Hawaiian Hoary Bat, is beetles do play a role in pollination. lace (Daucus carota). primarily an insectivore, bats play Some have a bad reputation Birds an important role in pollination in because they can leave a mess The I’iwi bird is known to pollinate the mainland southwest where they behind, damaging plant parts that the Ohia tree.Like many Hawaiian feed on agave and cactus. The long- they eat. Beetles are not as effi cient honeycreepers, the I’iwi bird is nosed bats’ head shape and long as some pollinators. They wander nectarviovous. These birds use their tongue allows it to delve into fl ower between different species, often pointy bills to collect and feed on blossoms and extract both pollen dropping pollen as they go. nectar, pollinating as they move from and nectar. Beetle pollinated plants tend to be

Hawaiian Islands Province 9 Plant Traits and the Pollinators they Attract Pollinator Which Flowers Plant Do the Trait Bats Bees Beetles Birds Butterﬂ ies Flies Moths Wind Pollinators Pale and dull to Dull green, brown, or prefer? Bright white, Scarlet, orange, Dull white, green Dull white or Bright, including dark brown or purple; Pale and dull red, colorless; yellow, red NOT ALL POLLINATORS ARE found Color or purple green red and purple ﬂ ecked with translucent purple, pink or white petals absent blue, or UV or white in each North American province, patches or reduced and some are more important in different parts of the United States. Use this page as a resource to understand the plants and Nectar Absent Present Absent Absent Present Absent Absent Absent pollinators where you live. guides

Plants can be grouped together Strong musty; Fresh, mild, None to strongly Strong sweet; based on the similar characteristics None Faint but fresh Putrid None of their fl owers. These fl oral Odor emitted at night pleasant fruity or fetid emitted at night characteristics can be useful to predict the type of pollination method or animal that is most Abundant; Sometimes Ample; deeply Ample; deeply Ample; deeply effective for that group of plants. somewhat Usually present present; Usually absent None This association between fl oral Nectar hidden hidden hidden characteristics and pollination hidden not hidden method is called a pollination syndrome. Limited; often Abundant; small, Ample sticky Ample Modest Limited Modest in amount Limited The interactions of animal Pollen smooth, and not sticky pollinators and plants have and scented infl uenced the evolution of both groups of organisms. A mutualistic relationship between the pollinator Regular; bowl Shallow; have Large funnel Narrow tube with and the plant species helps the Large bowl-like, Shallow; funnel like or Regular; tubular Regular; small and Flower shaped – closed landing platform; like; cups, strong spur; wide pollinator fi nd necessary pollen and Magnolia complex and trap-like without a lip stigmas exerted nectar sources and helps the plant Shape during day tubular perch support landing pad reproduce by ensuring that pollen is carried from one fl ower to another.

This chart and more information on pollinator syndromes can be found at: http://www.fs.fed.us/wildﬂ owers/pollinators/syndromes.shtml

10 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Plant Traits and the Pollinators they Attract Plant Pollinator Trait Bats Bees Beetles Birds Butterﬂ ies Flies Moths Wind

Pale and dull to Dull green, brown, or Bright white, Scarlet, orange, Dull white, green Dull white or Bright, including dark brown or purple; Pale and dull red, colorless; yellow, red Color or purple green red and purple ﬂ ecked with translucent purple, pink or white petals absent blue, or UV or white patches or reduced

Nectar Absent Present Absent Absent Present Absent Absent Absent guides

Strong musty; Fresh, mild, None to strongly Strong sweet; None Faint but fresh Putrid None Odor emitted at night pleasant fruity or fetid emitted at night

Abundant; Sometimes Ample; deeply Ample; deeply Ample; deeply somewhat Usually present present; Usually absent None Nectar hidden hidden hidden hidden not hidden

Limited; often Abundant; small, Ample sticky Ample Modest Limited Modest in amount Limited Pollen smooth, and not sticky and scented

Regular; bowl Shallow; have Large funnel Narrow tube with Large bowl-like, Shallow; funnel like or Regular; tubular Regular; small and Flower shaped – closed landing platform; like; cups, strong spur; wide Magnolia complex and trap-like without a lip stigmas exerted Shape during day tubular perch support landing pad

This chart and more information on pollinator syndromes can be found at: http://www.fs.fed.us/wildﬂ owers/pollinators/syndromes.shtml

Hawaiian Islands Province 11 Developing landscape plantings that provide pollinator habitat

WHETHER YOU ARE A FARMER • Many herbs and annuals, Water: of many acres, land manager of a although not native, are very A clean, reliable source of water is large tract of land, or a gardener good for pollinators. Mint, sage, essential to pollinators. with a small lot, you can increase basil, rosemary, oregano, lavender, • Natural and human-made water the number of pollinators in your garlic, and chives area just a few features such as running water, area by making conscious choices to herbs that can be planted. Old pools, ponds, and small containers include plants that provide essential fashioned zinnias, cosmos, and of water provide drinking and habitat for bees, butterfl ies, moths, single sunfl owers support bees and bathing opportunities for pollinators. beetles, and other pollinators. butterfl ies. • Ensure the water sources have • Learn and utilize Integrated Pest a shallow or sloping side so the Food: Management (IPM) practices to pollinators can easily approach the address pest concerns. Minimize or Flowers provide nectar (high in water without drowning. eliminate the use of pesticides. sugar and necessary amino acids) and pollen (high in protein) to Your current landscape probably pollinators. includes many of these elements. Fermenting fallen fruits also provide Shelter: Observe wildlife activity in your farm food for bees, beetles and butterfl ies. Pollinators need protection from fi elds, woodlands, and gardens to Specifi c plants, known as host severe weather and from predators determine what actions you can take plants, are eaten by the larvae of as well as sites for nesting and to encourage other pollinators to feed pollinators such as butterfl ies. roosting. and nest. Evaluate the placement of • Plant in groups to increase • Incorporate different canopy individual plants and water sources pollination effi ciency. If a pollinator layers in the landscape by planting and use your knowledge of specifi c can visit the same type of fl ower trees, shrubs, and different-sized pollinator needs to guide your choice over and over, it doesn’t have to perennial plants. and placement of additional plants relearn how to enter the fl ower • Leave dead snags for nesting sites and other habitat elements. Minor and can transfer pollen to the same of bees, and other dead plants and changes by many individuals can species, instead of squandering the leaf litter for shelter. positively impact the pollinator pollen on unreceptive fl owers. • Build bee boxes to encourage populations in your area. Watch • Plant with bloom season in mind, solitary, non-aggressive bees to nest for - and enjoy - the changes in your providing food year round (see Bloom on your property. landscape! Periods pp. 16-17). • Leave some areas of soil • Plant a diversity of plants to uncovered to provide ground • CAUTION: Remember that support a variety of pollinators. nesting pollinators easy access to pesticides are largely toxic to Flowers of different color, underground tunnels. pollinators. Extreme caution is fragrance, and season of bloom • Group plantings so that pollinators warranted if you choose to use on plants of different heights will can move safely through the any pesticide. Strategically apply attract different pollinator species landscape protected from predators. pesticides only for problematic and provide pollen and nectar • Include plants that are needed target species. Read the label. Look throughout the seasons. by butterfl ies during their larval for bee caution statements. development.

12 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Farms

Macadamia nuts, watermelon, • Carefully consider the use of guava, and coffee are a few of herbicides. “Adding native the food crops in the Hawaiian • Minimize tillage to protect ground plantings to Islands Province that will benefi t nesting pollinators. from strong native bee populations • Ensure water sources are scattered improve pollinator that boost pollination effi ciency. throughout the landscape. Incorporate different plants • Choose a variety of native plants to habitat makes throughout the farm that provide act as windbreaks, riparian buffers, food for native populations when and fi eld borders throughout the sense in advancing targeted crops are not in fl ower. farm. • Plant unused areas of the farm our family farm’s Farmers have many opportunities with temporary cover crops that to incorporate pollinator-friendly can provide food or with a variety conservation and land management practices on their of trees, shrubs, and fl owers that land which will benefi t the farmer provide both food and shelter for economic objectives, in achieving his or her production pollinators. goals: • Check with your local Natural enhancing • Manage the use of pesticides Resources Conservation Service benefi cial wildlife to reduce the impact on native (NRCS) offi ce to see what technical pollinators. Spray when bees aren’t and fi nancial support might be and improving active (just after dawn) and choose available to assist you in your effort to targeted ingredients. provide nectar, pollen, and larval food pollination in sources for pollinators on your farm. our orchard and garden.” --Lee McDaniel, Farmer and President, National Association of Conservation Districts Photo Danielle Downey

Hawaiian Islands Province 13 Public Lands

“Hawaii’s isolation

has fostered Photo Lauren Rusert

unique ecosystems.

Pollinator

conservation

supports these

threatened

communities and

is also integral to Public lands are maintained for pollinators in the environment specifi c reasons ranging from high through signs, brochures, and public food security, an impact recreation to conservation. programs. In the Hawaiian Islands Province In an effort to increase populations important island many ecosystems have been of pollinators the land manager can: destroyed or modifi ed to allow • Inventory and become consideration. for the expansion of development, knowledgeable of local pollinators. ” especially within the tourism • Provide connectivity between -Danielle Downey, industry. This includes the alteration vegetation areas by creating Apiculture Specialist, of watersheds and other natural corridors of perennials, shrubs, and Hawaii Department of areas to allow for roads, buildings, trees that provide pollinators shelter marinas, and man-made landscapes. and food as they move through the Agriculture Less disturbed natural areas can be landscape. augmented with plantings of native • Maintain a minimum of lawn areas plant species. Existing plantings that support recreational needs. around buildings and parking areas • Restrict the use of pesticides and should be evaluated to determine herbicides. if pollinator-friendly plants can • Provide water sources in large be substituted or added to attract open areas. and support pollinators. Public • Maintain natural meadows and land managers have a unique openings that provide habitats for opportunity to use their plantings sun-loving wildfl owers and grasses. as an education tool to help others • Remove invasive species and understand the importance of encroaching shrubs and trees.

14 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Home Landscapes

Gardeners have a wide array of The scale of your plantings will vary “A garden is plants to use in their gardens. but it is important to remember Native plants, and plants developed that you are trying to provide only as rich and by professional and amateur connectivity to the landscape breeders can be found in garden adjacent to your property. Don’t beautiful as the centers, in catalogs, and on web- just look within your property sites. Use your knowledge of boundaries. If your neighbor’s integral health pollinator needs to guide your property provides an essential choices. element, such as water, which can of the system; • Choose a variety of plants that be utilized by pollinators visiting will provide nectar and pollen your land, you may be able to pollinators throughout the growing season. devote more space to habitat • Resist the urge to have a totally elements that are missing nearby. are essential to manicured lawn and garden. Leave It is best to use native plants which bare ground for ground nesting have evolved to support the needs the system - make bees. Leave areas of dead wood and of specifi c native pollinators. Some leaf litter for other insects. pollinators, however, are generalists your home their • Strive to eliminate the use of all and visit many different plants, both home. pesticides. native and non-native. Be sure that ” • Find local resources to help you any non-native plants you choose -- Derry MacBride in your efforts. Contact your local to use are not invasive. Remember National Affairs and county extension agent or native that specialized cultivars sometimes plant society. Visit your regional aren’t used by pollinators. Flowers legislation Chairwoman, botanic gardens and arboreta. that have been drastically altered, garden club of America such as those that are double or a completely different color than the wild species, often prevent pollinators from fi nding and feeding on the fl owers. In addition, some altered plants don’t contain the same nectar and pollen resources that attract pollinators to the wild types.

• CAUTION: Take time to evaluate the source of your plant material. You want to ensure you get plants that are healthy and correctly identiﬁ ed. Your local native plant society can help you make informed

Photo Danielle Downey decisions when searching for plants.

Hawaiian Islands Province 15 Plants that attract pollinators in THE Hawaiian Islands Province

The following chart lists plants that attract pollinators, are native to the Hawaiian Islands, and are available for purchase in the nursery trade. Not every plant listed is native to every Hawaiian Island, so try to select plants native to where they will be planted. This is not an exhaustive list, but provides guidance on where to start. Annuals, herbs, and cover crops provide food and shelter for pollinators, too. Unlike our other ecoregional planting guides, this particular guide includes plants that are rare, threatened, or endangered. Before purchasing plants, check for the offi cial Department of Land and Natural resources tag that certifi es that plants were collected and propagated legally. Perennation Height Elevation Also a Scientifi c Name Common Name Habit Flower Color and Bloom Sun Soil Pollinators (in feet) (in feet) host Period Forbs Argemone glauca pua kala Forb White and Yellow 2-6’ Perennial Full Sun Well Drained 0-6200 bees, wasp

High wet Purple, Red, White, Pernnial, April- Partial Sun - Astelia menziesiana pua’akuhinia Forb 1-6’ Well Drained forests only bees, ﬂ ies and Yellow June Shade 2000-7000

Pink, Purple, and Perennial, Year Full Sun – Partial Bacopa monnieri water hyssop Forb <1’ Moist 0-300 bees, ﬂ ies White Round Shade

bees, fl ies Perennial, Year Bidens hawaiensis koòkoòlau Forb/Subshrub Yellow 2-6’ Full Sun Moist 1600-4600 (Bombilid bee Round fl ies)

bees, ﬂ ies Well Drained to Bidens torta ko‘oko‘olau Forb/Subshrub Yellow 4-10’ Perennial Full Sun 650-4000 (Bombilid bee Moist ﬂ ies)

Perennial, Year Full Sun – Partial Dianella sandwicensis ‘uki’uki Forb Light Blue to White 1-3’ Dry to Moist 400-7000 bees, beetles Round Shade

bees (small Light Purple to Perennial, Year carpenter), small Heliotropium anomalum Polynesian heliotrope Forb/Subshrub <2’ Full Sun Well Drained Coastal White Round butterﬂ ies (skippers)

Annual or Light Purple/Light Heliotropium curassavicum salt heliotrope Forb/Subshrub <2’ Perennial, Year Full Sun Well Drained <6800 bees Yellow to White Round

Lipochaeta integrifolia Perennial, Full Sun – Partial nehe Forb/Subshrub Yellow < 1’ Well Drained <150 bee (Melanthera integrifolia) Year Round Sun

bee, moth Full Sun – Partial Lobelia hypoleuca opelu Forb Blue-Purple 6-12’ Perennial Dry-Moist 2000-5000 (hummingbird Shade moth), butterﬂ y

Well Drained - Phyllostegia macrophylla Large leaved mint Forb White 3 Perennial Shade 2400-4000’ bees, ﬂ ies Moist

Popolo ku mai-Hawaiian Well Drained- Phytolacca sandwicensis Forb Pink, White 2-10+’ Perennial Partial Sun 2200-6500 ﬂ ies pokeweed Wet, Moist

Perennial, July- Portulaca lutea native yellow purslane Forb Yellow 1’ Full Sun Well Drained 0-130 bees, ﬂ ower ﬂ ies November

Perennial, Year Portulaca molokiniensis ‘ihi Forb Yellow 1-1.5’ Full Sun Well Drained 0-1000 bees, ﬂ ower ﬂ ies Round

Perennial, Year Full Sun – Partial Portulaca sclerocarpa ‘ihi makole Forb White - Pink >1’ Well Drained 3300-5300 bees, ﬂ ower ﬂ ies Round Sun

Perennial, Year Portulaca villosa hairy purslane Forb White 1-2.5’ Full Sun Well Drained 0-2000 bees, ﬂ ower ﬂ ies Round

bees, ﬂ ies, moth Perennial, Year Scaevola coriacea dwarf naupaka Forb/Subshrub White <2’ Full Sun Well Drained 0-150 (with a long Round tongue)

Perennial, Year Well Drained Sesuvium portulacastrum shoreline seapurslane Forb Pink <1’ Full Sun 0-150 bees, ﬂ ies Round to Wet

Well Drained to Waltheria indica ùhaloa Forb/Subshrub Yellow Up to 6’ Perennial Full Sun 0-4000 bees, butterfl ies Moist Vines Perennial, Year Full Sun – Partial Birds, fl ies (bee Bidens cosmoides ko‘oko‘olau Vine/Forb Yellow Vine Moist High elevation Round Sun fl ies), bees

(continued on page 17)

16 Selecting Plants for Pollinators (continued from page 16)

Perennation Height Elevation Also a Scientiﬁ c Name Common Name Habit Flower Color and Bloom Sun Soil Pollinators (in feet) (in feet) host Period

Canavalia galeata ‘awikiwiki Vine/Forb Pink-Purple Vine Perennial Partial Sun Moist 600-2600 bees

Full Sun – Partial Canavalia hawaiiensis puakauhi Vine/Forb Pink-Purple Vine Perennial Moist 0-1000 bees Sun

Well Drained - Canavalia kauaiensis Kauai jackbean Vine/Forb Pink Vine Perennial Filtered 600 - 2600 bees Moist

Perennial, Year Full Sun – Partial Canavalia pubescens lavaﬁ eld jackbean Vine/Forb Pink-Purple Vine Well Drained 0-2000 bees Round Sun

beetles Perennial, Year Full Sun – Partial Well Drained - will Freycinetia arborea `ie`ie Vine/Forb Orange Vine 1000-5000 Birds, bees, wasps Round Sun Moist likely eat pollen

Perennial, Year Ipomoea pes-caprae phuehue Vine/Forb Purple Vine Full Sun Well Drained 0-2000 bees , ﬂ ies Round

Perennial, Year Full Sun – Partial Jacquemontia ovalifolia pa‘ o Hi‘iaka Vine/Forb Blue-White Vine Well Drained 0-100 bees, ﬂ ies Round Sun

Well Drained - Smilax melastomifolia `hoi Vine/Forb White Vine Perennial Shade 600-6800 bees, ﬂ ies, moth moth Wet

Perennial, Full Sun – Partial Vigna marina mhihihi Vine/Forb Yellow Vine Well Drained 0-1000 bees Sporatic Sun Trees and Shrubs Perennial, Full Sun – Partial bees, birds, Abutilon eremitopetalum hiddenpetal Indian mallow Shrub Green-Red 2’-10’ Well Drained 700-1700 February Sun butterﬂ ies

Perennial, Year Full Sun – Partial birds, butterﬂ ies, Abutilon menziesii ko’oloa ‘ula Shrub Pink-Red/Yellow 2’-10’ Well Drained 650-1700 Round Sun bees

Perennial, Full Sun - Partial Acacia koa koa Tree Yellow 15’- > 50’ Well Drained 200-6500 bees, ﬂ ies January-March Sun

Perennial, Full Sun - Partial Acacia koaia koai‘a Tree Yellow 76’-96’ Well Drained 150-4000 bees, ﬂ ies January-March Sun

Green-White/ Perennial, Fall, Full Sun – Partial Well Drained- Alyxia stellata maile Shrub/Vine 2’-10’ 150-5000 moths, bees Yellow Winter Sun Moist

Perennial, June- Well Drained- Antidesma platyphyllum Hame Shrub/Tree Green-White 15’-50’ Partial Sun 1500-4000 bees, ﬂ ies October Moist

Perennial, Full Sun – Partial Well Drained-Dry, Antidesma pulvinatum hame Tree Cream 15’-50’ 0-5000 bees, ﬂ ies February-October Sun Wet

Full Sun – Partial bees, ﬂ ies, Artemisia mauiensis Maui wormwood Shrub/Subshrub Brown 2’-6’ Perennial Well Drained 6200-7500 Sun butterﬂ ies, moths

Perennial, Full Sun – Partial Brighamia insignis ‘a¯lula Shrub Yellow 2’-15’ September- Well Drained 0-1300 moths, bees Sun October

Well Drained- bees, ﬂ ies, wasps, Broussaisia arguta kanawao Shrub/Tree Cream-Blue-Pink 6’-19’ Perennial Partial Sun 1000-6000 Moist moth

Perennial, Year Caesalpinia kavaiensis ‘uhi‘uhi Tree Pink-Red 10’-30’ Full Sun Well Drained 250-3000 bees, moths Round

Perennial, Spring- Capparis sandwichiana maiapilo Shrub White 2’-10’ Full Sun Well Drained 0-325 moths, bees Summer

Well Drained Cheirodendron trigynum ‘o¯lapa Tree Purple 19’-57’ Perennial Shade 1600-7000 birds, bees to Wet

Partial Sun – Dry and mesic Claoxylon sandwicense po‘ola Shrub White- Pale Green up to 8.5’ Perennial Well Drained bees, birds Partial Shade forests

beetles Perennial, Partial Sun – will Clermontia hawaiiensis `ohawai nui Shrub Green-White 2’-10’ Feburary-March Moist 1000-5000 bees, birds Partial Shade likely eat and June-July pollen

beetles Perennial, Year Full Sun – Partial Well Drained - will Clermontia montis-loa `ohawai Shrub Pink-Purple 6-15’ 2500-6000 bees, birds Round Shade Moist likely eat pollen

beetles Green-Purple- Well Drained- will Clermontia parviﬂ ora `ohawai Shrub 15’-30’ Perennial Partial Sun 400-4600 bees, birds White Moist likely eat pollen

(continued on page 18)

Hawaiian Islands Province 17 (continued from page 17) Plants that attract pollinators in THE Hawaiian Islands Province

Perennation Height Elevation Also a Scientiﬁ c Name Common Name Habit Flower Color and Bloom Sun Soil Pollinators (in feet) (in feet) host Period

wind pollinated Perennial, Full Sun – Coprosma ernodeoides ‘aiakanene Shrub Cream-Yellow 2’-6’ Well Drained 4000-8500 (bees and moths Spring-Summer Partial Sun will visit)

wind pollinated Full Sun – Well Drained - Coprosma pubens pilo Tree White 10-30’ Perennial 1200-6200 (bees and moths Filtered Sun Wet will visit)

Well Drained - Cyrtandra platyphylla `ilihia Shrub White 3’ Perennial Shade 1200-4500 ﬂ ies Moist

Perennial, Well Drained- Delissea rhytidosperma Kauai delissea Shrub Green-White 2-10’ Partial Sun 980-3300 bird, moth, bee June-December Moist

Partial Sun – Diospyros hillebrandii elama Tree Cream 15-50’ Perennial Well Drained 490-2500 bee, ﬂ y Shade

Perennial, Year Full Sun – Partial Diospyros sandwicensis lama Tree White 6-35’ Well Drained 0-4000 bee, ﬂ y Round Sun

Orange-White- Perennial, bird, butterﬂ y, Erythrina sandwicensis wili wili Tree 15-50’ Full Sun Well Drained 0-1950 Yellow Spring-Summer moth, bee

Euphorbia celastroides var. Perennial, ‘akoko Shrub/Tree Brown/White 2-6’ Full Sun Well Drained 0-1000 bee, ﬂ y, moth kaenana Year Round

Perennial, Gardenia brighamii n a¯ ’ u¯ Shrub/Tree White 6-30’ Full Sun Well Drained 1100-1700 moth, bee Year Round

Perennial, bee, moth, Gossypium tomentosum ma‘o Shrub Yellow 2-6’ Full Sun Well Drained <400 Year Round butterﬂ y

Perennial, Full Sun – Partial Well Drained- Hibiscus arnottianus O‘ahu koki‘o ke‘oke‘o Shrub/Tree White 10-50’ 390-2500 bird, moth, bee Year Round Sun Moist

Perennial, Full Sun – Partial Hibiscus brackenridgei ma‘o hau hele Shrub/Tree Yellow 2-10’ Well Drained 400-2600 bird, moth, bee February-May Sun

Perennial, Full Sun – Partial Hibiscus clayi koki‘o ‘ula Shrub/Tree Red 10-30’ Well Drained 150-2000 bird, moth, bee Year Round Sun

Red, Orange, Perennial, Full Sun – Partial Hibiscus kokio koki‘o Shrub/Tree 2-50’ Well Drained 500-3000 bird, moth, bee Yellow Year Round Sun

Perennial, Full Sun – Partial Hibiscus waimeae Kaua‘i koki‘o ke‘oke‘o Shrub/Tree White 10-50’ Well Drained 2000-3000 bird, moth, bee Year Round Sun

Full Sun – Partial Well Drained- Ilex anomala kawa‘u Shrub/Tree White 10-50’ Perennial 2000-4500 bee, ﬂ y Sun Moist

Well Drained- Kadua afﬁ nis manono Tree/Shrub/Vine Green, Purple 6-30’ Perennial Partial Sun 850-6690 moth Moist

Red, Pink, Orange, Perennial, Full Sun – Partial Well Drained Metrosideros polymorpha ‘ohi’a lehua Shrub/Tree 2-50+’ 0 - 7200+ bird, wasp, bee Yellow Year Round Sun Dry and Moist

Perennial, Myoporum sandwicense naio Shrub/Tree White-Pink 2-50+’ Full Sun Well Drained 0 - 7700+ ﬂ y, bee Year Round

Perennial, Full Sun – Partial Myrsine lessertiana kolea lau nui Shrub/Tree Pink-Purple 15-30’ Well Drained 700-7200+ moth, ﬂ y, bee Year Round Sun

Full Sun – Partial Well Drained - Myrsine sandwicensis kokea lau li’i Shrub/Tree Pink 13-25’ Perennial 1000-4800 ﬂ y, moth, bee Sun Moist/Wet

Nesoluma polynesicum Perennial, Full Sun – Partial keahi Shrub/Tree Green-White 6-50’ Well Drained 425-2100 ﬂ y, moth, bee (Sideroxylon polynesicum) May-September Sun

Full Sun – Partial Nestegis sandwicensis olopua Shrub/Tree White, Yellow 30-50+’ Perennial Well Drained 100-4265 bee, ﬂ y Sun

Perennial, Full Sun – Partial Ochrosia compta holei Tree White 15-50’ Well Drained 975-1625 moth Year Round Sun

Perennial, Full Sun – Partial Osteomeles anthyllidifolia ‘u¯lei Shrub White 2-30’ Well Drained 0-7600 bees, ﬂ ies Spring, Winter Sun

Perennial, Partial Sun Well Drained- Perrottetia sandwicensis olomea Shrub/Tree Red 6-50’ 1000-4000 ﬂ ies Year Round – Shade Wet

Perennial, June, Full Sun – Partial Pisonia sandwicensis aulu Tree Brown-White 30-50’ Well Drained 850-3400+ bees, ﬂ ies July, August Sun

Full Sun – Partial Pisonia umbellifera pa¯pala ke¯pau Shrub/Tree White, Pink 10-50’ Perennial Well Drained 295-2625 moth, ﬂ y, bee Sun

Full Sun – Partial Pittosporum confertiﬂ orum ho’awa Shrub/Tree White, Cream 2-50’ Perennial Well Drained 550-7000 moth, ﬂ y, bee Sun (continued on page 19)

18 Selecting Plants for Pollinators (continued from page 18)

Perennation Height Elevation Also a Scientiﬁ c Name Common Name Habit Flower Color and Bloom Sun Soil Pollinators (in feet) (in feet) host Period

Perennial, Year Full Sun – Partial Well Drained- Pittosporum glabrum ho‘awa Tree White, Cream 15-30’ 785-6465 moth, ﬂ y, bee Round Sun Moist

Full Sun – Partial Well Drained- Pittosporum hawaiiense ho‘awa Tree Cream 10-25’ Perennial 1700-6000 moth, ﬂ y, bee Sun Moist/Wet

Perennial, Year Full Sun – Partial Pittosporum hosmeri ho‘awa Tree White, Cream 10-30’ Well Drained 1200-3500 moth, ﬂ y, bee Round Sun

Full Sun – Partial Well Drained- Polyscias hawaiensis ‘ohe‘ohe Tree Red 15-50+’ Perennial 500-3500 ﬂ y, moth Sun Moist

Perennial, Year Full Sun – Partial Polyscias racemosa false ‘ohe Tree Red, Yellow 15-30’ Well Drained 395-1300+ ﬂ y, moth Round Sun

Full Sun – Partial Polyscias sandwicensis ‘ohe makai Tree Purple 15-50+’ Perennial, Fall Well Drained 100-2600+ ﬂ y, moth Sun

Pritchardia spp. loulu Tree Yellow 15-60’ Perennial Full Sun Well Drained Variable ﬂ y

Full Sun – Partial Well Drained - Psychotria greenwelliae ko¯piko nui Tree White 15’ Perennial 2000 - 4000 ﬂ y, bee, moth Sun Moist

Perennial, Year Full Sun – Partial Well Drained- Psychotria mariniana ko¯piko Tree White 15-50+’ 200-4000 moth, bee, ﬂ y Round Sun Moist

Psychotria mauiensis ‘opiko Shrub/Tree White-Green 10-45’ Perennial Partial Sun Moist 500-5000 ﬂ y, bee, moth

Perennial, Year Full Sun – Partial Psydrax odorata alahe’e Shrub/Tree White 10-50’ Well Drained 0-2700 moth, bee, ﬂ y Round Sun

Full Sun – Partial Well Drained- bees, ﬂ ies, honey Rhus sandwicensis neneleau Tree White 6-30’ Perennial 500-2500 Sun Moist bee favorite

Perennial, April- Full Sun – Partial Rubus hawaiensis ‘akala Subshrub Pink 6-10’ Moist 2000-10000 bees July Sun

Rumex giganteus wet forest dock Pawale Subshrub/Shrub Pink-Red Up to 6.5’ Perennial Full Sun Mesic-Wet 2000-10000 bee, ﬂ y, butterﬂ y

Rumex skottsbergii pawale Subshrub/Shrub Cream-Green 3-5’ Perennial Full Sun Well Drained Variable bee, ﬂ y, moth

Green to Yellow Perennial, Year Full Sun – Partial Well Drained- Santalum paniculatum dry-mesic `iliahi Shrub/Tree 10-35’ 1500-6500 bee, ﬂ y and Orange/Brown Round Sun Moist

Perennial, Year Full Sun – Partial Well Drained- Santalum freycinetianum ‘iliahi Shrub/Tree Red, Pink 2-50’ 800-3000 butterﬂ y, bee, bird Round Sun Moist

Perennial, Spring, Full Sun – Partial Sapindus oahuensis lonomea Shrub/Tree White 30-50’+ Summer and Well Drained 200-2000 bee, ﬂ y, moth Sun Winter

Perennial, Year Full Sun – Partial Well Drained- Scaevola chamissoniana mountain naupaka (Puna) Shrub/Tree White 2-10’ 1500-3500 ﬂ y, bee, moth Round Sun Moist

Perennial, Year Well Drained- Scaevola gaudichaudiana naupaka kuahiwi Shrub White 2-30’ Partial Sun-Shade 555-2600 ﬂ y, bee, moth Round Moist

Scaevola kilaueae huahekili uka Shrub White 2-10’ Perennial Full Sun Well Drained 3000-5000 ﬂ y, bee, moth

Perennial, Year Scaevola sericea beach naupaka Shrub White 2-10’ Full Sun Well Drained Coastal ﬂ y, bee, moth Round

Orange, Red, Perennial, Year Full Sun – Partial Sesbania tomentosa ‘ohai Shrub 2-30’ Well Drained < 2500 bird, bee Yellow Round Sun

Perennial, July- Full Sun – Partial Sophora chrysophylla mamani Shrub/Tree Yellow 6-50’ Well Drained 1400-10000+ bird, bee November Sun

Well Drained Styphelia tameiameiae pu¯kiawe Shrub Yellow Up to 15’ Perennial Full Sun 0-10000 bees, ﬂ ies to Wet

Perennial, Year Full Sun – Partial Well Drained- Vaccinium calycinum ohelo kau la’au Shrub Pink 2-30’ 1600-5800 bees, ﬂ ies Round Sun Wet, Moist

Perennial, Year Full Sun – Partial Well Drained- Vaccinium reticulatum ohelo ‘ai Shrub Red 2-10’ 2100-12000 bees, ﬂ ies Round Sun Moist

Perennial, Year Vitex rotundifolia po¯hinahina Shrub Blue, Purple 2-10’ Full Sun Well Drained 0-50 bee, butterﬂ y Round

Perennial, Fall- Well Drained - butterﬂ y, moth, Wikstroemia sandwicensis Mesic Tree Akia Shrub/Tree Green, Yellow 2-10’ Filtered Sun 10 - 5000 Winter Wet bee

butterﬂ y, moth, Wikstroemia phillyreifolia Hawai‘i ‘a¯kia Shrub/Tree Yellow 2-15’ Perennial Full Sun Well Drained 0-7500+ bee

Perennial, Fall- Full Sun – Partial Wikstroemia uva-ursi hillside false ohelo Shrub Yellow 2-6’ Well Drained 0-1375+ moth, butterﬂ y Winter Sun

Hawaiian Islands Province 19 Bee-pollinated plants 0f THE Hawaiian Islands Province

Common Bee-Pollinated Ornamentals and Crops Common Bee-Pollinated Ornamentals and Crops Large Small Yellow- Large Small Yellow- Carpenter Carpenter Leafcutter faced Carpenter Carpenter Leafcutter faced FLOWERS CROPS Aster x x x x Eggplant x Beebalm x Cucumber x Black-eyed Susan x x Squash x Catnip x x Pumpkins x Conefl ower x x Gourds x Cow parsley x Tomatoes x Goldenrod x x x Thyme x Irises x TROPICAL FRUITS Lavender x x Citrus x x Monring glory x Cherimoya x Oregano x x Durian x Passion fl owers x x Eucalyptus x x x x Penstemon x x Guava x x Phacelia x x Loquat x x Potentilla x Lychee x x Rose x x x Macadamia nut x x Rosemary x x x Mango x x Sage x x Mangosteen x x Salvia x x Palms x Saxifrage x Passion fruit x x Sorrel x Rambutan x x Sunfl owers x x x Soursop x Verbena x Starfruit x x Yarrow x x x Surinam cherry x

Wild honey bee on bidens sp. courtesy Kim Dillman “Conserve Hawaii’s unique native plants by including them in home landscaping. Native plants add beauty, variety and food sources for native pollinators and honey bees. ” – Kim Dillman, Big Island Plants, Volcano, Hawaii

20 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Hawaii nurseries that specialize in forestry trees, native or introduced

Note that most have minimum orders of $100 to $500 and most grow to order.

State Tree Nursery Gordon Czernick Nina Gutmanis and Louis Bauguess Ethan Romanchak Division of Forestry and Wildlife Makani Gardens Grow Native Corporation Jonathan Keyser Kamuela, HI 1625 West Kuiaha Rd Box 753 Native Nursery LLC tel: (Hilo) (808) 974-4221 Haiku, HI 96708 Mt. View, HI 96771 (808) 878-8276 fax (808) 876-1020 tel: 808-572-6337 tel. (808) 968-8350 email: [email protected] David and Victoria Antova fax: 808-572-6337 fax (808) 968-6853 mailing address: H and S Farms email: [email protected] email: endﬂ [email protected] PO Box 806 Kula, HI 96790 (Ferns only) Street address: hsfarms@besthawaiianﬂ owers.com David DeEsch Brian Kiyabu 1267 Naalae Rd Kula Maui HI 808-969-6364 Hamakoa Nursery Amy Greenwell Garden tel. (808) 281-8494 (Ethan Koa and ‘ohi‘a- seedlings Native and Polynesian-introduced Romanchak) Allie Atkins PO Box 1428 plants only; min. order $500.00 tel. (808) 250-3341 (Jonathan Lehua Lena Nursery Honokaa, HI 96727 ph: 808-323-3318 Keyser) PO Box 1479 tel: 808-775-1663 fax: 808-323-2394 www.mauinativenursery.com Kea‘au, HI 96749 [email protected] [email protected] tel/fax (808) 966-7975 http://hamakoa.com/ http://www.bishopmuseum.org/ Kerin Rosenberger [email protected] exhibits/greenwell/plantsales.html Keep it Native Nick Koch PO Box 1053 Kaua‘i, HI Rick Barboza Nursery Solutions Inc. Captain Cook, HI 96704 (808) 742-9894 Hui Ku - Maoli Ola PO Box 474 [email protected] Native Hawaiian Plant Specialists Paauilo HI 96776 Lelan Nishek (native plants only) 46-403 Haiku Rd. (808) 776-9900 Kaua‘i Nursery & Landscaping Kaneohe, HI 96744 [email protected] 3-1550 Kaumuali‘i Hwy. Jill Wagner (808) 295-7777 [email protected] Lihue, HI 96766 Future Forests Nursery [email protected] http://www.nurserysolutionsinc.com tel. 808-245-7747 P.O. Box 847 www.hawaiiannativeplants.com email: [email protected] Kailua Kona, HI 96745 Betsy Garties and Victoria Paul www.kauainursery.com Phone: 808-325-2377 Mauna Ikena Aikane Nursery email: [email protected] Linda Burnham Larish PO Box 459 Anna Palomino www.forestnursery.com P.O. Box 1337 Kapaau, HI 96755 Ho‘olawa farms (natives only) Kea‘au, HI 96749 [email protected] Haiku, HI 96708 Aileen Yeh [email protected] 808-889-5906 (808) 575-5099 Aileen’s Nursery (808) 966-6337 [email protected] 942 W Kawailani St. http://www.hoolawafarms.com Hilo, HI 96720 tel and fax: 808-959-8040 cell 808-936-2671 email: [email protected]

Habitat and Nesting requirements of native Hawaiian bees

Large carpenter bees: Soft dead wood, poplar, cottonwood or willow trunks and limbs, structural timbers including redwood. Depending on the species, there may be one or two brood cycles per year. These bees can be active all day even in the hottest weather.

Small carpenter bees: Pithy stems including roses and blackberry canes. These bees are more active in the morning but can be found at other times.

Leafcutter bees: Pre-existing circular tunnels of various diameters in dead but sound wood created by emerging beetles, some nest in the ground. Leave dead limbs and trees to support not just pollinators but other wildlife. Leafcutter bees can be seen foraging throughout the day even in hot weather.

Yellow-faced bees: In dead stems. These bees are more active during morning hours.

Hawaiian Islands Province 21 A Basic Checklist

Become familiar with pollinators in your landscape.

n Watch for activity throughout the day and the seasons. n Keep a simple notebook of when and what comes to your garden. NOTE: It is not necessary to identify each species when you fi rst get started. Simply note if it is a bee that likes the yellow fl ower that blooms in the fall. n Consult a local fi eld guide or web site (www.pollinator.org) when you are ready to learn more details.

Add native plants to attract more native pollinators.

n List the plants you currently have in your landscape. n Determine when you need additional ﬂ owers to provide nectar and pollen throughout the growing season. n Add plants that provide additional seasons of bloom, create variable heights for shelter, and attract the types of pollinators you want. n Don’t forget to include host plants that provide food and shelter for larval development. n Contact your local native plant society or extension agent for “MONARCH more help. BUTTERFLIES Use pollinator friendly landscape NEVER FAIL TO CATCH practices to support the pollinators you attract. THE VISITOR’S EYE n Use Integrated Pest Management Practices to address pest concerns. AND ALWAYS LEAD n Tolerate a little mess – leave dead snags and leaf litter, keep areas bare for ground nesting pollinators, and leave some weeds that provide TO A TEACHABLE food for pollinators. n Provide safe access to clean water. MOMENT.” -- LOGAN LEE, PRAIRIE SUPERVISOR MIDEWIN NATIONAL Notice the changes TALLGRASS PRAIRIE that you have helped to create!

22 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Resources

Many books, websites, and people Native Plants Butterfl ies and Moths were consulted to gather information for this guide. Use this list as a Opler, Paul A., Harry Pavulaan, Plant Pono starting point to learn more about Ray E. Stanford, Michael Pogue, www.plantpono.org/ pollinators and plants in your area. coordinators. 2006. Butterfl ies and Plant Conservation Alliance Moths of North America. Bozeman, Bailey’s Ecoregion Maps www.nps.gov/plants MT: NBII Mountain Prairie Lady Bird Johnson Wildfl ower Information Node. USDA Forest Service Center www.butterfl iesandmoths.org/ http://www.fs.fed.us/land/ www.wildfl ower.org/plants/ (Version 07192007) ecosysmgmt/ecoreg1_home.html USDA Hardiness Zone Map Pyle, Robert Michael. 1981. National www.usna.usda/Hardzone/ Audubon Society Field Guide to Pollination/Pollinators Butterfl ies. Alfred A. Knopf: New USDA, NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS York, NY. Database Pollinator Partnership www.plants.usda.gov, 19 July, 2007 North American Buterfl y www.pollinator.org National Plant Data Center, Association Natural Resources Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA www.naba.org Conservation Service www.nrcs.usda.gov Feedback North American Pollinator We need your help to create better Native Bees Protection Campaign guides for other parts of North www.nappc.org National Sustainable Information America. Please e-mail your input to USDA Forest Service Service [email protected] www.fs.fed.us/wildfl owers/pollinators/ “Alternative Pollinators: Native Bees” or fax to 415-362-3070. Wild Farm Alliance by Lane Greer, NCAT Agriculture Specialist, Published 1999, ATTRA www.wildfarmalliance.org n How will you use this guide? Publication #IP126 The Xerces Society www.attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/ www.xerces.org nativebee.html n Do you fi nd the directions Illinois Natural History Survey clear? If not, please tell us www.inhs.uiuc.edu Agriculture Research Service what is unclear. Plants Attractive to Native Bees table Buchmann, S.L. and G.P. Nabhan. www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs. n Is there any information you 1997. The Forgotten Pollinators htm?docid=12052 Island Press: Washington, DC. feel is missing from the guide?

Committee on the Status of n Any other comments? Pollinators in North America. 2007. Status of Pollinators in North America The National Academies Press: Thank you Washington, DC. for taking the time to help!

Hawaiian Islands Province 23 Research and Writing: Elizabeth L. Ley Stephen Buchmann, Ph.D. Gary K auffman Olivia Jacobsen Mary Rager NAPPC Lindsay K wong Victoria Wojcik, Ph.D.

Editorial: Laurie Davies Adams Mary Rager Jennifer Tsang

Production Supervision: Mary Rager Jennifer Tsang

Design: Marguerite Meyer

Concept review: Big Island Plants, Kim Dillman Plant Conservation Alliance Bishop Museum, Clyde Imada Botanic Gardens Conservation International – US, Abby Hird Island Princess, Dave Schell Hawaii Department of Agriculture, Pat Conant, Danielle Downey, Jacqueline Robson, Lauren Rusert Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, Lyman Perry Hawaii Invasive Species Council, Josh Atwood, Chuck Chimera, Patricia Clifford Starr Environmental, Forest and Kim Starr The University of Hawaii, Karl Magnacca

Photo Contributors: Karl Magnacca Kim Dillman Lauren Rusert Danielle Downey Jonathan Starr Colleen Kwong

original concept creator: Larry Stritch, Ph.D.

For a copy of this brochure, or for another region, visit www.pollinator.org The Pollinator Partnership / North American Pollinator Protection Campaign 423 Washington St., 5th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94111 – 415-362-1137 24 www.pollinator.org d www.nappc.org Selecting Plants for Pollinators