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The Enigma of Ernst Bergmann

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The Enigma of Ernst Bergmann William B. Jensen, Henry Fenichel, Milton Orchin. Scientist in the Service of Israel: The Life and Times of Ernst David Bergmann (1903-1975). Jerusalem: Hebrew University, Magnes Press, 2011. 416 pp. $49.00, cloth, ISBN 978-965-493-580-7. Reviewed by Pnina G. Abir-Am Published on H-Judaic (February, 2016) Commissioned by Matthew A. Kraus (University of Cincinnati) This is the frst book-length biography of of great interest, such as the role of science during Ernst David Bergmann, (1903-75, hereafter EDB) World War II, (especially in the Middle East but science advisor to Israel's frst and longest serving also in the United Kingdom and the United States, prime minister, David Ben Gurion, in the period where EDB spent most of World War II) during Is‐ 1948-63. As such, EDB exerted a major influence rael's War of Independence in 1948, and during on the role played by science in the new State of the new state's formative decades, which coincid‐ Israel, including the creation of several new scien‐ ed with the “early Cold War.” tific institutions, the balance of basic and applied The authors uncover EDB’s family back‐ research, as well as the pursuit of a nuclear op‐ ground (chapter 1) as one which revolved around tion. As co-author Orchin reasons in his “Personal the geographical and professional upward mobili‐ Foreword” while aiming to justify this biographi‐ ty of EDB’s father, the son of a kosher butcher cal effort, science advisers in the United States who moved from the outskirts of the Austro-Hun‐ and United Kingdom have been the subjects of de‐ garian Empire in Galicia to Berlin. There, he was tailed biographies, so why not EDB, especially known as a liberal rabbi who had his own syna‐ since, as he puts it, the nuclear option “continues gogue, wrote several books, gave lectures at the to haunt the politics of the Mideast to this day” (p. University of Berlin on topics such as “Judaism in ix). Though a whole chapter (9) is devoted to Hellenistic and Roman Times,” and secured uni‐ EDB's role in Israel's pursuit of a nuclear option, versity education for all his seven children, of the three co-authors readily admit that key docu‐ whom EDB was the eldest. This background posi‐ ments on this issue remain classified, and hence, tioned EDB’s family among the most educated their biography relies on secondary sources and is Jews who lived prior to World War I in the minor‐ not definitive. However, their other ten chapters ity-tolerant, multinational empires of Central Eu‐ shed much-needed light on other historical events rope. The authors further highlight EDB’s fourish‐ H-Net Reviews ing academic career at the University of Berlin was so renamed, at a time Weizmann served as (chapter 2), where he collaborated and published the frst president of the State of Israel) but also with the chairman of the Department of Organic on Weizmann’s own scientific involvements be‐ Chemistry, Wilhelm Schlenck, as well as with oth‐ fore and during World War II. Much as in World er peers among them Ottilie Blum, a four-years- War I, Weizmann pursued war-related inventions, older scientist whom Schlenck brought from Vien‐ most notably processes for the production of arti‐ na, and whom EDB married in the late 1920s, ficial rubber as well as acetone, which was need‐ against his father’s wishes. Though collaborative ed for munitions. The authors discuss the role of couples are of great interest to historians of sci‐ science in the war effort, whether during World ence, this biography reveals relatively little about War II especially in the Middle East (e.g., by pro‐ the collaborative dynamics of this couple, beyond viding services and supplies to the British army) making it clear that EDB’s spouse was seen as a or during the War of Independence, (e.g., by doing scientist in her own right both before and after the same for the Israeli army), both aspects which they left Berlin (chapter 3, “Leaving Germany”). have not previously received wide attention. This Unlike most Jewish scientists who, upon being book thus contributes to a growing literature sug‐ dismissed by the Nazi regime in 1933 tried to fnd gesting that scientific research played a key role positions in the United Kingdom, United States, in the eventually successful quest for Israeli state‐ and other countries (or waited in Germany hop‐ hood. ing that the Nazi menace would soon disappear), This book also aims to clarify the major shift as this book documents (chapters 4-6), EDB em‐ in EDB’s career circa 1951 (chapter 8, “Shifting Al‐ barked on a somewhat unexpected course of ac‐ liances”) when he switched his allegiance of eigh‐ tion. Despite his prior experience with a major teen years (1933-51) from Weizmann to Ben Guri‐ scientific center in Berlin, and despite an offer to on, the prime minister, defense minister, and continue his research at Oxford (with Robert undisputed leader of Israel in the 1950s, but by Robinson, who would receive the Nobel Prize for then a rival of Weizmann. Upon being fred by chemistry in 1947), EDB opted to join a small, new Weizmann, who felt that EDB’s growing preoccu‐ research institute being planned at the time and pation with security issues came at the expense of eventually established in 1934 in Rehovoth, a his time and effort as scientific director of the small town south of Tel Aviv, by the scientist, Weizmann Institute, EDB suddenly emerged as statesman, and Jewish leader Chaim Weizmann, science adviser to Ben Gurion, as well as director of Balfour Declaration fame. As the authors fur‐ of the Research and Development Division in the ther document, the welfare of the new research Ministry of Defense. It is difficult to assess institute became the reason for an emerging close whether EDB acquired such an influence with his relationship between Weizmann, whose diplomat‐ three, culturally different bosses (i.e., Schlenck in ic missions required that he spend a great deal of Berlin, Weizmann in London and Rehovoth, and time in London, and EDB, who became Weiz‐ Ben Gurion in Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, respective‐ mann’s indispensable assistant, not only at the In‐ ly) because he had mastered the art of catering to stitute in Rehovoth, but also on Weizmann’s vari‐ the needs of men in power, or because he aimed ous missions in the United Kingdom and United to serve some higher ideals which required re‐ States. alignments in times of major historical change, Chapters 4-6 shed new light not only on EDB’s such as 1933 and 1948, when EDB suddenly activities as a would-be scientific director of the changed his allegiances. The authors tend toward Weizmann Institute (in 1949 the Zieff Institute the second interpretation, though they seem aware that the two “betrayals” at the heart of 2 H-Net Reviews EDB’s career, one of science for political service in mate constituency, the Jewish people or the State 1933 and the other of Weizmann for Ben Gurion of Israel) may explain in part such a blatant politi‐ in 1948, require more profound explanations than cization of academic appointments. Furthermore, those offered in this book. Along these lines, the the authors do not inquire whether the Hebrew possibly negative impact of EDB's break with University’s acceptance of an unnecessary second Weizmann for the Weizmann Institute is not ad‐ professor of organic chemistry may have also led dressed at all, even though the authors must be to interrupting negotiations with world-famous aware that Weizmann's choice of a non-scientist Jewish scientists from the United States, who and EDB rival as his successor at the Weizmann worked in more promising areas than EDB’s dis‐ Institute inevitably had an impact on its scientific persed and often arcane research interests in fu‐ vision. orine chemistry, fuoro-derivatives, and pre- EDB's legacy as a chemist educator at the He‐ World War II syntheses of polycyclic aromatic brew University in Jerusalem, (chapter 10) re‐ compounds. mains a problematic aspect of this book despite The authors document how EDB’s autocratic the authors’ effort to contact many former EDB conduct, which was grounded not only in his Ger‐ students and quote their views. Though the au‐ man educational background but also in his politi‐ thors are aware that autocratic professors such as cal power as a loyalist science adviser to an au‐ EDB used to put their names on any paper done in thoritarian prime minister, blocked the rise of their labs regardless of their actual input, still other gifted scientists to professorial status, but they provide large counts of numbers of papers miss EDB’s equally deleterious role in long inflat‐ and students (in separate appendices) as evidence ing the status of organic chemistry at the expense of EDB’s importance. As a result of their persisting of other rising sub-chemical felds, such as quan‐ belief in the importance of the biographee as a tum chemistry, biochemistry, and material sci‐ sole rationale for a biography, the authors tolerate ence, thus leading repeatedly to student rebel‐ rather than question various instances which add lions against the imposition of an outdated cur‐ up to suggesting that EDB’s influence may well riculum. have been more negative than positive. For exam‐ Last but not least, the authors mention EDB’s ple, they refrain from clarifying the ramifications incomprehensible conduct as a civil servant dab‐ of EDB's politicized appointment as an additional bling in party politics at a time he faunted his loy‐ professor of organic chemistry at the Hebrew Uni‐ alty to Ben Gurion by publicly joining the latter's versity in Jerusalem in 1952, citing a lack of docu‐ divisive split from the Labor Party prior to resign‐ mentation.
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