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SETTING GEOGRAPHIC PRIORITIES for MARINE CONSERVATION in LATIN AMERICA and the CARIBBEAN 78637Appx.Mvp 1/21/00 4:26 AM Page 96 78637Open.Mvp 1/21/00 5:54 AM Page 3

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SETTING GEOGRAPHIC PRIORITIES for MARINE CONSERVATION in LATIN AMERICA and the CARIBBEAN 78637Appx.Mvp 1/21/00 4:26 AM Page 96 78637Open.Mvp 1/21/00 5:54 AM Page 3 78637.cover/r1 2/16/00 2:20 PM Page 1 78637appx.mvp 1/21/00 4:26 AM Page 96 78637open.mvp 1/21/00 5:54 AM Page 1 SETTING GEOGRAPHIC PRIORITIES FOR MARINE CONSERVATION IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 78637appx.mvp 1/21/00 4:26 AM Page 96 78637open.mvp 1/21/00 5:54 AM Page 3 SETTING GEOGRAPHIC PRIORITIES FOR MARINE CONSERVATION IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN By Kathleen Sullivan Sealey and Georgina Bustamante With Karl Aiken, Pedro M. Alcolado, Tim Austin, Joaquín Buitrago, Jaime R. Cantera, Juan C. Castilla, Segundo Coello, Omar Defeo, Vallierre Deleveaux, Juan M. Díaz, Domingo Flores, Héctor Guzmán, Ann Haynes-Sutton, Diego Lercari, Richard E. Matheson, Patricia T. Monteiro-Cunningham, José Orensanz, Melquíades Pinto Paiva, Arthur Potts, Enrique Pugibet, Gustavo Riestra, Juan C. Riveros Salcedo, George Sedberry, Luis Sierra, Guillermo Soberón, Carlos Valdés, Vance Vicente, Juan C. Villagrán, Mark Chiappone, John Kelly, Robb Wright, Thomas Hourigan, Carlos de Paco, Roger Sayre, John Tschirky, and Xiaojun Li Biodiversity Support Program 78637open.mvp 1/21/00 5:54 AM Page 4 THE NATURE CONSERVANCY’S MISSION is to preserve The Conservancy recognizes that local organizations plants, animals, and natural communities that repre- have the best insight into local conservation issues. sent the diversity of life on Earth by protecting the It therefore works to support partners, assuring that lands and waters they need to survive. they have the resources and skills to make decisions that will guarantee a rich natural legacy. Since 1951, the Conservancy, a non-profit member- ship organization headquartered in Arlington, Virginia, THE BIODIVERSITY SUPPORT PROGRAM (BSP) is a consor- has worked with local conservationists both in the tium of World Wildlife Fund, The Nature Conservancy, United States and internationally to identify and pro- and World Resources Institute, funded by the U.S. tect critical habitat. To date, the Conservancy and its Agency for International Development (USAID). BSP’s members, who now number more than one million, mission is to promote conservation of the world’s bio- have been responsible for the protection of more than logical diversity and to maximize the impact of U.S. eight million acres in the United States and Canada, government resources directed toward international and have helped like-minded organizations in Latin biodiversity conservation. This publication was made America, the Caribbean, Asia and the Pacific safe- possible through support provided by the Global guard more than 55 million acres. The Conservancy is Bureau of USAID, under the terms of Cooperative well-known for its expertise in land acquisition for Agreement Number DHR-5554-A-00-8044-00. The conservation purposes; in the United States, the orga- opinions expressed herein are those of the authors nization owns more than 1,300 preserves—the largest and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID. private system of nature sanctuaries in the world. Correct citation: Sullivan Sealey, K. and Bustamante, Cover design: Margaret Buck G. 1999. Setting geographic priorities for marine con- Cover photos: Nancy Sefton: sea fan, green sea turtle, servation in Latin America and the Caribbean. The hermit crab; William Garvin: anemone, coral fan Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia. with flamingo tongue; Mason Morfitt: blue-footed Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 99-76801 booby; Hugo Arnal: Sally Lightfoot crab; Sandra ISBN 1-886765-09-X Howard: sea lions; Deb Fugitt: sponge vase, brittle star; Lynda Richardson: background; Charles W. © 1999 by The Nature Conservancy, McRae: Magellanic penguins Arlington, Virginia. Graphic design: Jonathan Kerr Maps on pages 8 and 9 were reproduced with the Editing: Robert Livernash express written permission of the McGraw-Hill Companies from Marine Biology, by Castro, Peter Copy editing: Natalie Aristy and Huber, Michael E. Dubuque, IA: Wm C. Brown Map production: Robb Wright and Robert Waller Publishers, 1997. America Verde TM Publications for preservation—a series of The Nature Conservancy to enhance the capacity to preserve the biological diversity of Latin America and the Caribbean. 78637open.mvp/r1 2/16/00 1:55 PM Page v Contents Acknowledgments . .vii Executive Summary . .ix Introduction . .1 Part I. Delineating Provinces and Ranking Ecoregions within Provinces . .5 Chapter 1. Delineating Provinces and Ecoregions . .5 Chapter 2. Assessing and Ranking Ecoregions within Provinces . .41 Part 2. Delineating, Classifying, and Ranking Coastal Systems . .63 Chapter 3. Identifying and Ranking Coastal Systems in the Central Caribbean Ecoregion . .63 Appendix A. Maps . .81 Appendix B. Coastal Systems in the Central Caribbean . .97 Appendix C. Sources and Quality of Information . .105 Appendix D. Glossary . .106 Appendix E. List of Participants . .108 Consulted Bibliography . .110 The Nature Conservancy v 78637open.mvp 1/21/00 5:54 AM Page vi List of Tables, Figures, and Boxes Executive Summary Table 2.5 Example of ranking matrices: Tropical Northwestern Atlantic Province . .54 Figure 1 Coastal Biogeographic Provinces of Latin Table 2.6 Cross matrices of biological value and America and the wider Caribbean . .x conservation status for setting geographic Figure 2 Coastal Biogeographic Regions (or Marine priorities within the Warm-temperate Ecoregions) . .xi Northeastern Pacific Province . .55 Figure 3 Coastal Biogeographic Regions (or Marine Table 2.7 Cross matrices of biological value and Ecoregions) designated as highest priority for conservation status for setting geographic conservation within each Coastal Biogeo- priorities within the Tropical Eastern graphic Province . .xii Pacific Province . .56 Figure 4 Coastal Systems of the Central Caribbean Table 2.8 Cross matrices of biological value and Coastal Biogeographic Region (or Marine conservation status for setting geographic Ecoregion) . .xiv priorities within the Warm-temperate Figure 5 High priority Coastal Systems of the Central Southeastern Pacific Province . .57 Caribbean Marine Ecoregion . .xv Table 2.9 Cross matrices of biological value and conservation status for setting geographic List of provinces and ecoregions in Latin America and priorities within the Cold-temperate South the wider Caribbean . .xvi America Province . .58 Table 2.10 Cross matrices of biological value and Introduction conservation status for setting geographic priorities within the Warm-temperate Box 1 Developing Priorities for Biodiversity Southwestern Atlantic Province . .60 Conservation in Latin America and the Table 2.11 Cross matrices of biological value and Caribbean: A Brief History . .4 conservation status for setting geographic priorities within the Tropical Southwestern Chapter 1. Delineating Provinces and Ecoregions Atlantic Province . .61 Figure 1.1 Typical Pacific coast bathymetric profile Chapter 3. Identifying and Ranking Coastal Systems in illustrating a narrow coastal shelf . .6 the Central Caribbean Ecoregion Figure 1.2 Typical Atlantic coast bathymetric profile illustrating a broad coastal shelf . .7 Table 3.1 Sources of threats and their associated Figure 1.3 Sea surface temperature (from Castro and stresses to different coastal system types in Huber, 1996) . .8 the Central Caribbean . .69 Figure 1.4 Surface circulation patterns of the world’s Table 3.2 Analysis of threats and urgency for oceans (from Castro and Huber, 1996) . .9 conservation by coastal system for the Table 1.1 Geographic indicators of Provinces and Central Caribbean marine ecoregion . .72 Ecoregions . .10 Table 3.3 Analysis of feasibility for conservation investment by coastal system (grouped by Chapter 2. Assessing and Ranking Ecoregions within type) for the Central Caribbean Ecoregion . .74 Provinces Table 3.4 Conservation priorities for the Central Caribbean Ecoregion . .78 Table 2.1 Example of completed biological value table: Belize . .42 Table 2.2 Example of completed conservation status table: Belize . .47 Table 2.3 Example of completed biological value ranking scorecard: Tropical Northwestern Atlantic Province . .49 Table 2.4 Example of completed conservation status ranking scorecard: Tropical Northwestern Atlantic Province . .52 vi Setting Geographic Priorities for Marine Conservation 78637open.mvp 1/21/00 5:54 AM Page vii Acknowledgments THE AUTHORS ARE deeply grateful to the 28 marine scientists Both authors highly appreciate the financial support of the from Latin America and the Caribbean who provided most of United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the data necessary for defining, describing, assessing, and through the Biodiversity Support Program (BSP). We also ranking marine geographic units. They include Karl Aiken, want to thank The Nature Conservancy’s International Pedro Alcolado, Tim Austin, Joaquín Buitrago, Jaime Cantera, Conservation Program for its support and the opportunity Juan C. Castilla, Segundo Coello, Omar Defeo, Valliere Dele- to lead this project. Particularly, Gina Green, Director of the veaux, Juan M. Díaz, Domingo Flores, Héctor Guzmán, Ann Caribbean Division, Brad Northrup, Director of Conservation Haynes-Sutton, Diego Lercari, Richard E. Matheson, Patricia Operations of the Latin America and Caribbean Region, and T. Monteiro-Cunningham, José (Lobo) Orensanz, Melquíades Roger Sayre, Director of the Latin America and Caribbean Pinto Paiva, Arthur Potts, Enrique Pugibet, Gustavo Riestra, Conservation Science Department, were instrumental with Juan C. Riveros Salcedo, George Sedberry, Luis Sierra, their continuous support (personal
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