Prostate Cancer: a Comprehensive Perspective Ash Tewari, MD Ronald P

Prostate Cancer: A Comprehensive Perspective Ash Tewari, MD Ronald P. Lynch Professor of Urologic-Oncology

Director Weill Cornell Medical College and New York Presbyterian Hospital Center for Prostate Cancer Research and Clinical Care (CPCR&CC)

Director Lefrak Center of Robotic Surgery, NYPH Ashutosh Tewari Editor

Prostate Cancer:

A Comprehensive Perspective Editor Ashutosh Tewari New York Presbyterian Hospital Brady Urologic Health Center Weill Cornell Medical Center New York New York USA

ISBN 978-1-4471-2863-2 ISBN 978-1-4471-2864-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4471-2864-9 Springer London Heidelberg New York Dordrecht

Library of Congress Control Number: 2013931841

© Springer-Verlag London 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, speci fi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on micro fi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied speci fi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci fi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.

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Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Foreword

Prostate cancer has become a worldwide problem, not only in the developed world but in developing countries as well. As the population ages worldwide and other diseases become less frequent causes of premature death, prostate cancer, which rapidly increases in frequency with age, will present a growing public health problem. Prostate cancer is a complex and het- erogeneous disease. The ratio of deaths to new cases is one of the lowest of any of the major internal organ solid tumors. It is well known that most men die with, rather than of, prostate cancer, a paradox that has long stymied widespread understanding and the easy development of consensus about the management of this disease. Fortunately, clinical and basic research in the past 20 years have provided important tools that have enormously facilitated our understanding of prostate cancer, the ability to predict the course of the disease and the outcomes of various treatments. Today we can add to the standard clinical factors (stage, grade, PSA and biopsy results) the burgeoning technology of medical imaging (especially magnetic resonance imaging) and the more recent molecular characteriza- tions that could greatly enhance our ability to identify the threat posed by the cancer in any given patient. Further characterization of prostate cancer seems highly likely over the next decade with the expanding use of genomic analysis. The worldwide effort to characterize the prostate cancer genome will prove enormously fruitful and markedly increase our ability to discriminate between potentially lethal and indolent prostate cancers. The biomarker prostate speci fi c antigen (PSA) has revolutionized our understanding and ability to manage this disease. While PSA testing has proved the source of enormous debate over the last decade, it is clear that PSA is the best biomarker available in oncology. Recent studies have shown that a man’s PSA levels in his 40s, 50s, and 60s strongly predict the likeli- hood that he will ever develop advanced prostate cancer or die of the disease. Nevertheless, controversy swirls around the optimum protocol for PSA testing, the age of onset of testing, and the cost benefi t of screening for prostate cancer. Epidemiological data show that in countries where screening has been widely used, mortality from prostate cancer has been declining steadily and rapidly. Today, in the United States, the age-specifi c mortality rate from prostate cancer has fallen by nearly 50 % over the last 15 years. The treatment of prostate cancer is also undergoing revolutionary changes. Technology has expanded the surgical options for radical prostatectomy, which now include robotic and free- hand laparoscopic as well as open retropubic and perineal techniques. Radiation therapy has also benefi ted from a technological advance. Intensity-modulated radiation has allowed us to safely deliver doses as high as 86 Gy to the prostate, and image guidance promises to target the prostate more accurately, improving cancer control. Many centers have developed combina- tions of interstitial radiation (brachytherapy) with external beam radiation to deliver higher doses. Proponents of proton beam therapy argue that it offers an even greater therapeutic index, although there is little clinical data to support the contention. For those with metastatic prostate cancer, this is indeed an exciting era. There are over 100 new drugs in the pipeline for commercial development in the United States alone. Phase III clinical trials have shown substantially increased survival with new drugs that target the androgen receptor, such as abiraterone and Medivation 3100. The fi rst immunotherapy approved for use in human cancer was sipuleucel-T, approved for prostate cancer. Other exciting approaches

v vi Foreword include immunomodulation with anti-CTLA4 antibodies and with monoclonal antibodies tar- geting B7x and other immunoinhibitory targets. These and many other exciting developments in prostate cancer are addressed in detail in this remarkable new book edited by Ashutosh Tewari and an international team of associate editors. Every possible aspect of prostate cancer is covered by a recognized authority in the ﬁ eld. For those deeply interested in understanding this disease, especially clinical and laboratory investigators, and for physicians and surgeons who devote their careers to treating men with prostate cancer, this book is a major new addition to the ﬁ eld.

Peter T. Scardino Contributors

Associate Editors Anthony J. Costello, M.D., FRACS Professor, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Department of Urology, 32 Erin Street, Richmond, Victoria 3121, Australia; 61-3-9429-9555; [email protected]

vii viii Contributors

Mahesh Desai, M.S., FRCS (Eng), FRCS (Edin) Medical Director, Muljibhai Patel Urological Hospital, Department of Urology, Dr. V.V. Desai Road, Nadiad, Gujarat 387 001, India; +91 268 2520323; fax +91 268 2520248; [email protected]

James A. Eastham, M.D. Chief, Urology Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; 646-422-4390; fax 212-988-0806; [email protected]

Contributors ix

John M. Fitzpatrick, MCh, FRCSI, FC Urol (SA), FRCSGlas, FRCS Head of Research, Irish Cancer Society, 43/45 Northumberland Road, Dublin 4, Ireland; Professor of Surgery, Consultant Urologist, Mater Misericordiac Hospital, University College, Dublin, Ireland; +353 1 231 0564; fax +353 1 231 0555; j ﬁ [email protected]

Martin Gleave, M.D., FRCSC, FACS British Columbia Leadership Chair; Distinguished University Scholar; Professor, Department of Urological Sciences, UBC; Director, The Vancouver Prostate Centre; Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver Prostate Centre, DHCC, 6th Floor, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada; 604-875-5006; fax 604-875-5024; [email protected]

x Contributors

David Neal, FMedSci, M.S., FRCS Professor of Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge/Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Department of Oncology/Department of Urology, Box 279(S4), Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; 01223 331940; fax 01223 769007; [email protected]

Contributors xi

Francisco J. B. Sampaio, M.D., Ph.D. Full Professor and Chairman, Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro; University Hospital, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Department of Surgery, Rua Siqueira Campos, 30-1101, Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro 22031-070, Brazil; +55 21 9974-8168; +55 21 2548-0636; [email protected]

xii Contributors

Prasanna Sooriakumaran, BMedSci (Hons), BMBS (Hons), MRCS, Ph.D., PGCMedLaw, FRCS (Urol), ADC (ClinInv) New York Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical College, James Buchanan Brady Foundation Department of Urology, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA; [email protected]

Contributors xiii

E. Darracott Vaughan, Jr., M.D. Professor Emeritus, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Department of Urology, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA; [email protected]

Contents

Part I Basic Scienti ﬁ c Foundation John D. Kelly, Hardev Pandha, Maria Shevchuk, Karl-Dietrich Sievert, and Atsushi Takenaka

1 Development, Applied and Surgical Anatomy of the Prostate ...... 3 Anthony J. Costello and Niall M. Corcoran 2 Molecular Biology and Prostate Cancer ...... 19 Greg L. Shaw and David E. Neal 3 Endocrine Mechanisms, Androgen Receptor and Carcinogenesis, and Hormone Escape ...... 35 Kaustubh Datta and Donald J. Tindall 4 Molecular Mechanisms of Castrate Resistant Prostate Cancer ...... 43 Francois Lamoureux, Amina Zoubeidi, and Martin E. Gleave 5 Immunologic Aspects of Prostate Cancer ...... 65 Christine Galustian, Oussama Elhage, Richard Smith, and Prokar Dasgupta 6 Stem Cells in Carcinogenesis of the Prostate ...... 73 Shi-Ming Tu and Sue-Hwa Lin 7 Murine Models of Prostate Cancer ...... 81 Eric C. Kauffman, Casey K. Ng, and Carrie Rinker-Schaeffer 8 Prostate Cancer and the Metabolic Syndrome ...... 107 Stephen E.M. Langley and Jenny P. Nobes 9 In ﬂ ammation and Cancer of the Prostate...... 115 Sonya Vasto, Emilio Italiano, Vitale Miceli, and Giuseppe Carruba 10 HIV and Prostate Cancer ...... 123 Matthew S. Wosnitzer, Jennifer J. Ahn, and Franklin C. Lowe 11 Prostate Cancer Genetics ...... 135 Sashi S. Kommu, Samuel Bishara, and Stephen M. Edwards 12 Gene Expression Pro ﬁ ling and Somatic Genome Changes ...... 147 Michael Ittmann 13 The Proteomic Approach to Prostate Cancer...... 157 Sashi S. Kommu and Emanuel Petricoin 14 Epigenetic Changes in Prostate Cancer ...... 169 William G. Nelson, Michael C. Haffner, Angelo M. De Marzo, and Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian

xv xvi Contents

15 Biomarkers of Potential Therapeutic Value ...... 181 Hideaki Miyake, Atsushi Takenaka, and Masato Fujisawa 16 Prostate Tissue Banking ...... 189 Harveer Dev, Prasanna Sooriakumaran, and Ashutosh K. Tewari 17 Molecular Imaging in Diagnostics ...... 193 Casey K. Ng, Eric C. Kauffman, and Hossein Jadvar 18 Molecular Risk Pro ﬁ ling ...... 207 Neil E. Martin 19 Premalignant Lesions of the Prostate ...... 215 Daniel M. Berney and Anne Y. Warren 20 The Pathology of Prostatic Carcinoma ...... 235 Maria M. Shevchuk and Brian D. Robinson 21 The Pathology of Non-epithelial Tumors of the Prostate ...... 263 Maria M. Shevchuk and Brian D. Robinson 22 Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer ...... 277 Himisha Beltran, Juan Miguel Mosquera, and Mark A. Rubin

Part II Epidemiology, Screening, and Chemoprevention Neil Fleshner, Cynthia Kuk, William G. Nelson, and Alexandre Zlotta

23 Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer ...... 285 Ankur M. Manvar, Raj S. Pruthi, Eric M. Wallen, and Matthew E. Nielsen 24 Racial Disparities and the Global Picture ...... 301 James E. Ferguson III, Matthew E. Nielsen, Eric M. Wallen, and Raj S. Pruthi 25 Natural History of Prostate Cancer ...... 311 Nicholas J. Hegarty and Paul K. Hegarty 26 Population-based Health Systems as a Foundation for Prostate Cancer Control Research: The Cancer Research Network ...... 317 Mark C. Hornbrook and Joan Holup 27 Screening for Prostate Cancer ...... 333 David R. Yates and John B. Anderson 28 Next Generation Screening Tests ...... 347 Jack A. Schalken and Agus Rizal A.H. Hamid 29 Diet and Prostate Cancer: A Holistic Approach to Management ...... 355 Philippa J. Cheetham and Aaron E. Katz 30 Estrogens in Prostate Cancer ...... 369 Giuseppe Carruba 31 Vitamin D and Prostate Cancer ...... 383 Naomi Smith and Alejandro Nolazco 32 The Role of 5a-Reductase Inhibitors (5-ARIs) in Prostate Cancer Chemoprevention ...... 391 David Margel and Neil Fleshner 33 Other Pharmaceutical Agents in the Chemoprevention of Prostate Cancer . . . . 395 Vivekanandan Kumar Contents xvii

Part III Diagnosis and Staging Peter Carroll and Gary Dorfman

34 Early Detection and Patient Risk Strati fi cation in Prostate Cancer ...... 411 Rajesh Nair, John Withington, Sukanya Ghosh, and Alastair Henderson 35 Tumor Markers ...... 423 Diederick Duijvesz and Guido Jenster 36 Prostate Speci fi c Membrane Antigen-Based Diagnostics ...... 445 Joseph R. Osborne, Kofi Deh, Alok Azad Anand, Neil H. Bander, and Scott T. Tagawa 37 Prostate Speci fi c Membrane Antigen-Based Therapeutics ...... 459 Scott T. Tagawa, Joseph R. Osborne, Shankar Vallabhajosula, Stanley J. Goldsmith, and Neil H. Bander 38 Presentation and Symptomatology of Prostate Cancer ...... 467 Agnieszka Michael and Hardev Pandha 39 The Role of Ultrasonography ...... 473 Suzanne van den Heuvel, Paul C.M.S. Verhagen, and Chris H. Bangma 40 The Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Management of Prostate Cancer...... 487 Matthieu Durand, Aude Fregeville, Naveen Gumpeni, Abhishek Srivastava, Prasanna Sooriakumaran, Siobhan Gruschow, Niyati Harneja, Kristin M. Saunders, Pr Jean Amiel, and Ashutosh K. Tewari 41 The Role of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques ...... 499 Pieter J.L. De Visschere, Gert O. De Meerleer, Nicolaas Lumen, and Geert M. Villeirs 42 Prostate Biopsy ...... 511 Paras B. Singh, Caroline M. Moore, and Mark Emberton 43 The Staging of Prostate Cancer ...... 525 Benjamin J. Challacombe and Giles Rottenberg 44 Nuclear Medicine in Prostate Cancer ...... 537 Vinayaka Moorthy Majuran, Vidhiya Vinayakamoorthy, and Derek Svasti-Salee 45 Nanotechnology and Prostate Cancer ...... 555 Sashi S. Kommu, Lidong Qin, Louis Brousseau, Amrith Raj Rao, Philippe Grange, and Mauro Ferrari

Part IV Risk Assessment and Decision-Making Strategies for Localized Prostate Cancer Matthew R. Cooperberg

46 Disease Risk Strati ﬁ cation ...... 577 Alistair Henderson 47 Nomograms in Prostate Cancer ...... 581 Carvell T. Nguyen and Michael W. Kattan xviii Contents

48 Comparative Effectiveness of Treatment Alternatives for Localized Prostate Cancer ...... 593 Matthew R. Cooperberg

Part V Management of Localized Disease Prokar Dasgupta, Alex Mottrie, Abhay Rane, Joseph A. Smith, Datta Wagle, and N. Peter Wiklund

49 Radical Treatment for Localized Disease: An Overview of Options and Strategies for Decision Making ...... 609 Joseph A. Smith Jr 50 Quality of Life and Management of Localized Disease ...... 615 Andreas E. Nilsson, Gunnar Steineck, and N. Peter Wiklund 51 Active Surveillance for Favorable-Risk Prostate Cancer ...... 621 Nathan Lawrentschuk and Laurence Klotz 52 Anesthesia for Robotic-Assisted Prostatectomy ...... 631 Vinod Malhotra and Peter M. Fleischut 53 Retropubic Radical Prostatectomy: The Technique ...... 641 Hendrik Van Poppel and Steven Joniau 54 Retropubic Radical Prostatectomy: The Results ...... 655 Wolfgang Horninger and Jasmine Bektic 55 Radical Perineal Prostatectomy ...... 663 Rolf Gillitzer and Joachim W. Thüroff 56 Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy: The Technique ...... 679 Christopher Eden and Anthony Hutton 57 Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy: The Results ...... 685 Evangelos N. Liatsikos, Panagiotis Kallidonis, Ioannis Georgiopoulos, and Jens-Uwe Stolzenburg 58 Robotic-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy: The Technique ...... 691 Sameer Chopra, Abhishek Srivastava, Prasanna Sooriakumaran, and Ashutosh K. Tewari 59 Lymph Node Dissection in Prostate Cancer Surgery ...... 699 Aaron M. Bernie, Douglas Scherr, and Michael P. Herman 60 External Beam Radiotherapy for Low-Risk Prostate Cancer ...... 709 Gert O. De Meerleer, Piet Ost, Geert M. Villeirs, Nicolaas Lumen, and Valérie Fonteyne 61 Prostate Brachytherapy: Low Dose Rate ...... 719 Peter Grimm 62 Prostate Brachytherapy: High Dose Rate ...... 739 Carl Salembier and Peter Hoskin 63 Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy ...... 749 Bridget F. Koontz, Devon Godfrey, and W. Robert Lee 64 Proton Beam Therapy and Novel Radiotherapeutic Approaches to the Treatment of Prostate Cancer ...... 761 Jeffrey J. Meyer, Jordan A. Holmes, and Ronald C. Chen Contents xix

65 Prostate Cryotherapy ...... 773 Mohamed Ismail, Shwan Ahmed, and John Davies 66 Focal Therapies for Localized Prostate Cancer ...... 787 Louise Dickinson, Hashim U. Ahmed, and Mark Emberton

Part VI Failure and Management of Recurrent, Locally Advanced, and Advanced Disease Andrew Armstrong, Ronald Chen, Richard Stock, and John Sylvester

67 Biochemical Failure in Prostate Cancer ...... 807 Tian Zhang and Andrew Z. Wang 68 The Phenomenon of PSA Bounce After Radiation Therapy ...... 813 Peter Acher and Rick Popert 69 Management of Locally Recurrent Disease ...... 817 Piet Ost, Valérie Fonteyne, Pieter J.L. De Visschere, Nicolaas Lumen, and Gert O. De Merleer 70 Management of High-Risk/Locally Advanced Disease ...... 831 Valérie Fonteyne, Piet Ost, Nicolaas Lumen, Geert M. Villeirs, and Gert O. De Meerleer 71 Radiotherapy Plus Hormonal Therapy ...... 843 Jordan A. Holmes and Ronald C. Chen 72 Watchful Waiting in Advanced Prostate Cancer ...... 853 Maria Carmen Mir and Nathan Lawrentschuk 73 Androgen and Androgen Receptor-Directed Therapy as Initial Treatment for Prostate Cancer ...... 861 Bruce Montgomery and Peter S. Nelson 74 Hormone-Based Therapies for Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer ...... 873 Elahe A. Mostaghel and Peter S. Nelson 75 Toxicity of Androgen Deprivation Therapy in Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer ...... 889 Naveed H. Akhtar, Elan S. Diamond, Nicole Eiseler, and Scott T. Tagawa 76 Chemotherapy and Novel Systemic Approaches in the Treatment of Metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer ...... 901 Robyn J. Macfarlane, Chris Hovens, Niall M. Corcoran, and Kim N. Chi 77 Immunotherapy...... 925 Nicola E. Annels and Hardev Pandha 78 Bone Health: Prevention of Skeletal-Related Events and Palliative Care ...... 935 Jean-Baptiste Lattouf and Fred Saad Part VII Outcomes and Complications After Treatment Mark Emberton, Brent Hollenbeck, and Tom F. Lue 79 Assessment of Treatment Outcomes Following Prostate Cancer Therapy ...... 943 Paul Cathcart and Mark Emberton 80 Urinary Incontinence ...... 951 Ted A. Skolarus xx Contents

81 Erectile Dysfunction ...... 973 Maarten Albersen and Tom F. Lue 82 Immediate/Early Surgical Complications ...... 997 Thomas J. Walton and Declan G. Murphy 83 Population-Based Outcomes Following Treatment of Clinically-Localized Prostate Cancer ...... 1013 Blake Evans and Scott M. Gilbert 84 Management of Radiation Adverse Effects ...... 1019 Seth A. Strope 85 Management of Complications Following Minimally Invasive Prostate Cancer Therapy ...... 1029 Paul Cathcart and Anthony J. Costello

Part VIII Management of Emergencies and Palliative Care Steven A. Kaplan and Alexis E. Te

86 Prostate Cancer Emergencies ...... 1041 Bethan C. Hickerton, Mohamed Ismat Abdulmajed, Manit Arya, and Iqbal S. Shergill 87 Management of Bone Metastases ...... 1055 Keen-Hun Tai and Farshad Foroudi 88 Pain Relief in Metastatic Cancer ...... 1065 Odette Spruyt and Natasha Michael 89 The Psychosocial Impact of Prostate Cancer ...... 1073 Addie C. Wooten and Heather M. Siddons 90 Nursing Issues in Prostate Cancer ...... 1081 Helen Crowe

Index ...... 1091 Contributors

Mohamed Ismat Abdulmajed , M.B., ChB Department of Urology , Wrexham Maelor Hospital , Wrexham, Wales , UK Peter Acher , M.A., FRCS (Urol), Ph.D. Department of Urology , Southend University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust , Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex , UK Hashim U. Ahmed Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Division of Surgery and Interventional Science , University College , London , UK Shwan Ahmed , MBChB, M.D., FRCS (Urol) Department of Urology , King’s College Hospital , London , UK Jennifer J. Ahn , M.D. Department of Urology , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , NY , USA Naveed H. Akhtar , B.S., M.D. Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology , Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , NY , USA Maarten Albersen , M.D. Laboratory of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology , University Hospitals Leuve , Leuven , Belgium Pr Jean Amiel Department of Urology , Nice University Hospital , Nice , France Alok Azad Anand , M.D., M.A. Department of Radiology , Richmond University Medical Center , Staten Island, NY , USA John B. Anderson Department of Urology , Royal Hallamshire Hospital , Shef ﬁ eld, South Yorkshire , UK Odysseas Andrikopoulos , M.D. Department of Urology , University of Patras , Rion, Patras , Greece Nicola E. Annels , B.Sc. (Hons), Ph.D. Oncology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford, Surrey , UK Manit Arya , MBChB, FRCS (Glasgow), M.D. (Res), FRCS (Urol) Department of Urology , University College Hospital and TheBarts Cancer Institute , London , UK Neil H. Bander , M.D. Department of Urology , New York Presbyterian Hospital Ð Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , NY , USA Chris H. Bangma , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Urology , Erasmus University Medical Centre , Rotterdam , The Netherlands Jasmin Bektic , M.D. Department of Urology , University Hospital Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria Himisha Beltran , M.D. Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine , Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , NY , USA

xxi xxii Contributors

Daniel M. Berney , MBBChir, M.A., FRCPath Department of Pathology , St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK Centre for Molecular Oncology and Imaging, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK Aaron M. Bernie , M.D., MPH Department of Urology , New York Presbyterian Ð Weill Cornell , New York , NY , USA Samuel Bishara , MRCS Specialist Registrar , London Deanery , London , UK Louis Brousseau Department of Nanomedicine and Biomedical Engineering , The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston , USA Giuseppe Carruba , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Oncology, Experimental Oncology , ARNAS-Civico , Palermo , Italy Paul Cathcart , M.D., FRCS (Urol) Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Epworth Richmond Hospital , Melbourne , VIC , Australia Department of Urology , Queen Mary University of London, University College Hospital London and Barts Cancer Institute , London , UK Department of Urology , Royal Melbourne Hospital , Melbourne , VIC , Australia Division of Cancer Surgery , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , VIC , Australia Division of Surgery and Interventional Science , University College London and UCLH/UCL Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre , London , UK Department of Urology , Consultant Urological Surgeon, University College Hospital , London , UK Benjamin J. Challacombe , M.S., FRCS (Urol) Department of Urology , Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust , London , UK Philippa J. Cheetham , MBChB (Hons), MRCS (Eng), M.D., FRCS (Urol) Department of Oncology , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , NY , USA Ronald C. Chen , M.D., MPH Department of Radiation Oncology , University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA Kim N. Chi Division of Medical Oncology , British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver Cancer Centre , Vancouver , BC , Canada Departments of Medicine and Urological Sciences , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada Sameer Chopra , M.S., B.S. Department of Urology , James Buchanan Brady Foundation, New York Presbyterian Hospital , New York , NY , USA Matthew R. Cooperberg , M.D., MPH Department of Urology , UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center , San Francisco , CA , USA Niall M. Corcoran , Ph.D., FRACS (Urol) Departments of Urology and Surgery , Royal Melbourne Hospital and University of Melbourne , Parkville , VIC , Australia Australian Prostate Cancer Centre@Epworth , Melbourne , VIC , Australia Anthony J. Costello , M.D., FRACS Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Epworth Richmond Hospital , Melbourne , VIC , Australia Division of Cancer Surgery , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , VIC , Australia Department of Urology , Royal Melbourne Hospital , Richmond, Melbourne , VIC , Australia Contributors xxiii

Helen Crowe , RN, BAppSci, Gdip Epi Biostats, M Nurs Sci Department of Urology , The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville , VIC , Australia Prokar Dasgupta Division of Transplantation and Mucosal Immunology , MRC centre for Transplantation and Urology Centre, Kings College London, Guys Hospital , London , UK Kaustubh Datta , Ph.D. Departments of Urology and Biochemistry Molecular Biology , Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester , MN , USA John Davies , FRCS (Urol) Department of Urology , The Royal Surrey County Hospital , Guildford , UK Angelo M. De Marzo , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Oncology , Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA Gert O. De Meerleer , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Radiation Oncology , Ghent University Hospital , Ghent , Belgium Department of Radiotherapy , Ghent University Hospital , Ghent , Belgium Pieter J. L. De Visschere , M.D. Department of Radiology, Division of Genitourinary Radiology and Mammography , Ghent University Hospital , Ghent , Belgium K o ﬁ Deh , M.S. Department of Physiology , Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY , USA Harveer Dev , M.A. (Cantab), MB, BChir Department of Surgery , Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust , Cambridge , UK Elan S. Diamond , M.D. Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology , New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , NY , USA Louise Dickinson , M.B.B.S., B.Sc., MRCS Department of Urology , University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College , London , UK Diederick Duijvesz , M.D. Department of Urology , Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands Matthieu Durand , M.D. Department of Urology , Montsouris Institute , Paris , France Department of Urology , Nice University Hospital , Nice , France Department of Urology , Weill Medical College of Cornell University , New York , NY , USA Christopher Eden , M.B.B.S., M.S., FRCS (Urol) Department of Urology , The Royal Surrey County Hospital , Guildford, Hampshire , UK Stephen M. Edwards , B.Sc., Department of Medical Oncology , Division of Cancer Service, Charing Cross Hospital , London , UK Nicole Eiseler , M.D. Department of Internal Medicine , SUNY Downstate , Brooklyn , NY , USA Oussama Elhage Division of Transplantation and Mucosal Immunology, MRC centre for Transplantation and Urology Centre , Kings College London, Guys Hospital , London , UK Mark Emberton , M.B.B.S., FRCS, M.D., FRCS (Urol) Department of Surgery and Interventional Science , National Medical Laser Centre, University College London , London , UK Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Department of Urology , University College Hospital London , London , UK xxiv Contributors

Blake Evans , B.S., M.D. Department of Urology , Shands at the University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA James E. Ferguson III , M.D., Ph.D. Division of Urology, Department of Surgery , University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA Mauro Ferrari , Ph.D. The Methodist Hospital Research Institute , Houston , TX , USA Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , NY , USA Peter M. Fleischut , M.D. Department of Anesthesiology , New York Presbyterian Hospital Ð Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , NY , USA Neil Fleshner , M.D. Division of Urology, Department of Surgical Oncology , Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network , Toronto , ON , Canada Valérie Fonteyne , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Radiation Oncology , Ghent University Hospital , Ghent , Belgium Farshad Foroudi , M.B.B.S., MPA, FRANZCR Department of Uro-Oncology Service , Peter McCallum Cancer Centre , East Melbourne , VIC , Australia Aude Fregeville , M.D. Department of Radiology , Montsouris Institute , Paris , France Masato Fujisawas , M.D. Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine , Chuo-ku , Kobe , Hyogo , Japan Christine Galustian , Ph.D. MRC Centre for Transplantation, Kings College London , London , UK Ioannis Georgiopoulos , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Urology , University of Patras , Rion , Patras, Greece Sukanya Ghosh Department of Radiology, Department of Urology , Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust , UK Scott M. Gilbert , M.D., M.S. Department of Urology , University of Florida, College of Medicine , Gainesville , FL , USA Rolf Gillitzer , M.D. Department of Urology , University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz , Germany Martin E. Gleave , M.D., FRCSC, FACS Department of Urologic Sciences , Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital , Vancouver , BC, Canada Department of Urologic Sciences , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada Devon Godfrey , Ph.D. Department of Radiation Oncology , Duke University Medical Center , New York , NY , USA Stanley J. Goldsmith , M.D. Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology , New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , NY , USA Philippe Grange , M.D. Department of Urology , Kings College Hospital , London , UK Peter Grimm , DO Prostate Cancer Treatment Center Seattle , Seattle , WA , USA Siobhan Gruschow , B.S., M.Ed. Department of Urology , Weill Medical College of Cornell University , New York , NY , USA Naveen Gumpeni , M.D., B.A. Department of Radiology , New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Medical College of Cornell University , New York , NY , USA Michael C. Haffner , M.D. Department of Oncology , Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA Contributors xxv

Agus Rizal A.H. Hamid , M.D. Department of Urology , Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine , University of Indonesia , Jakarta Pusat , Indonesia Niyati Harneja Department of Urology , Weill Medical College of Cornell University , New York , NY , USA Nicholas J. Hegarty , MB, BCh, BAO, FRCSI, FRSC (Urol), MCH, M.B.A., Ph.D. Department of Urology , Mater Private Hospital , Dublin , Ireland Paul K. Hegarty , MB, BCh, BAO, FRCSI, FRCS (Urol), MMed SC, MCH, M.B.A. Department of Urology , Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospital , London , UK Alastair Henderson , M.B.B.S., FRCS (Urol), Ph.D. Department of Urology , Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust , Maidstone , UK Michael P. Herman , M.D. Department of Urology , Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , NY , USA Bethan C. Hickerton , MBChB, MRCS Department of Urology , Wrexham Maelor Hospital , Northenden, Manchester , UK Jordan A. Holmes , M.D., B.S. Department of Radiation Oncology , University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA Joan Holup , M.A. The Center for Health Research, Northwest/Hawaii/Southeast , Kaiser Permanente, Portland , OR , USA Mark C. Hornbrook , Ph.D. The Center for Health Research, Northwest/Hawaii/Southeast , Kaiser Permanente, Portland , OR , USA Wolfgang Horninger , M.D. Department of Urology , Medical University Innsbruck , Innsbruck, Tyrol , Austria Peter Hoskin Mount Vernon Cancer Centre , University College, Northwood, Middlesex , London UK Chris Hovens Departments of Urology and Surgery , Royal Melbourne Hospital and University of Melbourne , Melbourne , VIC , Australia Australian Prostate Cancer Centre@Epworth , Melbourne , VIC , Australia Anthony Hutton , FRACS (Urol) Department of Urology , The Royal Surrey County Hospital , Guildford, Hampshire , UK Mohamed Ismail , MBChB, MRCS, Ph.D. Department of Urology , The Royal Surrey County Hospital , Guildford , UK Emilio Italiano , M.D. Urology Unit , Ospedali riuniti Villa So ﬁ a-Cervello , Palermo , Italy Andrology Unit , Azienda Ospedaliera Villa So ﬁ a-Cervello , Palermo , Italy Michael Ittmann , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Pathology and Immunology , Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA Hossein Jadvar , M.D., Ph.D., MPH, M.B.A. Department of Radiology , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA Guido Jenster , Ph.D. Department of Urology , Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands Steven Joniau , M.D. Department of Urology , Universitair Ziekenhuis Gasthuisberg, K.U. Leuven , Leuven , Belgium xxvi Contributors

Panagiotis Kallidonis , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Urology , University of Patras , Rion, Patras , Greece Michael W. Kattan , Ph.D. Department of Quantitative Health Sciences , Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland , OH , USA Aaron E. Katz Department of Urology , Winthrop University Hospital , Long Island , New York , USA Eric C. Kauffman , M.D. Department of Urology , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , NY , USA Laurence Klotz , M.D., FRCS (C) Division of Urology, Department of Surgery , Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada Sashi S. Kommu , M.B.B.S., B.Sc. (Hons), MRCSEd, MRCS (Eng, Ire, Glas) Department of Urology , Urology Treatment Center, Guy’s Hospital, Guy’s and St. Thomas NHS Foundation Trust , London , UK Bridget F. Koontz , M.D. Department of Radiation Oncology , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA Vivekanandan Kumar , M.B.B.S., M.S. (General Surgery), FRCSEd, M.D. (Research), FEBU, FRCS (Urol) Department of Urology , Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital , Norwich , UK Francois Lamoureux , Ph.D. Department of Urologic Sciences , Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital , Vancouver , BC , Canada Stephen E. M. Langley , M.B.B.S. (Hons), M.S., FRCS (Urol) Department of Urology , St. Luke’s Cancel Centre, Royal Surrey County Hospital , Guildford, Surrey , UK Jean-Baptiste Lattouf , M.D., FRCS (C) Department of Surgery , Notre-Dame Hospital, University of Montreal Hospital Center (CHUM) , Montréal , QC , Canada Nathan Lawrentschuk , M.B.B.S., Ph.D., FRACS Division of Urology, Department of Surgery , Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research , Melbourne , VIC , Australia Department of Surgery , Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne , Melbourne , VIC , Australia W. Robert Lee , M.D., M.S., M.Ed. Department of Radiation Oncology , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA Evangelos N. Liatsikos , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Urology , University of Patras , Rion, Patras , Greece Sue-Hwa Lin , Ph.D. Department of Molecular Pathology , U.T. MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA Franklin C. Lowe , M.D., M.P.H. Department of Urology , St. Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital , New York , NY , USA Tom F. Lue , M.D., ScD (Hons) Department of Urology , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA Nicolaas Lumen , M.D., Ph.D., FEBU Department of Urology , Ghent University Hospital , Ghent , Belgium Robyn J. Macfarlane , B.Sc., M.D. (FRCPC) Department of Medical Oncology , British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver Cancer Centre , Vancouver , BC , Canada Contributors xxvii

Vinayaka Moorthy Majuran , M.B.B.S., FRCR Department of Radiology , Kingston Hospital NHS Trust , Kingston upon Thames, Surrey , UK Vinod Malhotra , M.B.B.S., M.D., FACA Departments of Anesthesiology and Urology , New York Presbyterian Ð Weill Cornell Medical Center , New York , NY , USA Ankur M. Manvar , M.D. Department of Surgery , Brigham and Women’s Hospital , Boston , MA , USA David Margel , M.D. Division of Urology, Department of Surgical Oncology , Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network , Toronto , ON , Canada Neil E. Martin , M.D., MPH Department of Radiation Oncology , Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston , MA , USA Jeffrey J. Meyer , M.D., M.S. Department of Radiation Oncology , University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA Vitale Miceli , Ph.D. Department of Oncology , AORNAS-Civico , Palermo , Italy Department of Oncology, Experimental Oncology , AORNAS-Civico , Palermo , Italy Agnieszka Michael , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Medical Oncology , Royal Surrey County Hospital, St. Luke’s Cancer Centre , Guildford, Surrey , UK Natasha Michael , MBChB, FAChPM, MRCP, MRCGP, M.Sc. Department of Pain and Palliative Care , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , East Melbourne , VIC , Australia Maria Carmen Mir , M.D., FEBU Department of Surgery , Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne , Melbourne , VIC , Australia Hideaki Miyake , M.D., Ph.D. Division of Urology, Department of Surgery , Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine , Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo , Japan Bruce Montgomery , M.D. Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine , Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA VA Puget Sound Health Care System , Seattle , WA , USA Caroline M. Moore , MRCS, M.D. Department of Surgery and Interventional Science, National Medical Laser Centre , University College London , London , UK Juan Miguel Mosquera , M.D., M.Sc. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , NY , USA Elahe A. Mostaghel , M.D., Ph.D. Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA The Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research , Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle , WA, USA Declan G. Murphy , M.B., FRACS, FRCS (Urol) Department of Cancer Surgery , Peter MacCullum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , VIC , Australia Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre , Melbourne , VIC , Australia Rajesh Nair , M.B.B.S., MRCS Department of Urology , Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust , Maidstone , UK David E. Neal , Fmed Sci, M.S., FRCS Department of Oncology , Addenbrooke’s Hospital , Cambridge , UK Department of Urology , Addenbrooke’s Hospital , Cambridge , UK xxviii Contributors

Peter S. Nelson , M.D. Division of Human Biology and Clinical Research , Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle , WA , USA Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA William G. Nelson , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Oncology , Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA Casey K. Ng , M.D. Department of Urology , Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA Carvell T. Nguyen , M.D., Ph.D. Division of Urology, MetroHealth Hospital , Cleveland , OH , USA Matthew E. Nielsen , M.D. Division of Urology, Department of Surgery , UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center , Chapel Hill , NC , USA Andreas E. Nilsson , M.D. Department of Urology , Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden Section of Urology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden Jenny P. Nobes , M.B.B.S., FRCR Department of Oncology and Haematology , Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital , Norwich, Norfolk , UK Alejandro Nolazco , M.D. Department of Urology , British Hospital of Buenos Aires and Austral University , Buenos Aires , Argentina Joseph R. Osborne , M.D., Ph.D. Molecular Imaging and Therapy Service, Department of Radiology , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York , NY , USA Piet Ost , PD, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Radiation Oncology , Ghent University Hospital , Ghent, Oost-Vlaanderen , Belgium Hardev Pandha , FRCP, FRACP, Ph.D. Department of Oncology , University of Surrey, Postgraduate Medical School , Guildford, Surrey , UK Emanuel Petricoin Professor and Director, Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University , Manassas , VA, USA Rick Popert , M.S., FRCS (Urol) Department of Urology , Urology Centre, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals , London , UK Raj S. Pruthi , M.D., FACS Department of Surgery , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA Lidong Qin , Ph.D. Department of NanoMedicine and BioMedical Engineering , The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston , TX , USA Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , NY , USA Amrith Raj Rao , M.B.B.S., M.S., D.N.B., M.Sc., FRCSEd, FEBU, FRCS (Urol) Department of Robotics and Minimally Invasive Surgery (DoRMIS), Department of Urology , Wexham Park Hospital , Wexham , Royal County of Berkshire , UK Carrie Rinker-Schaeffer , Ph.D. Department of Surgery, Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA Brian D. Robinson , M.D. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Urology , Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , NY , USA Contributors xxix

Giles Rottenberg , M.B.B.S., MRCP, FRCR Departments of Urology and Radiology , Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust , London , UK Mark A. Rubin , M.D. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , NY , USA Fred Saad , M.D., FRCS (C) Department of Surgery , Notre-Dame Hospital, University of Montreal Hospital Center (CHUM) , Montréal , QC , Canada Carl Salembier , M.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Oncology, and Hematology , Europe Hospitals Brussels , Brussels , Belgium Kristin M. Saunders , M.A. Department of Urology , New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Medical College of Cornell University , New York , NY , USA Jack A. Schalken , Ph.D. Department of Urology , Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands Douglas Scherr , M.D. Department of Urology , Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , NY , USA Greg L. Shaw , M.D., FRCS (Urol) Department of Oncology , Addenbrooke’s Hospital , Cambridge , UK Iqbal S. Shergill , B.Sc. (Hons), MRCS (Eng), FRCS (Urol) Department of Urology , Wrexham Maelor Hospital , Wrexham, Wales , UK Maria Shevchuk , M.D., FCAP Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , NY , USA Heather Siddons Department of Urology , Royal Melbourne Hospital , Parkville , VIC , Australia Paras B. Singh , M.B.B.S., MRCS, M.D. Department of Urology , University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , London , UK Department of Surgery and Interventional Science , National Medical Laser Centre, University College London , London , UK Ted A. Skolarus , M.D., MPH Department of Urology , University of Michigan, VA Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System , Ann Arbor , MI , USA Joseph A. Smith , M.D. Department of Urologic Surgery , Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville , TN , USA Naomi Smith , M.A., M.B.B.S., MRCS Department of Urology , East Sussex Hospitals NHS Trust, Conquest Hospital , East Sussex , UK Richard Smith Division of Transplantation and Mucosal Immunology , MRC Centre for Transplantation and Urology Centre, Kings College London, Guys Hospital , London , UK Prasanna Sooriakumaran , BMedSci (Hons), B.M.B.S., (Hons), MRCS, Ph.D., PGC (MedLaw), FRCS (Urol), ADC (ClinInv) Department of Urology , Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , NY , USA Odette Spruyt , MBChB, FRACP, FRAChPM Department of Pain and Palliative Care , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , East Melbourne , VIC , Australia Abhishek Srivastava , M.D. Department of Urology , Weill Medical College of Cornell University , New York , NY , USA xxx Contributors

Gunnar Steineck , M.D., Ph.D. Section of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology and Pathology , Karolinska Institutet , Gothenburg , Sweden Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology , Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden Jens-Uwe Stolzenburg , M.D., Ph.D., FRCS (Ed), FRCS (Eng) Department of Urology , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany Seth A. Strope , M.D., MPH Division of Urology , Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis , MO , USA Derek Svasti-Salee Department of Radiology, Kingston Hospital NHS Trust , Kingston upon Thames , Surrey , UK Scott T. Tagawa , M.D., M.S. Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology , Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , NY , USA Department of Urology , New York Presbyterian Hospital Ð Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , NY , USA Keen-Hun Tai , M.B.B.S. (Melbourne), FRANZCR Department of Uro-Oncology Service , Peter McCallum Cancer Centre , East Melbourne , VIC , Australia Atsushi Takenaka , M.D., Ph.D. Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine , Tottori University , Yonago, Japan Ashutosh K. Tewari , M.B.B.S., M.D., MCh Department of Urology , Institute of Prostate Cancer, Lefrak Center for Robotic Surgery, James Buchanan Brady Foundation, Weill Medical College of Cornell University , New York , NY , USA Joachim W. Thüroff , M.D. Department of Urology , University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz , Germany Donald J. Tindall , Ph.D. Departments of Urology and Biochemistry Molecular Biology , Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester , MN , USA Shi-Ming Tu , M.D. Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology , U.T. MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA Shankar Vallabhajosula , Ph.D. Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology , New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , NY , USA Suzanne van den Heuvel , M.D. Department of Urology , Erasmus University Medical Centre Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands Heindrik Van Poppel , M.D., Ph.D., FEBU Department of Urology , Universitair Ziekenhuis Gasthuisberg, K.U. Leuven , Leuven , Belgium Sonya Vasto , B.S., Ph.D. Department of Molecular and Biomolecular Science (STEMBIO) , Transfusional Medicine Unit , Palermo , Italy Department of Pathobiology , Medical and Forensic Biotechnologies, University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy Paul C. M. S. Verhagen Department of Urology , Erasmus University Medical Centre Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands Geert M. Villeirs , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Radiology, Division of Genitourinary Radiology , Ghent University Hospital , Ghent , Belgium Department of Radiology , Ghent University Hospital , Ghent , Belgium Contributors xxxi

Vidhiya Vinayakamoorthy , B.Sc., M.B.B.S., MRCP (UK), FRCR Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine , Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust , Nottingham , UK Eric M. Wallen Department of Surgery , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA Thomas J. Walton , DM, FRCS (Urol) Fellow in Laparoscopic and Robotic Urology, Department of Urology , The Royal Melbourne Hospital , Parkville, Melbourne , VIC , Australia Department of Urological Oncology , The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , VIC , Australia Andrew Z. Wang , M.D. Department of Radiation Oncology , Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center , Chapel Hill , NC , USA Anne Y. Warren , M.S., B.S., M.Sc., FRCPath Department of Histopathology , Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Cambridge , UK N. Peter Wiklund , M.D., Ph.D. Section of Urology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden Department of Urology, D1.01 , Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden John Withington , M.A., M.B.B.S., MRCS (Eng) Department of Urology , Maidstone Hospital , Maidstone , UK Addie C. Wootten , BBSc (Hons), DPsych (Clinical) Department of Urology , Royal Melbourne Hospital , Parkville , VIC , Australia Matthew S. Wosnitzer , M.D. Department of Urology , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , NY , USA David R. Yates , MBChB, M.D., FRCS (Urol) Department of Urology , Royal Hallamshire Hospital , Shef ﬁ eld, South Yorkshire , UK Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Oncology , Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA Tian Zhang , M.D. Department of Medicine , Duke University Hospital , Durham , NC , USA Amina Zoubeidi , Ph.D. Department of Urologic Sciences , Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital , Vancouver , BC , Canada