DOCSLIB.ORG

The Early Church in the Light of the Monuments; a Study in Christian

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Early Church in the Light of the Monuments; a Study in Christian Dear Reader, This book was referenced in one of the 185 issues of 'The Builder' Magazine which was published between January 1915 and May 1930. To celebrate the centennial of this publication, the Pictoumasons website presents a complete set of indexed issues of the magazine. As far as the editor was able to, books which were suggested to the reader have been searched for on the internet and included in 'The Builder' library.' This is a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by one of several organizations as part of a project to make the world's books discoverable online. Wherever possible, the source and original scanner identification has been retained. Only blank pages have been removed and this header- page added. The original book has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books belong to the public and 'pictoumasons' makes no claim of ownership to any of the books in this library; we are merely their custodians. Often, marks, notations and other marginalia present in the original volume will appear in these files – a reminder of this book's long journey from the publisher to a library and finally to you. Since you are reading this book now, you can probably also keep a copy of it on your computer, so we ask you to Keep it legal. Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that just because we believe a book to be in the public domain for users in Canada, that the work is also in the public domain for users in other countries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country. Please do not assume that a book's appearance in 'The Builder' library means it can be used in any manner anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liability can be quite severe. The Webmaster Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2008 witii funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation littp://www.arcliive.org/details/earlycliurcliinligOObarnuoft THE WESTMINSTER LIBRARY A SERIES OF MANUALS FOR CATHOLIC PRIESTS AND STUDENTS EDITED BY The Right Rev. Mgr. BERNARD WARD PRESIDENT OF ST. EDMUND'S COLLEGE AND The Rev. HERBERT THURSTON, S.J. From a Sarcophagus, perhaps representing the Statue of OUR Lord at Baneas From Marucchis " 1 Monumenti del Museo Cristiano Pio-Lateranense' {Milan : Ulrica Hoepli) THE EARLY CHURCH IN THE LIGHT OF THE MONUMENTS A STUDY IN CHRISTIAN ARCHEOLOGY I ARTHUR STAPYLTON BARNES, M.A. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, OXFORD, TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE CHAMBERLAIN OF HONOUR TO H.H. PIUS X. CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE SOCIET^ ARCHEOLOGIQUE DE FRANCE AND OF THE ARCADIA OF ROME WITH ILLUSTRATIONS EX LIBRIS ST. BASIL'S SCHOLASTICATE HO.JA2 V- i? ^ /.^Z.- LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO. 39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON NEW YORK, BOMBAY AND CALCUTTA 1913 EDITORS' PREFACE. This series of Handbooks is designed to meet a need, which, the Editors believe, has been widely felt, and which results in great measure from the predominant importance attached to Dogmatic and Moral Theology in the studies preliminary to the Priesthood. That the first place must of necessity be given to these subjects will not be disputed. But there re- mains a large outlying field of professional knowledge which is always in danger of being crowded out in the years before ordination, and the practical utility of which may not be fully realised until some experience of the ministry has been gained. It will be the aim of the present series to offer the sort of help which is dictated by such experience, and its develop- ments will be largely guided by the suggestions, past and future, of the Clergy themselves. To provide Textbooks for Dogmatic Treatises is not contemplated—at any rate not at the outset. On the other hand, the pastoral work of the missionary priest will be kept constantly in view, and the series will also deal with those historical and liturgical aspects of Catholic vi EDITORS' PREFACE belief and practice which are every day being brought more into prominence. That the needs of English-speaking countries are, in these respects, exceptional, must be manifest to all. In point of treatment it seems desirable that the volumes should be popular rather than scholastic, but the Editors hope that by the selection of writers, fully competent in their special subjects, the information given may always be accurate and abreast of modern research. The kind approval of this scheme by His Grace the Archbishop of Westminster, in whose Diocese these manuals are edited, has suggested that the series should be introduced to the public under the general title of The West- minster Library. It is hoped, however, that contributors may also be found among the distinguished Clergy of Ireland and America, and that the Westminster Library will be repre- sentative of Catholic scholarship in all English- speaking countries. CONTENTS. PAGE Introductory xiii PART I. THE GROWTH OF THE CHURCH IN THE FIRST THREE CENTURIES. CHAP. I. The Apostles at Rome I II. The Earliest Converts to Christianity 19 III. The Blood of the Martyrs . 34 IV. The Collegia and the Catacombs 53 V. The Christianising of Rome 67 PART II. THE WITNESS OF THE MONUMENTS TO CHRISTIAN DOGMA. I. The Symbolism of the Early Church ... 81 II. The Witness of the Monuments to the Primacy OF the Holy See 92 III. The Witness of the Monuments with regard to Holy Baptism in IV. The Witness of the Monuments to the Doctrine of the Holy Eucharist 126 vii viii CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE V. The Witness of the Monuments as to other Rites AND Ceremonies of the Church .... 138 VI. The Witness of the Monuments to the Communion OF Saints 149 VII. Portraits and Representations 165 PART III. THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHURCH BUILDINGS. I. Christian Edifices before Constantine . i8r II. The Basilicas and the Development of Church Architecture 203 EX LIBRIS ST. BASIL'S SCHOLASTICATE No,. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE From a Sarcophagus, perhaps representing the Statue OF our Lord at Baneas. {From MarucchVs •* / Monu- menti del Museo Cristiano Pio-Lateranetise ". Milan : Ulrica Hoepli) Frontispiece Labarum of Constantine. {From Bayliss^ ^^ Rex Regum,'^ S.P.C.K.) Coin of Brutus. {From Bayliss' ^' Rex Regum,'' S.P.C.K.) Inscription at Aquileia, showing the Baptism of a Young Girl. {From MarucchVs " Elements d'Archeolo- " gie ; Desclee, De Brouwer et Cie) . Facing^ Chair of St. Peter ii St. Peter as the Good Shepherd. From examples in the Lateran Museum. {From MarucchVs '*/ Monumenti del Museo Cristiano Pio-Lateranense^\ Milan : Ulrico Hoepli) Facing i8 Graffito of the Crucifixion. {From MarucchVs ^^ Elements d'Archeologie^' : Desclee, De Brouwer et Cie) ... 22 Noe in the Ark and the Three Children in the Furnace. From a sarcophagus in the Lateran Museum. {From MarucchVs " / Monumenti del Museo Cristiano Pio-Lateran- ense ". Milan : Ulrico Hoepli) .... Facing 30 Virgin and Child. From the Catacomb of St. Priscilla. '* {From MarucchVs Elements d' Archeologie " ; Desclee, De Brouwer et Cie) \ ^2 Epitaph of St. Fabian. From MarucchVs " Christian Epi- " graphy : Cambridge University Press . Facing X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Arch of Constantine at Rome. Fyow, a Photo by Anderson Facing 68 Restoration of the Old Basilica of St. Peter's at Rome. From the drawing hy the late H. W. Brewer . Facing 72 Jonas and the Whale. From a sarcophagus in the Lateran Museum. {From MarucchVs "/ Monumenti del Museo Cristiano Pio-Lateranense ". Milan : Ulrico Hoepli) Facing 83 Portion of the Stela of Abercius. {Front CahroVs " Die- tionnaire d'Archeologie Chritienne''\ Paris: Letouzey et Ane) Facing 96 Christ gives the Law to St. Peter. From a sarcophagus in the Lateran Museum. {From MarucchVs " / Monumenti del Museo Cristiano Pio-Lateranense ". Milan : Ulrico Hoepli) Facing 102 St. Peter as Moses and Arrest of St. Peter. From a sarcophagus in the Lateran Museum. {From MarucchVs "/ Monumenti del Museo Cristiano Pio-Lateranense ". Milan : Ulrico Hoepli) Facing 103 Vase Found at Podgoritza. {From MarucchVs "Elements d'Archeologie": Desclee, De Brouwer et Cie) . 104 Tombstone (Fourth Century) of St. Paul the Apostle Facing 108 Baptism of Christ, from the Crypt of Lucina. {From Rogers'^ " Baptism and Christian Archceology " ; Oxford University Press) \ "4 Baptism, in the Gallery of the Sacraments, in the Catacomb of St. Callixtus. {From Rogers' *• Baptism and Christian Archceology" : Oxford University Press) . ./ Baptism, in the. Gallery of the Sacraments, in the Catacomb of St. Callixtus 115 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xl PAGE Moses Striking the Rock. From a sarcophagxis in the Lateran, Museum. {From MarticchPs "/ Monumenti del Museo Cristiano Pio-Lateranense ". Milan : Ulrico Hoepli) Facing 121 Portion of the Inscription of Pectorius at Autun. {From •' CabroVs Dictionnaire d'Archeologie Chretienne ". Paris : Letouzey et Ane) Facing 133 Baptism of Christ and Eucharistic Feast. From a sarcophagus in the Lateran Museum. {From MarucchVs '*/ Monumenti del Museo Cristiano Pio-Lateranense '\ Milan : Ulrico Hoepli) Facing 148 Epitaph of a Boy. {From MarucchVs " / Monumenti del Museo Cristiano Pio-Lateranense.'^ Milan; Ulrico Hoepli) . .151 Epitaph of a Virgin named Belucia. {From MarucchVs " / Monumenti del Museo Cristiano Pio-Lateranense ". Milan : Ulrico Hoepli) 153 Graffiti in the Papal Crypt at St. Callixtus. {From MarucchVs ''Elements d'Archeologie^'; Pesclee,De Brouwer t et Cie) 160 Christ and St. Peter. From a sarcophagus in the Lateran\ Museum. {From MarucchVs "/ Monumenti del Museo Cristiano Pio-Lateranense ". Milan : Ulrico Hoepli) 166 Earliest Representation of the Trinity. From a sar- cophagus in the Lateran Museum. {From MarucchVs "/ Monumenti del Museo Cristiano Pio-Lateranense ".
Load more

Recommended publications
  • September 3-12, 2015
    Join Rev. Marcia Sutton and Dr. Mark Vierra on a journey to... Italy Including visits to: Rome•Assisi•Siena•Florence•Ravenna•Padua•Venice September 3-12, 2015 $4,419 per person from Los Angeles or Phoenix For more information please visit: www.pilgrimages.com/sutton Sample Day By Day Itinerary: of frescoes depicting his life. You may kneel before the crucifix from which Jesus spoke to St Francis, asking him to rebuild His church. It was in St Mary Day 1 | Thursday, September 3: Depart for Rome of the Angels Basilica where St Francis spent most of his life. Here we visit Depart US by overnight flights to Rome. Meals will be served on board. the Chapel, Portiuncola, the rose bush, and the cave where the saint retired for prayer. Stroll the medieval streets of the compact little town. After stopping Day 2 | Friday, September 4: Arrive Rome - Vatican Museums at night at an outdoor cafe with a view of an ancient Roman temple, we go to the Welcome to Rome, one of the most magnificent and interesting cities in the Church of St Clare to see the saint's incorrupt body. The foundress of the world, also known as the “Eternal City”! Upon arrival in Rome Airport you will Order of Poor Clares followed the teachings of St Francis by living a life of find your luggage and exit the baggage claim into the arrivals hall where you poverty and humility. We will visit these two saints' tombs before retiring for will be greeted by your tour escort and/or driver.
    [Show full text]
  • Uni International 300 N
    INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photographed, a definite method of “sectioning” the material has been followed. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete.
    [Show full text]
  • Seutonius: Lives of the Twelve Caesars 1
    Seutonius: Lives of the Twelve Caesars 1 application on behalf of his friend to the emperor THE LIVES OF THE TWELVE CAESARS Trajan, for a mark of favor, he speaks of him as "a By C. Suetonius Tranquillus most excellent, honorable, and learned man, whom he had the pleasure of entertaining under The Translation of Alexander Thomson, M.D. his own roof, and with whom the nearer he was brought into communion, the more he loved Revised and corrected by T. Forester, Esq., A.M. 1 him." CAIUS JULIUS CAESAR. ................................................. 2 The plan adopted by Suetonius in his Lives of the Twelve Caesars, led him to be more diffuse on OCTAVIUS CAESAR AUGUSTUS. .................................. 38 their personal conduct and habits than on public TIBERIUS NERO CAESAR. ............................................ 98 events. He writes Memoirs rather than History. CAIUS CAESAR CALIGULA. ........................................ 126 He neither dwells on the civil wars which sealed TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS CAESAR. ..................... 146 the fall of the Republic, nor on the military NERO CLAUDIUS CAESAR. ........................................ 165 expeditions which extended the frontiers of the SERGIUS SULPICIUS GALBA. ..................................... 194 empire; nor does he attempt to develop the causes of the great political changes which A. SALVIUS OTHO. .................................................... 201 marked the period of which he treats. AULUS VITELLIUS. ..................................................... 206 When we stop to gaze in a museum or gallery on T. FLAVIUS VESPASIANUS AUGUSTUS. ..................... 212 the antique busts of the Caesars, we perhaps TITUS FLAVIUS VESPASIANUS AUGUSTUS. ............... 222 endeavor to trace in their sculptured TITUS FLAVIUS DOMITIANUS. .................................. 229 physiognomy the characteristics of those princes, who, for good or evil, were in their times masters of the destinies of a large portion of the PREFACE human race.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Life and Customs Test – All Levels
    2008 LOUISIANA STATE JCL CONVENTION Roman Life and Customs Test – All Levels Choose the best answer. 1. The most common form of punishment for slaves was: a) execution b) imprisonment c) flogging d) dismemberment 2. Which of the following tribes was NOT foederati? a) Visigoth b) Vandal c) Latini d) Attacotti 3. Which of the following weapons was never used by Roman soldiers? a) pikes b) slings c) javelins d) clubs 4. Chose the position that is correctly matched with the color of footwear: a) soldier- green b) patrician- white c) senator- brown d) consul- orange 5. In a Roman theater, senators sat in the: a) orchestra b) proscaenium c) praecinto d) cunei 6. Which road in Italy was famous for its mausoleums and monuments? a) Via Flaminia b) Via Sacra c) Via Appia d) none of the above 7. Which of the following was the duty of an Aedile? a) manage public games b) care of public works c) A and B d) none of the above 8. Intermarriage between patricians and plebians was first allowed in: a) 494 B.C. b) 445 B.C. c) 389 B.C. d) 303 B.C. 9. The first five years of a Roman school boy's education were devoted almost exclusively to: a) writing and arithmetic b) rhetoric c) social etiquette d) grammar and literature 10. The toga praetexta was distinguished by: a) extra fabric b) a broad purple stripe c) being made of linen d) being wrapped close to the body 11. Which room of a Roman bath was designated for hot baths? a) caldarium b) tepidarium c) frigidarium d) unctorium 12.
    [Show full text]
  • African & Oceanic Art and Antiquities (624) Lot 72
    African & Oceanic Art and Antiquities (624) Wed, 16th Sep 2020, Live Online | Edinburgh Viewing Times: Viewing now closed Lot 72 Estimate: £12000 - £18000 + Fees OVER LIFE-SIZE BUST OF VITELLIUS EUROPE, MID 1ST CENTURY A.D. carved stone, shown gazing over the left shoulder, marine inclusions 35cm high Provenance: Sotheby's, London, Antiquities, 7th July 1994, lot 495 Private collection, Switzerland Koller Auktionen AG, Zürich, Auction A154, 16th September 2010, lot 1012 Published: Arachne Database, University of Cologne, listed as located in the Römisch-Germanisches Museum, Cologne Note: Aulus Vitellius Germanicus (15 - 69 A.D.) was a Roman politician and general, he reigned as Roman Emperor for a few short months in the year 69 (known as the Year of the Four Emperors). His rise to power was sudden and surprised many, his fall was no less dramatic and savage. Born into a family of comparatively lowly means, Vitellius first came to prominence as a companion of Tiberius during the latter’s retirement on Capri. There he met the future Emperor Caligula, whom he befriended over a shared interest in chariot racing and games of dice. Surviving Roman accounts of both his life and rule are largely negative; describing him as slothful, indolent and unfit to lead the empire. Despite this, Vitellius was clearly an adroit politician and remained in the good graces of successive Emperors. He first entered high office as Consul in 48 AD and served as proconsular governor of Africa in 60 AD. During the unsteady reign of Nero, he remained an acolyte of the young Emperor up to Nero’s suicide in 68 AD.
    [Show full text]
  • By CHRISTER BRUUN King Decebalus of the Dacians Has His
    THE LEGEND OF DECEBALus· By CHRISTER BRUUN 1. Introduction King Decebalus of the Dacians has his given place in the series of great en­ emies of Rome, a series including names such as Hannibal, Viriathus, lugur­ tha, Mithridates, and Boudicca. Classicists working in many different fields are today very much aware of the king: epigraphers, art historians who ad­ mire Trajan's Column in Rome, students of Roman military history, scholars who write about the emperor Trajan, and - why not - those with an interest in anthropology who study the ancient practice of beheading enemies or col­ lecting their heads. 1 Decebalus is also of obvious interest to those who focus on the province of Dacia, and - true to the topic of this volume - the relations between the imperial centre and one of the last provinces to be acquired by Rome will be explored in this paper by means of an investi­ gation of what I call "the legend of Decebalus". In other words, this study concerns how the memory of King Decebalus lived on in a somewhat different form in Dacia than it did elsewhere. The interest of modem anthropologists in the fate of the Dacian king was of course spurred by the sensational presentation by Professor Michael P. Speidel of the "autobiography" of the "Captor ofDecebalus" in 1970. The funerary inscription commemorating the career of the Roman cavalry officer Ti. Claudius Maximus contains a dramatic description of how Decebalus ended his life: quod cepisset Decebalu(m) et caput eius pertulisset ei Ra- • For helpful comments in Leiden I wish to thank in particular J.
    [Show full text]
  • THE FURNITURE HISTORY SOCIETY Newsletter No
    NL 195:Layout 1 26/08/2014 08:47 Page 1 THE FURNITURE HISTORY SOCIETY Newsletter No. 195 August 2014 FIFTY YEARS! Following the Society’s Mansion House celebratory party on 5 June, the Fiftieth Anniver - sary Appeal Fund has reached the wonderful total of £225,000, leaving another £25,000 to be raised before this year’s AGM in November. If you have not already donated or know of any person or a charitable educational trust that might be prepared to support this Fund, whose aims are to support education, research and publications through the Society, please contact the Appeal Secretary, [email protected], for a donation form. The Rt Hon the Lord Mayor of London with Mr Nicholas Woolf, her consort, and Sir Nicholas Goodison, President of the Society, Christopher Rowell, Chairman and Simon Jervis, former Chairman (Photograph: Jessica Alexander) NL 195:Layout 1 26/08/2014 08:47 Page 2 The Champagne Reception was such a success that was felt that transcripts of the speeches of the Lord Mayor and the President of the Society should be included in the Newsletter: The Rt Hon The Lord Mayor of London Alderman Fiona Woolf C.B.E. Ladies and Gentlemen. Welcome to Mansion House! Home of the Lord Mayors of London since the middle of the eight - eenth century. And home to one of your own — a proud member of the Furniture History Society — for 2014! Nicholas and I are both members — my mother insisted! She was a textile historian who specialized in chairs with original coverings, and was one of the Society’s earliest members.
    [Show full text]
  • Drusus Libo and the Succession of Tiberius
    THE REPUBLIC IN DANGER This page intentionally left blank The Republic in Danger Drusus Libo and the Succession of Tiberius ANDREW PETTINGER 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries # Andrew Pettinger 2012 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published in 2012 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available ISBN 978–0–19–960174–5 Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by MPG Books Group, Bodmin and King’s Lynn To Hayley, Sue, and Graham Preface In 2003, while reading modern works on treason trials in Rome, I came across the prosecution of M. Scribonius Drusus Libo, an aristocrat destroyed in AD 16 for seeking out the opinions of a necromancer.
    [Show full text]
  • Suetonius the Life of Tiberius Translated by Alexander
    SUETONIUS THE LIFE OF TIBERIUS TRANSLATED BY ALEXANDER THOMSON, M.D. REVISED AND CORRECTED BY T. FORESTER, ESQ., A.M. VITA TIBERI I. The patrician family of the Claudii (for there was a plebeian family of the same name, no way inferior to the other either in power or dignity) came originally from Regilli, a town of the Sabines. They removed thence to Rome soon after the building of the city, with a great body of their dependants, under Titus Tatius, who reigned jointly with Romulus in the kingdom; or, perhaps, what is related upon better authority, under Atta Claudius, the head of the family, who was admitted by the senate into the patrician order six years after the expulsion of the Tarquins. They likewise received from the state, lands beyond the Anio for their followers, and a burying-place for themselves near the capitol [284]. After this period, in process of time, the family had the honour of twenty-eight consulships, five dictatorships, seven censorships, seven triumphs, and two ovations. Their descendants were distinguished by various praenomina and cognomina [285], but rejected by common consent the praenomen of (193) Lucius, when, of the two races who bore it, one individual had been convicted of robbery, and another of murder. Amongst other cognomina, they assumed that of Nero, which in the Sabine language signifies strong and valiant. II. It appears from record, that many of the Claudii have performed signal services to the state, as well as committed acts of delinquency. To mention the most remarkable only, Appius Caecus dissuaded the senate from agreeing to an alliance with Pyrrhus, as prejudicial to the republic [286].
    [Show full text]
  • 07 Imagining Recycling, Recycling Designing, Designing the Image: Reutilisation As a Design Strategy María Villanueva Fernánde
    210 RA 22 07 on land and climate3, to changes in environmental law -initiating strategies to improve legislation4- and to the responsible modifica- tion of inadequate business practice, all for the sake of sustainable Imagining recycling, development5. However, some companies and agents in this chain, taking advantage of this phenomenon that could be misunderstood recycling designing, as a fashion, turn these ecological attributes into a simple “hollow” image in which production does not follow minimum sustainability designing the image: standards. Through the so-called greenwashing6, users are induced to perceive values of a product that they do not really have, or at Reutilisation least, not completely. Although the design field has also been affected by as a design strategy these ‘greenwashes’, a great awareness has been created throughout the production chain (from the creator to the user, including the pro- María Villanueva Fernández ducer) which has often resulted in responsible and fair design, paying special attention to its material nature, complexity, processes and life Héctor García-Diego Villarías cycles. All this has led to the creation of an ecological image, this time Throughout history, recycling has become a solution for product veracious, but which sometimes limits the designer’s project strate- development on several occasions. Beyond the ecological gies to the field of ecology, relieving other important issues such as conscience that has been constituted especially from the 60s form, function or symbolism to a secondary place. until the present time, this practice has served to solve different The efforts made since the 1960s until the boom in problems: technical, conceptual or even social.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman News Bulletins
    THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY rat 4 ROMAN NEWS BULLETINS BY MARY EASTMAN WOODIN B. S. Wellesley College, 1890 THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN CLASSICS IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 1914 U_ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/romannewsbulletiOOwood 13 If UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS THE GRADUATE SCHOOL 2^f I? I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY ^huxrs Q)*JJti£L^ C ,, T1TI -^^ EN 1 1 I LED BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF J^^jjt In Charge of Major Work A Head of Department Recommendation concurred in: ! Committee on Final Examination 284671 CONTENTS Bibliography I. Introduction. II. Body of thesis. a. Definition and names, e.g. diurna acta, acta populi. b. Origin and duration. c. Character of news. 1. Politics: decrees, decisions and other acts of the senate. 2, Court records; divorces, marriages, births, deaths. 8. Miscellaneous. d. Style: Petronius's imitation. e. Editorship. f. Form. g. Publication, III. Historical value of the acta. IV. Conclusion. Parallels and differences between Roman news bulletins and the modern newspaper. V/ Appendix. The spnrious fragments of Pighius and Dodwell. Arguments against them. 2. BIBLIOGRAPHY* J. C. F. Bahr: Geschichte der rb'mischen Litteratur. Edit. 4. Carlsruhe,l869, vol. II, pp. 194-196. *A. G. Becker: Romieche Alterthumer. 1879-1880. vol.1, p.3i.II2, p.445. J. Beckmann: Geechichte der Erfindungen. Vol.11, p. 239. Thie reference is given by Lieberkiihn.
    [Show full text]
  • Reflection of Femininity in Tang Furniture: Chairs and Tables
    International Journal of Art and Art History December 2019, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 53-60 ISSN: 2374-2321 (Print), 2374-233X (Online) Copyright © The Author(s).All Rights Reserved. Published by American Research Institute for Policy Development DOI: 10.15640/ijaah.v7n2p5 URL: https://doi.org/10.15640/ijaah.v7n2p5 Reflection of Femininity in Tang Furniture: Chairs and Tables Ladan Abouali1, Jianlin Ni2 & Jake Kaner3 Abstract This research reviews the Tang dynasty chairs and tables (structure and design patterns) used by Tang court women that are depicted in contemporary visual art of that time. With the help of surviving extant paintings, this topic covers the wooden chairs and tables designed for women, and examine how the pieces were used in daily life of Tang women. This topic is essential, as the so called „Golden age of China‟ the Tang dynasty, was one of the most significant periods in defining the hierarchy of women‟s social status. As Tang women became bolder members of society, in addition to the mat and low-level furniture, new forms of high-level chairs and tables were introduced for women that became important pieces raising the status in the lives of high-ranking women. These pieces became inseparable part of Chinese women since Tang dynasty. During Tangdynasty, this new piece of furniture structure was also a part of China‟s growth under this dynasty and was influenced by the forms found in skeletal architectural structures. The paintings selected for study in this research show high-ranking Tang women using their traditional furniture and the new types of high-level seats and tables mostly in palace gatherings.
    [Show full text]