Sustain Funding for Hiv/Aids Research at the National Institutes of Health

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Sustain Funding for Hiv/Aids Research at the National Institutes of Health OPEN LETTER TO HOUSE AND SENATE APPROPRIATORS FROM HIV/AIDS RESEARCHERS: SUSTAIN FUNDING FOR HIV/AIDS RESEARCH AT THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH June 15, 2015 Dear Members of the House and Senate Appropriations Committees: The undersigned nearly 700 clinicians, researchers and other medical professionals working on the front lines of HIV/AIDS research across our nation are writing to express our strong support for sustained robust funding of HIV/AIDS research at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Many of us on the front lines of the HIV epidemic across the nation and globally, recall all too vividly the dark days when HIV infection was a death sentence – and we had little to offer our patients but palliative care. Since then, NIH-funded HIV/AIDS research has supported extraordinary successes in innovative basic science for better drug therapies, behavioral and biomedical prevention interventions that have saved and improved the lives of millions. Federal support for HIV/AIDS research has also led to new treatments and ways of approaching other diseases, including cancer, heart disease, Alzheimer’s, hepatitis, osteoporosis and a wide range of autoimmune disorders. Despite tremendous progress, many daunting challenges remain in the quest for improved prevention and treatment therapies, a scalable vaccine, and ultimately a cure. We support an increased overall level of funding for the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to enhance and accelerate investments in therapies and cures for all of the many diseases that afflict Americans such as Alzheimer’s, heart disease, cancer, diabetes and infectious diseases including HIV/AIDS. However, we caution against allocating research dollars simply on the basis of disease burden in the US. Research investment to contain and control the spread of deadly infectious diseases must be a priority to advance public health and protect global security. There continue to be 50,000 new HIV infections in the United States every year and the global toll is enormous—more than 33 million people infected and 2 million new infections annually. Our investments to date have saved the lives of millions and prevented countless new infections but continued support is essential to protect the investment to date and to control and ultimately end the HIV epidemic. Now is the time to prioritize, not curtail HIV/AIDS research. Research advances to develop a preventive vaccine and a cure for HIV infection hold the potential to end the most devastating epidemic in human history. Please support an overall higher level of funding for the NIH and oppose any legislative or report language that would re-direct or otherwise diminish funding for HIV/AIDS research at this pivotal time of immense hope and scientific promise towards ending HIV/AIDS in our lifetime. Thank you for considering these views. Should you wish to contact us we can be reached through HIV Medicine Association (HIVMA) Policy Officer, Kimberly Miller, at [email protected]. *Sincerely, Barbara Hanna, Health Services Center, AL Dr. Christina Ochsenbauer, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL James Raper, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL Michael Saag, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL Janet Turan, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL Samantha Whitfield, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL Amanda Willig, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL Laura Chasko, Southwest Center for HIV/AIDS, AZ Mohamed Abdel Mohsen, University of California San Francisco, CA Support HIV Research - 2 Cristian Achim, University of California San Diego, CA Grace Aldrovandi, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, CA Dong Sung An, University of California Los Angeles, CA Abigail Batchelder, University of California San Francisco, CA Milagros Becerra, University of California San Diego, CA Constance Benson, University of California San Diego, CA Ajay Bharti, University of California San Diego, CA Harold Burger, University of California Davis, CA Adam Carrico, University of California San Francisco, CA Si-Han Chen, University of California San Francisco, CA Mariana Cherner, University of California, CA Judith Currier, University of California, Los Angeles, CA Satya Dandekar, University of California, CA Peter Davidson, University of California San Diego, CA Demetrius dela Cruz, University of California San Diego, CA Roger Detels, University of California Los Angeles, CA David Doan, Walden University, CA Christian Michael Dutton, University of California San Francisco, CA Maria Ekstrand, University of California, CA Ronald Ellis, University of California San Diego, CA Xavier Erguera, University of California San Francisco, CA Yvette Flunder, United Church of Christ, CA Jonathan Fuchs, San Francisco Department of Public Health, CA Gabriel Galindo, University of California San Diego, CA Philippe Gallay, The Scripps Research Institute, CA Frank Galvan, Bienestar Human Services, CA Sourav Ganguly, University of California Berkeley, CA Cyril Gaultier, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, CA Lisa Georgetti Gomez, University of California San Francisco, CA Sara Gianella Weibel, University of California San Diego, CA Tari Gilbert, University of California Los Angeles, CA Igor Grant, University of California Los Angeles, CA Warner Greene, Gladstone Institutes/UCSF, CA Tracy Handel, University of California San Diego, CA David Hardy, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, CA Diane Havlir, University of California, CA Rulin Hechter, Kaiser Permanente, CA Shana Hughes, University of California San Francisco, CA Julia James, University of California San Francisco, CA Alok Joglekar, California Institute of Technology, CA Mallory Johnson, University of California San Francisco, CA Mi-Suk Kang Dufour, University of California San Francisco, CA Susan Kegeles, University of California San Francisco, CA Susan Kiene, San Diego State University, CA Sam Kim, University of California Los Angeles, CA Valerie Kirby, California HIV/AIDS Policy Research Center, UCSF, CA Scott Kitchen, University of California Los Angeles, CA Jane Koehler, University of California San Francisco, CA Elise Landais, The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, CA Daniel Lee, University of San Diego Medical Center - Owen Clinic, CA Scott Letendre, University of California San Diego, CA Mary Lewinski, University of California San Diego, CA Marguerita Lightfoot, University of California San Francisco, CA Susan Little, University of California San Diego, CA Shanna Livermore, University of Southern California, CA Cathy Logan, University of California San Diego, CA Gabriel Maldonado, TruEvolution, Inc., CA Maria Cecilia Marcondes, The Scripps Research Institute, CA Alexander Marr, University of California San Francisco, CA Marta Massanella, University of California San Diego, CA Christopher Mathews, University of California San Diego, CA Sanjay Mehta, University of California San Diego, CA Lori Montross, University of California San Diego, CA Kevin Morris, The Scripps Research Institute, CA Joseph Morris, University of California San Francisco, CA S Murphy, University of California, CA Support HIV Research - 3 Janet Myers, University of California, CA T Neilands, University of California San Francisco, CA Enzo Patouhas, University of California San Francisco, CA Kristie Peterson, Mass Amherst, CA Heather Pines, University of California San Diego, CA Albert Plenty, University of California San Francisco, CA Elizabeth Reed, University of California San Diego, CA Robert Reinhard, University of California San Francisco, CA Victoria Roberts, University of California San Diego, CA Timothy Rodwell, University of California San Diego, CA Theodore Ruel, University of California, San Francisco, CA Parya Saberi, University of California San Francisco, CA Francisco Samudzi, University of California San Francisco, CA Andrew Saphire, The Scripps Research Institute, CA John Sauceda, University of California San Francisco, CA Louise Scharf, Caltech, CA Rachel Schrier, University of California San Diego, CA Svetlana Semenova, University of California San Diego, CA Barbara Shacklett, University of California Davis, CA Laramie Smith, University of California San Diego, CA Celsa Spina, University of California San Diego, CA Steffanie Strathdee, University of California San Diego, CA Radhika Sundararajan, University of California San Diego, CA Paul Tagliaferri, University of California San Diego, CA Judy Tan, University of California San Francisco, Division of Prevention Science, CA Will Toperoff, University of California San Diego, CA Sarah Treves-Kagan, University of California San Francisco, CA Milenka Vargas, University of California San Diego, CA Rolando Viani, University of California San Diego, CA Jennifer Wagman, University of California San Diego, CA Andrew Ward, The Scripps Research Institute, CA John Weeks, University of California San Francisco, CA Barbara Weiser, UC Davis School of Medicine, CA Sheri Weiser, University of California San Francisco, CA Dan Werb, University of California San Diego, CA Cory White, University of California San Diego, CA Ida Wong-Sefidan, University of California San Diego, CA Troy Wood, University of California San Francisco, CA Sarah Woolf-King, University of California San Francisco, CA Richard Wyatt, The Scripps Research Institute, CA John Zaia, City of Hope, CA Benjamin Zovod, University of California San Francisco, CA Michael Zwick, The Scripps Research Institute, CA Edward Janoff, University of Colorado Denver, CO Sharon Seifert, University of Colorado Denver, CO Frederick Altice, Yale University,
Recommended publications
  • The Social and Symbolic Power of AIDS Denialism
    July August pages_SI new design masters 5/31/12 12:22 PM Page 34 The Social and Symbolic Power of AIDS Denialism AIDS denialism has proved socially resilient because dissident “hero scientists” provide legitimacy, “cultropreneurs” offer fake cures in the place of antiretroviral treatment, and HIV-positive “living icons” seem to provide proof of concept. NICOLI NATTRASS he discovery of antiretroviral therapy (ART) trans- a recent “documentary” funded in part by Rethinking AIDS. formed HIV infection from a death sentence into a Duesberg does more than merely 1 Tmanageable chronic disease. Yet a small group of question or rethink HIV science: he ac- “AIDS denialists” rejects the science underlying ART, be- tively publicizes his unfounded claims. Mark Wainberg, a microbiologist and lieving it rests on rotten foundations and that the therapy is past president of the Inter national toxic. These ideas have had deadly consequences. Most in- AIDS Society, called him “probably the famously, South African president Mbeki set up a panel of closest thing we have in this world to a scientific psychopath.”6 Duesberg’s sup- AIDS denialists and HIV scientists to debate the issue while porters, however, interpret such criti- delaying the use of ART in the public sector. Over 330,000 cism as evidence of his unfair oppres- South Africans died unnecessarily as a result.2 sion by a corrupt “AIDS establishment.” Accord ing to Celia Far ber, Duesberg’s In an earlier article3 for the SKEPTICAL powerful community-building effects. leading praise-singer, “As AIDS
    [Show full text]
  • Denying AIDS Conspiracy Theories, Pseudoscience, and Human Tragedy
    springer.com Seth C. Kalichman Denying AIDS Conspiracy Theories, Pseudoscience, and Human Tragedy Written by Seth C. Kalichman, editor of AIDS and Behavior, a Clinical- Community Psychologist and a Professor of Social Psychology at the University of Connecticut All royalties will support the purchase of antiretroviral medications for people living with HIV/AIDS in Africa: http://www.shallwego.net/ftf/index.htm. Paralleling the discovery of HIV and the rise of the AIDS pandemic, a flock of naysayers has dedicated itself to replacing genuine knowledge with destructive misinformation—and spreading from the fringe to the mainstream media and the think tank. Now from the editor of the journal AIDS and Behavior comes a bold exposé of the scientific and sociopolitical forces involved in this toxic evasion. Denying AIDS traces the origins of AIDS dissidents disclaimers during the earliest days of the epidemic and delves into the psychology and politics of the current denial movement in its various incarnations. Seth Kalichman focuses not on the “difficult” or doubting patient, but on organized, widespread forms of denial (including the idea that HIV itself is a myth and HIV treatments are poison) and the junk science, faulty logic, 1st Edition. 2nd Printing. 2009, XXIII, 205 conspiracy theories, and larger forces of homophobia and racism that fuel them. The malignant p. results of AIDS denial can be seen in those individuals who refuse to be tested, ignore their diagnoses, or reject the treatments that could save their lives. Instead of ignoring these Printed book currents, asserts Kalichman, science has a duty to counter them.
    [Show full text]
  • Technological Decision-Making Under Scientific Uncertainty
    Technological Decision-Making Under Scientific Uncertainty Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV in South Africa Martin Weinel Cardiff School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University (PhD Thesis, December 2010) UMI Number: U564796 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U564796 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is npt concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed A LJ-jz—.rrrrf:. .'r^rTrT:....... <. ' (candidate) oat..A /A LW STATEMENT 1 This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD. Signed .....(/......................................... .V....... (candidate) Date STATEMENT 2 This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references. (candidate) STATEMENT 3 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Summary Between October 1998 and August 2000, the South African government refused to make AZT, an antiretroviral drug, available to pregnant women living with HIV/AIDS to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV.
    [Show full text]
  • Quissell Et. Al Political and Psychological Antecedents To
    Panel T07-P16 Session 1 Draft Please do not circulate Political and psychological antecedents to science denialism Kathryn Quissell, PhD, MPH, MSc Catherine Strawley, MPH Maslyn Pessner Key words: Denialism, evidence, policy, governance Introduction Science denialism is a social and political force with significant implications for the world’s ability to govern some of the most pressing global problems. Denialism has contributed to massive failures in managing the COVID-19 pandemic, hundreds of thousands of lives lost to HIV/AIDS, and barriers to domestic climate change mitigation policies and the negotiation of global treaties and agreements. Political forces clearly shape the willingness of individuals to consider, use, or reject scientific data. Using the U.S. as an example, we see many concerning population trends which erode or lessen compliance with evidence-based policymaking. Distrust of expertise and of government are at an all-time high (Gauchet 2012; Motta 2017). Anti-intellectualism, generally defined as “a resentment and suspicion of the life of the mind and of those who are considered to represent it” has become more pronounced due to the rise of right-wing populism, the political dominance of libertarian ideology, and the cultural valoriZation of the self-made man (Hofstadter 1963), all conditions exacerbated under the Trump administration. Clearer ideological sorting into political parties, reified political identities, intensifying ingroup vs. outgroup dynamics between parties, and structural incentives favoring political wins over governing are increasingly polarizing politicians and the American electorate (Klein 2020). These dynamics are coinciding with the most significant pandemic in over one hundred years and have contributed to the rejection of public health evidence and the disastrous U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Of AIDS Denialism by James Wortman One Of
    Page 1 of 4 Change Font : August 3, 2009 Debunking the “Beehive” of AIDS Denialism by James Wortman One of the “Most Talked About” stories recently on POZ.com is a brief article on a new book titled Denying AIDS: Conspiracy Theories, Pseudoscience and Human Tragedy, originally from the June 2009 issue of POZ magazine. Here is our complete interview with the book’s author, Seth Kalichman, PhD, a social psychology professor at the University of Connecticut. What inspired you to examine AIDS denialism in your book? I’d been working in South Africa for years, and I’ve been aware of this crazy stuff that was going on with the president there, former President [Thabo] Mbeki. But I pretty much ignored it because we’re not going to change the president and, you know, we just have to do our work with preventing and getting treatment to people. Like most AIDS scientists, I really ignored it even when it was in my face for quite some time. But about a year and a half ago, I came across some work from Nicoli Nattrass, who really laid out the depth of denialism and its impact on what is going on in South Africa. The way she laid it out was extremely difficult to ignore the number of people that have been essentially held back from getting treated, the number of people that had died, the number of veritable HIV infections that had happened, really, senselessly, because the president believes HIV may not cause AIDS and that antiretrovirals are poison. So the South Africa situation was glaring at that point.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Sethi's Slides
    Exploring the Basis for Public Health Misinformation, Disinformation, and Conspiracies NC ANR Academy for the 21st Century Extension Professional September 9-11, 2020 Ajay K. Sethi, PhD, MHS Associate Professor, Population Health Sciences Faculty Director, Master of Public Health Program University of Wisconsin-Madison Agenda for Part 1 • Presentation (25 minutes): • Examples of public health conspiracies • Factors contributing to the adoption and spread of misinformation • Sources of disinformation • Small groups (30 minutes): Why are some conversations that aim to address misinformation more productive than others? • Reconvene and group discussion (25 minutes) • Break (10 minutes) NCR Academy 2021 Workshop Exploring the Basis for Public Health Misinformation, Disinformation, and Conspiracies Definitions Misinformation. Incorrect information spread by well- intentioned individuals Disinformation. Incorrect information spread deliberately to others Conspiracy. A secret plan made by two or more people to do something that is harmful or illegal NCR Academy 2021 Workshop Exploring the Basis for Public Health Misinformation, Disinformation, and Conspiracies On the 40th anniversary of the moon landing, TIME magazine took a closer look at ten of the world's most enduring conspiracy theories. Their list included: 1. The JFK Assassination 2. 9/11 Cover-Up 3. Area 51 and the Aliens 4. Paul is Dead 5. Secret Societies Control the World 6. The Moon Landings Were Faked 7. Jesus and Mary Magdalene 8. Holocaust Revisionism 9. The CIA and AIDS 10. The Reptilian Elite NCR Academy 2021 Workshop Exploring the Basis for Public Health Misinformation, Disinformation, and Conspiracies Medical Conspiracy Theories and Health Behaviors in the United States (Oliver and Wood, 2014) Neither Heard agree nor Medical conspiracy theory narrative before Agree disagree Disagree The FDA is deliberately preventing the public from getting natural cures 63 37 31 32 for cancer and other diseases because of pressure from drug companies.
    [Show full text]
  • Jan 28 Full Draft Edited
    Alternative Beliefs about HIV/AIDS: Re-examining Distrust among Young Adults in Cape Town, South Africa Clara Rubincam London School of Economics and Political Science A thesis submitted to the Department of Social Policy at the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, July 2013 Declaration of Authorship I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without the prior written consent of the author. I warrant that this authorization does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 83656 words. 2 Acknowledgements My first debt of gratitude goes to the men and women who took part in this study: participants of the CAPS study, respondents in the focus group discussions, and the peer educators from the Treatment Action Campaign. Without their gracious gifts of time and insights, this research would not have been possible. My research assistants, Thobani Ncapayi and Ncedeka Mbune, enabled me to gain a perspective that otherwise would have been difficult to access. Their expert facilitation of all focus groups and valuable insights into the research design and analysis were greatly appreciated.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Spot an AIDS Denialist | Rationalist Association
    % Explore ⏲ Today " Play Dice ◎ Action ♥ Membership Rationalist Association › Articles & Posts › Science & Technology Take a spin round our ten-year archive. Play dice How to spot an AIDS denialist Rogues, pseudoscientists, snake oil peddlers – Seth Kalichman reveals the sinister tactics used by those who deny the link between HIV and AIDS – by Seth Kalichman – TUESDAY, 3RD NOVEMBER 2009 Imagine that you or someone you love just received an HIV positive test result. The news is devastating. After a short time you begin to face the diagnosis. You turn to the Internet for answers. Searching the words “AIDS diagnosis” brings up thousands of websites. A whirlwind of information spins your mind. One credible-looking website, Aids.org, reads: “There is no cure for AIDS. There are drugs that can slow down the HIV virus and slow down the damage to your immune system. There is no way to ‘clear’ HIV from the body. Other drugs can prevent or treat opportunistic infections (OIs). In most cases, these drugs work very well. The newer, stronger ARVs have also helped reduce the rates of most OIs. A few OIs, however, are still very difficult to treat.” With a click of the mouse, an equally credible-looking site, Aliveandwell.org, asks: “Did you know … Many experts contend that AIDS is not a fatal, incurable condition caused by HIV? That most of the AIDS information we receive is based on unsubstantiated assumptions, unfounded estimates and improbable predictions? That the symptoms associated with AIDS are treatable using non-toxic, immune-enhancing therapies that have restored the health of people diagnosed with AIDS and that have enabled those truly at risk to remain well?” Which do you trust? Which do you believe? Which would you want to believe? Would you choose to believe there may be hope offered by medical treatments or would you prefer to believe that HIV is harmless? This simple example illustrates the lure of AIDS denialism.
    [Show full text]
  • AIDS, Pseudoscience, and the Formulation of Scientific Policy
    1 Contested, and Contestable: AIDS, Pseudoscience, and the Formulation of Scientific Policy Connor Hoover Morrison Swarthmore College Department of Sociology & Anthropology Advised by Professor Braulio Munoz April 28, 2011 2 Table of Contents Introduetion 5 Chapter One: AIDS 9 I. Global AIDS 9 II. The Biology of AIDS 12 III. AIDS in the United States 14 IV. AIDS Denialism 18 v. AIDS in South Africa 22 Chapter Two: The Popular Imagination 27 I. Whispers 28 II. Social Labeling 29 III. Stigma 36 IV. Sexual Stigma 41 V. Terror 45 Chapter Three: AIDS and the State 46 I. AIDS and the United States 49 II. AIDS and South Africa 54 Chapter Four: Pseudoscience 60 I. Other Cases 62 II. The Origins of Pseudoscience 68 III. Distortions of Science 72 IV. Circulation of Pseudoscience 80 Conclusion 87 Bibliography 92 3 Abstract AIDS, like so many other epidemics before it, has posed a tremendous challenge to the global public-health establishment, but it has also s a uniquely tortured history that has been riddled with missed opportunities and bad decisions. When AIDS first appeared in the United States, federal funding for AIDS research was a contentious issue due to a perceived connection between AIDS and homosexuality, and homophobic sentiment impeded government action on AIDS until the eventual appearance of AIDS in the heterosexual population removed some of AIDS's stigma. Then, two decades later, South African President Thabo Mbeki based his nation's public health response to AIDS on the demonstrably false belief, advocated by the American biologist Peter Duesberg, that HIV was not the cause of AIDS, causing untold damage.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2007 1
    Annual Report 2007 CCSSR_annual_report_REPRO.inddSSR_annual_report_REPRO.indd 1 44/5/08/5/08 112:39:282:39:28 PMPM THE CENTRE FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH The Centre for Social Science (CSSR) is an interdisciplinary research centre at the University of Cape Town dedicated to conducting and building capacity for systematic, policy-relevant social science research in South Africa, the region and across Africa. Methodologically, CSSR research is empirical, but problem-driven. While we utilise both quantitative and qualitative strategies of data collection, our work is based on systematic research designs with clear conceptualisation of variables and transparent rules for operationalising variables, selecting cases, and collecting and analysing data analysis (in contrast to ad hoc fact collection or narrative description). After a reasonable period, Our mission statement collected data are turned into public access data sets and deposited with the DataFirst Resource Centre. The Centre for Social Science (CSSR) is an interdisciplinary research centre at the University of Cape Town dedicated to CSSR projects are usually team-oriented bringing together multiple local and conducting and building capacity for systematic, policy-relevant international researchers, and offering post-graduate students signifi cant opportunities social science research in South Africa, the region and across for hands-on training by involving them in all stages of projects. Research fi ndings are Africa. presented and discussed at regular weekly seminars and published as CSSR Working Papers. The CSSR presently consists of the Social Surveys Unit; Democracy in Africa Research Unit; and AIDS and Society Research Unit, as well as a The Centre for Social Science Research is made up of the following units: small Directorate.
    [Show full text]
  • Questioning the HIV-AIDS Hypothesis: 30 Years of Dissent*
    UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPT, OCTOBER 2019 COPYRIGHT © 2014 GOODSON _________________________________ Questioning the HIV-AIDS Hypothesis: 30 Years of Dissent* Patricia Goodson, Ph.D. Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, USA1 ABSTRACT Since 1984, when the hypothesis that HIV-causes-AIDS was announced, many scholars have questioned the premise and offered alternative explanations. Thirty years later, competing propositions as well as questioning of the mainstream hypothesis persist, often supported by prominent scientists. This article synthesizes the most salient questions raised, alongside theories proposing non-viral causes for AIDS. The synthesis is organized according to four categories of data believed to support the HIV-AIDS hypothesis: retroviral molecular markers; transmission electron microscopy (EM) images of retroviral particles; efficacy of antiretroviral drugs; and epidemiological data. Despite three decades of concerted investments in the mainstream hypothesis, the lingering questions and challenges synthesized herein offer public health professionals an opportunity to reflect on their assumptions and practices regarding HIV/AIDS. KEY WORDS: HIV, AIDS, dissent, causation, multifactorial causality ___________________________ * ARTICLE PROVENANCE Submitted to Frontiers in Public Health: 03 July 2014 Accepted by Frontiers in Public Health: 07 September 2014 Investigated by Frontiers due to complaints: 26 September 2014 Investigation Outcome – moved to Opinion category, added invited commentaries, and attached publishers’ statement: 11 February 2015 Notified by Frontiers of retraction decision: 26 July 2019 Retracted: 29 October 2019 - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00334/full Authors Note: See Page 1 MEDICAL DISCLAIMER: The content of this article is provided for educational purposes only; it is not intended as a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment.
    [Show full text]
  • Denying AIDS Seth C
    Denying AIDS Seth C. Kalichman Denying AIDS Conspiracy Theories, Pseudoscience, and Human Tragedy Foreword by Nicoli Nattrass Copernicus Books An Imprint of Springer ScienceþBusiness Media 13 Visit the author’s blog at http://denyingaids.blogspot.com/ Springer ScienceþBusiness Media, LLC # 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Published in the United States by Copernicus Books, an imprint of Springer ScienceþBusiness Media. Copernicus Books Springer ScienceþBusiness Media 233 Spring Street New York, NY 10013 www.springer.com Library of Congress Control Number: 2008938225 Manufactured in the United States of America. Printed on acid-free paper. ISBN 978-0-387-79475-4 e-ISBN 978-0-387-79476-1 ‘‘What mattered to me as person living with HIV was to be told that HIV did not cause AIDS. That was nice. Of course, it was like printing money when the economy is not doing well. Or pissing in your pants when the weather is too cold. Comforting for a while but disastrous in the long run.’’ –Winstone Zulu, Zambian AIDS Activist and former denialist Author Disclaimer of Potential Conspiracy Involvement Seth C. Kalichman has never taken financial support from any pharmaceu- tical company, although he has accepted pens and key chains from Pfizer sales reps at conventions. He has also not applied for or received funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation; however, this book was word processed in Microsoft Word.
    [Show full text]