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STABILITY IN CHINA: LESSONS LEARNED FROM TIANANMEN AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE UNITED STATES HEARING BEFORE THE U.S.-CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY REVIEW COMMISSION ONE HUNDRED THIRTEENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION THURSDAY, MAY 15, 2014 Printed for use of the United States -China Economic and Security Review Commission Available via the World Wide Web: www.uscc.gov UNITED STATES -CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY REVIEW COMMISSION WASHINGTON: 2014 ii U.S.-CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY REVIEW COMMISSION Hon. DENNIS C. SHEA, Chairman Hon. WILLIAM A. REINSCH, Vice Chairman Commissioners: CAROLYN BARTHOLOMEW DANIEL M. SLANE PETER BROOKES SEN. JAMES TALENT ROBIN CLEVELAND DR. KATHERINE C. TOBIN JEFFREY L. FIEDLER MICHAEL R. WESSEL SEN. CARTE P. GOODWIN DR. LARRY M. WORTZEL MICHAEL R. DANIS, Executive Director The Commission was created on October 30, 2000 by the Floyd D. Spence National Defense Authorization Act for 2001 § 1238, Public Law No. 106-398, 114 STAT. 1654A-334 (2000) (codified at 22 U.S.C. § 7002 (2001), as amended by the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act for 2002 § 645 (regarding employment status of staff) & § 648 (regarding changing annual report due date from March to June), Public Law No. 107-67, 115 STAT. 514 (Nov. 12, 2001); as amended by Division P of the “Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003,” Pub L. No. 108-7 (Feb. 20, 2003) (regarding Commission name change, terms of Commissioners, and responsibilities of the Commission); as amended by Public Law No. 109-108 (H.R. 2862) (Nov. 22, 2005) (regarding responsibilities of Commission and applicability of FACA); as amended by Division J of the “Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008,” Public Law Nol. 110-161 (December 26, 2007) (regarding responsibilities of the Commission, and changing the Annual Report due date from June to December). The Commission’s full charter is available at www.uscc.gov. iii September 08, 2014 The Honorable Patrick J. Leahy President Pro Tempore of the Senate, Washington, D.C. 20510 The Honorable John A. Boehner Speaker of the House of Representatives, Washington, D.C. 20515 DEAR SENATOR LEAHY AND SPEAKER BOEHNER: We are pleased to notify you of the Commission’s May 15, 2014 public hearing on “Stability in China: Lessons from Tiananmen and Implications for the United States.” The Floyd D. Spence National Defense Authorization Act (amended by Pub. L. No. 109-108, section 635(a)) provides the basis for this hearing. At the hearing, the Commissioners received testimony from the following witnesses: Dr. Joseph Fewsmith, Professor of International Relations and Political Science; Mr. Xiao Qiang, Adjunct Professor at the University of California-Berkeley, Founder and Editor of China Digital Times; Dr. Stephen Hess, Assistant Professor of Political Science, College of Public and International Affairs at the University of Bridgeport; Representative Frank Wolf (VA-10); Dr. Murray Scot Tanner, Senior Research Scientist, CNA; Dr. Sophie Richardson, China Director, Human Rights Watch; Mr. Carl Minzner, Associate Professor of Law, Fordham; Ms. Sarah Cook, Senior Research Analyst for East Asia, Freedom House; Ms. Delphine Halgand, U.S. Director, Reporters Without Borders; and Mr. David Wertime, Senior Editor, Foreign Policy. This hearing examined the legacy of the Tiananmen Square Massacre and the underlying economic, political, and social tensions that cause instability in China today, as well as the implications of these challenges for U.S. economic and security interests. The hearing also assessed China’s response to its internal security challenges, and the use of media and information controls to contain domestic unrest and manage public opinion. We note that prepared statements for the hearing, the hearing transcript, and supporting documents submitted by the witnesses are available on the Commission’s website at www.USCC.gov. Members and the staff of the Commission are available to provide more detailed briefings. We hope these materials will be helpful to the Congress as it continues its assessment of U.S.-China relations and their impact on U.S. security. The Commission will examine in greater depth these issues, and the other issues enumerated in its statutory mandate, in its 2014 Annual Report that will be submitted to Congress in November 2014. Should you have any questions regarding this hearing or any other issue related to China, please do not hesitate to have your staff contact our Congressional Liaison, Reed Eckhold, at (202) 624-1496 or via email at [email protected]. Sincerely yours, Hon. Dennis C. Shea Hon. William A. Reinsch Chairman Vice Chairman iv CONTENTS THURSDAY, MAY 15, 2014 STABILITY IN CHINA: LESSONS LEARNED FROM TIANANMEN AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE UNITED STATES Opening Statement of Dr. Larry M. Wortzel (Hearing Co-Chair) ................................................................................................................... 01 Prepared Statement .................................................................................................................... 03 Opening Statement of Commissioner Carolyn Bartholomew (Hearing Co-Chair) ................................................................................................................... 04 Prepared Statement .................................................................................................................... 06 Panel I: Tiananmen and Contemporary Economic, Political, and Social Challenges in China Panel I Introduction by Dr. Larry M. Wortzel (Hearing Co-Chair) ................................................................................................................... 08 Statement of Dr. Joseph Fewsmith Professor of International Relations and Political Science, Boston University ........................ 09 Prepared Statement .................................................................................................................... 12 Statement of Mr. Xiao Qiang Adjunct Professor at the University of California-Berkeley Founder and Editor of China Digital Times ............................................................................... 17 Prepared Statement .................................................................................................................... 20 Statement of Dr. Stephen Hess Assistant Professor of Political Science College of Public and International Affairs at the University of Bridgeport ............................. 24 Prepared Statement .................................................................................................................... 27 Panel I: Question and Answer ........................................................................................................ 37 Congressional Perspectives Introduction by Commissioner Carolyn Bartholomew (Hearing Co-Chair) ................................................................................................................... 55 Statement of Representative Frank Wolf (VA-10) ........................................................................ 55 Panel II: Expression of Dissent in China Today Panel II Introduction by Commissioner Carolyn Bartholomew (Hearing Co-Chair) ................................................................................................................... 63 Statement of Dr. Murray Scot Tanner Senior Research Scientist, CNA ............................................................................................... 64 Prepared Statement .................................................................................................................... 67 Statement of Dr. Sophie Richardson China Director, Human Rights Watch ...................................................................................... 72 Prepared Statement .................................................................................................................... 75 v Statement of Mr. Carl Minzner Associate Professor of Law, Fordham University .................................................................... 82 Prepared Statement .................................................................................................................... 85 Panel II: Question and Answer ................................................................................................... 106 Panel III: Freedom of Expression and Media Control: Implications for the United States Panel III Introduction by Dr. Larry M. Wortzel (Hearing Co-Chair) ................................................................................................................. 123 Statement of Ms. Sarah Cook Senior Research Analyst for East Asia, Freedom House ........................................................ 124 Prepared Statement .................................................................................................................. 127 Statement of Ms. Delphine Halgand U.S. Director, Reporters Without Borders .............................................................................. 135 Prepared Statement .................................................................................................................. 138 Statement of Mr. David Wertime Senior Editor, Foreign Policy .................................................................................................. 146 Prepared Statement .................................................................................................................. 148 Panel III: Question and Answer .................................................................................................
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