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Home , 1881 in art, 1886 in art, Azulejo, Dimitar Andonov, Hans Makart, Heinrich Vogeler

Timeline / Before 1800 to After 1930 / FINE AND APPLIED ARTS

Date Country Theme

1700 - 1750s Fine And Applied Arts

" Schwetzingen" is bulit and flourised under the Palatine Prince Elector Carl Theodor. The castle complex includes more than 100 and a "Türkischer Garten" ("Turkish Garden") with a mosque, biult from 1779 to 1791, that makes it the earliest mosque- style in Germany and the largest structure of its kind in a german garden. It was designed by Nicolas de Pigage. However the oriental details are not for religious but for decorative purposes.

1770 - 1830 Germany Fine And Applied Arts

The by Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein, Goethe in der Campagna (1786/87), exemplifies in art at this time.

1777 - 1810 Fine And Applied Arts

Under Queen Maria I (1734–1816) and King João VI (1767–1826) a new neoclassical decorative grammar replaces the dominant style. Besides French and English influences, the main features of the are the carving of classical inspiration and the inlay work using various woods, creating both geometrical and floral compositions.

About 1790 - About 1850 Fine And Applied Arts

As in literature, painting sees a similar confrontation between (e.g. the work of Ingres) and , the latter also influencing . Academicism endured throughout the 19th century (i.e. Bouguereau, Gérôme and Cabanel).

1790 - 1840 Germany Fine And Applied Arts

The painting by Caspar David Friedrich, Der Wanderer über dem Nebelmeer (1818), exemplifies Romanticism in art at this time.

19th century France Fine And Applied Arts

The arts experience rapid growth with the appearance of new techniques and the emergence of photography and cinema. The female sculptor Camille Claudel was part of this artistic boom. Cultural exchanges with other countries, for example at the International Exhibitions, were extremely fruitful.

19th century Germany Fine And Applied Arts

The so-called Moorish style recalls the of and North Africa between the 12th and 15th centuries, which it is said reached its zenith in the . The style became fashionable in the 19th century for several reasons, but not least that technical progress and 19th-century industrialisation made a change in architectural styles both desirable and possible. As communications became easier and faster and people were exposed to other cultures, different styles and their functions were fused together in architecture, often to display their patron’s affluence as travel and education were still expensive. For example, the Dampfmaschinenhaus (the Steam Pump House) in Potsdam (1841–3) Date Country Theme was designed by Ludwig Persius to resemble a mosque and the Moorish Villa (Wilhelma Park) in Stuttgart (1846) was probably built by Karl Ludwig van Zanth in the Moorish style for King Wilhelm I.

1810 - 1880 Tunisia Fine And Applied Arts

Buildings present innovation in their architecture, decoration and positioning. , patrician houses and mosques incorporate elements of Baroque style; new European techniques and decorative touches that recall Italian arts are evident at the same time as the increased use of foreign labour.

1810 - 1880 Tunisia Fine And Applied Arts

A new lifestyle develops in the luxurious mansions inside the medina and also in the large properties of the surrounding area. Mirrors and consoles, chandeliers from Venice etc., are set alongside Spanish-North African furniture. All manner of interior items, as well as women’s clothing and , experience the same mutations.

1810 - 1830 Republic of Fine And Applied Arts (FYROM)

A masterpiece of Byzantine sculpture, the iconostasis in the Monastery of St John at Bigor near Debar is created in this period by Petre Filipovski Garkata (d. 1854) and his group of craftsmen. Carved in walnut, the iconostasis depicts scenes from the Old and New Testaments and varied floral motifs. This Macedonian master of woodcarving and his associates also executed the iconostases in Lesnovo Monastery.

1813 Fine And Applied Arts

Gheorghe Asachi teaches a class of and history of art at the School for Surveying Engineers (Moldavia).

1815 - 1848 Germany Fine And Applied Arts

The painting by Carl Spitzweg, Der Sonntagsspaziergang (The Sunday Walk, 1841), exemplifies the era (an expression of the popular present reality) in art at this time. Incidentally, Spitzweg’s painting Der arme Poet (The Poor Poet) was the most popular painting in Germany in the 19th century.

1816 - 1830 Germany Fine And Applied Arts

Architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel engraved a certain style on Berlin, starting with the Neue Wache (New Guardhouse, 1816–18) and followed by the Konzerthaus at Berlin’s Gandarmenmarkt (1818–21). Opposite the Lustgarten (Pleasure gardens) on what is now known as Museum Island in Berlin, Schinkel built the first royal museum, the Altes Museum (opened 1830), marking the beginning of the Island’s history.

1819 Spain Fine And Applied Arts

Founding of the Museo Nacional del Prado with the Royal collection of as one the first museums in Spain. Date Country Theme

1819 France Fine And Applied Arts

The Raft of the Medusa, by the Romantic painter Théodore Géricault.

1821 - 1822 Fine And Applied Arts

Francesco Hayez paints I Vespri Siciliani, a historical painting expressing the new revolutionary and independence ideas that are taking root in Italy.

1824 Republic of Macedonia Fine And Applied Arts (FYROM)

Petre Filipovski Garkata and fellow artisans, including the master carver Makarie Frchkovski, create the iconostasis in the of Holy Salvation, Skopje. Petre Filipovski developed his own recognisable style of depicting scenes from the Old and New Testaments in which biblical figures were rendered wearing traditional costumes of Macedonia. The iconostasis also depicts the artists who created it as their “signature”.

1824 France Fine And Applied Arts

The Massacre at Chios by the Romantic painter Eugène Delacroix.

1824 France Fine And Applied Arts

The Pardon of Bonchamps by David d'Angers.

Circa 1825 France Fine And Applied Arts

The inventor Nicéphore Niépce is credited with the creation of the first “photograph”.

1829 France Fine And Applied Arts

École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures, .

1830 Spain Fine And Applied Arts

From the 1830s onwards the Moorish or Alhambresque style is popular in Europe, especially in Spain, but also in England, , , Germany and the USA. This style is found not only in applied arts but also in architecture and interior decoration including the well-known “Moorish” smoking or retiring rooms.

1832 Romania Fine And Applied Arts

Gheorghe Asachi founds in Ia#i a lithographic printing press called Institutul Albinei (The Bee Institute).

1834 Spain Fine And Applied Arts Date Country Theme

During his Grand Tour, after visiting Italy, and Egypt, Owen Jones visits and the Alhambra. His six month stay in the Alhambra is very important in the development of his ideas about polychromy and design.

1835 France Fine And Applied Arts

The daguerreotype process.

1836 - 1845 Spain Fine And Applied Arts

Publication of Owen Jones's Plan, Elevations, Sections and Details of the Alhambra (with an essay by Pascual de Gayangos on the history of the Nasrid Dynasty) in 12 volumes, using the new technique of chromolithography.

1837 Greece Fine And Applied Arts

Athens School of the Fine Arts is established with three departments: the School of Crafts, School of Industrial Crafts and the School of Fine Arts.

1842 Republic of Macedonia Fine And Applied Arts (FYROM)

The portrait of Gjurchin Kokale, founder of the Church of St George in Lazaropole, is painted inside the church by Dicho Krstevic Zograph. It is one of the earliest known portraits in Macedonia. In 1854 this prolific artist painted the icon of Archpriest Samoil from the Treskavec Monastery near .

1843 Romania Fine And Applied Arts

Carol Popp de Szathmari, the most important Romanian photographer of the 19th century (born in Cluj, Transylvania), moves to Bucharest, where he opens a photo studio.

1843 Greece Fine And Applied Arts

The School of the Fine Arts becomes a five-year higher education institution under its director, the architect Lissandros Kautantzoglou.

1843 - 1876 Germany Fine And Applied Arts

Formation of the Neues Museum (1843–55), built by Friedrich August Stüler, a follower of K. F. Schinkel. Stüler and Carl Busse then design the Alte Nationalgalerie (1867–76).

1848 France Fine And Applied Arts

The "special national school for design, mathematics, architecture and ornamental sculpture applied to the industrial arts", which succeeds the Royal school of design founded in the 18th century, becomes the École nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs in 1877.

1850 - 1855 Italy Fine And Applied Arts Date Country Theme

The painters of the School of Posillipo (Naples) develop a new style of more natural observation of landscapes and everyday life.

1850 Spain Fine And Applied Arts

First photography of Arab monuments such as the Alhambra and the Great Mosque of Córdoba. The development of photography sheds new light on these monuments and these first photographs are important documents on Arab remains in Spain.

1850 - 1860s Spain Fine And Applied Arts

Rafael Contreras begins to make models from the Alhambra that are shown in international exhibitions and acquired by many museums and schools of design. The models are used as examples of wall decoration in the Alhambresque style.

1850 - 1929 Spain Fine And Applied Arts

The style of the Neo-Mudéjar artistic movement is used in buildings and artworks, especially ceramic and metalware. These pieces are displayed in different international exhibitions (e.g. 1851, Paris 1878).

Circa 1850 - Circa 1900 France Fine And Applied Arts

The Realist movement, which emerges as a reaction to Classicism, focuses on the faithful reproduction of the “reality” of daily life in both town and country. This movement, which affected literature and painting in particular, shocked some people. (i.e. the painters Fromentin, Ingres and Gérôme) favoured subjects inspired by travel to the Near East.

1850 France Fine And Applied Arts

A Burial At Ornans by the Realist painter Gustave Courbet.

1850 - 1900 Germany Fine And Applied Arts

The painting by Max Liebermann, Die Gänserupferinnen (1872), exemplifies in art at this time.

1854 Italy Fine And Applied Arts

Leopoldo Alinari, with his brothers Romualdo and Giuseppe, opens in Florence one of the first photography workshope – Fratelli Alinari.

1855 Italy Fine And Applied Arts

The Caffé Michelangelo in Florence becomes a meeting place for artists and republican intellectuals close to Giuseppe Mazzini, in opposition to academic and official environments.

1857 France Fine And Applied Arts

The Angelus, by the Realist painter Jean-François Millet. Date Country Theme

1860 Romania Fine And Applied Arts

7 November: on the initiative of painter Gheorghe Panaitescu-Bardasare, a School of Fine Arts and an art gallery are founded in Ia#i.

1860 - 1918 Jordan Fine And Applied Arts

Newcomers to Transjordan, whether from neighbouring Arab countries such as Syria, Palestine and Hijaz or from further afield such as Caucasus, bring with them not only artefacts of their home culture, including personal ornaments, weapons, costumes and treasured items, but also the necessary skills and social habits that help them to adapt in their new homeland.

1860 - 1870 Italy Fine And Applied Arts

In opposition to academic painting, the Macchiaioli movement (Telemaco Signorini, Vincenzo Cabianca and Silvestro Lega) experiments with “spot painting”, based on the strong contrast between light and shadow.

1860 - 1865 Greece Fine And Applied Arts

Both Nikolaos Gyzis and Nikiphoros Lytras win scholarships to the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, .

1860 Spain Fine And Applied Arts

The begins to produce objects in .

1860 Republic of Macedonia Fine And Applied Arts (FYROM)

The icon “Seven Holy Teachers” (Sedmochislenitzi) is painted by the most significant representative of Christian in Macedonia, Dicho Krstevic Zograph, at the peak of his creativity. It represents the Slav missionaries Sts Cyril and Methodius and their disciples Clement, Nahum, Gorazd, Sabbas and Angelarij in a solo composition. His icons are distinguished by bright colour and baroque features.

Circa 1870 - Circa 1900 France Fine And Applied Arts

Impressionist painters capture the effects of light in outdoor and everyday scenes.

1860 - 1910 Germany Fine And Applied Arts

Realism (a backlash to both Classicism and Romanticism) is exemplified by French artist Gustave Courbet’s Die Steinklopfer (1849), although long before then Albrecht Dürer had painted his highly realistic Junger Feldhase (1502).

1862 France Fine And Applied Arts

The Picnic on the Grass by Édouard Manet marks a transition from Realism to Impressionism Date Country Theme

1863 - 1885 Italy Fine And Applied Arts

Opening of applied art schools, often attached to museums: Industrial Museum of Turin (1863), Artistic Industrial Museum of (1873), Naples (1882) and Palermo (1885).

1863 Spain Fine And Applied Arts

The painters Mariano Fortuny y Marsal and Francisco Lameyer travel to North Africa. Fortuny buys different artworks and textiles for his collection.

1864 Romania Fine And Applied Arts

Dimitrie Bolintineanu, the Minister of Religion and Public Instruction, organises in Bucharest an exhibition displaying works of contemporary Romanian artists, the most important of the time being painters Theodor Aman, Gheorghe Tattarescu and Carol Popp de Szathmari.

1864 Romania Fine And Applied Arts

14 November: a School of Fine Arts (which today is the National University of Art) is founded in Bucharest by painters Gheorghe Tattarescu and Theodor Aman.

1865 Romania Fine And Applied Arts

The first showing of the “Living Artists Exhibition” (for painters and sculptors), organised by painter Theodor Aman, takes place in Ia#i. The annual organisation of such an exhibition is established by a decree issued in December 1864.

1865 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts

The stuccoes of the corridor of the Monserrate Palace are inspired by those of Alhambra Palace in Granada. The profusion of columns is considered to recall those in the Hypostyle Hall of the Cordova Mosque.

1866 Greece Fine And Applied Arts

Nikiphoros Lytras takes up a professorship at the School of the Arts in .

1867 Austria Fine And Applied Arts

The Austrian Museum of Applied Arts purchases the from the Ibn Tulun Mosque in Cairo.

1867 - 1885 Germany Fine And Applied Arts

King Ludwig II of Bavaria sets in motion the building of his second palace, Linderhof (1869–85), the smallest of the large palaces he had built, and the only one he lived to see completed. The king’s penchant for the so called Moorish style can be seen in several elements, such as the Moorish Kiosk (1867) and the Moroccan House (1878). The King’s House on the Schachen (1869–72), built with a Turkish Hall by Georg von Dollmann, further attests to Ludwig’s admiration for the “Oriental” style. Date Country Theme

1872 - 1874 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts

O Desterrado (The Outcast), a sculpture by António Soares dos Reis (1847–89) is an idealised self-portrait. It conveys the collective feelings of his contemporary intellectuals and the feelings of loneliness and longing common to those who had left their homeland. The sculptor’s romantic sensibility enabled him to shape feelings and psychological tensions in the marble.

1872 France Fine And Applied Arts

Impression, Sunrise by the Impressionist painter .

1873 Fine And Applied Arts

First art exhibition in #stanbul, organised by #eker Ahmed Pa#a.

1874 Austria Fine And Applied Arts

Kasper von Zumbusch (1830–1915) begins work on a monument to Empress Maria Theresia, situated on Maria-Theresien-Platz at the Ringstrasse in .

1876 Romania Fine And Applied Arts

19 February: birth of the great Romanian sculptor Constantin Brâncu#i, author of sculptures such as Mademoiselle Pogany, The Kiss, Bird in Space, and The Endless Column. His works are today exhibited in museums in France, the USA and Romania.

1876 France Fine And Applied Arts

Dance at Le moulin de la Galette by the Impressionist painter Pierre-Auguste Renoir.

1877 - 1882 Romania Fine And Applied Arts

Ion Georgescu, considered to be the first Romanian modern sculptor, studies in Paris, where he exhibits his first works.

1877 Austria Fine And Applied Arts

The Austrian glass manufacture Lobmayr produces glass cups in the Oriental Style.

1877 Austria Fine And Applied Arts

The Viennese Stock Market is completed to a design by Theophil Hansen.

1879 Austria Fine And Applied Arts

Hans Makart (1840–84) designs the “Makart Parade” to celebrate the Silver wedding anniversary of the Imperial couple, Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria and Empress Elisabeth (“Sisi”). Date Country Theme

1880 - 1890 Tunisia Fine And Applied Arts

It was the era of eclecticism. The French Protectorate builds the regency’s infrastructure in the European classical tradition, constructing monuments in the impressive Greco-Roman style.

1880 - 1900 France Fine And Applied Arts

Trends in painting in this period include: "Post-Impressionism" (i.e. Cézanne, Gauguin, Toulouse-Lautrec, van Gogh); (i.e. Seurat, Signac); (i.e. Moreau, Puvis de Chavannes, Redon); (i.e. Bonnard, Denis, Sérusier, Vuillard) and Primitivism (i.e. Matisse, Rousseau).

Late 19th century - Early 20th France Fine And Applied Arts century

Art Nouveau, a movement of the so-called Belle Époque, favours curves and decoration inspired by plant forms, and media such as . , which followed in the so called Golden Twenties, affected architecture and the arts and crafts in particular on account of its preponderance for symmetry.

1880 - 1900 Germany Fine And Applied Arts

The painting by Franz von Stuck, Die Sünde (1893), exemplifies the period in art known as Post-Imperialism and Symbolism.

1881 Spain Fine And Applied Arts

Birth of in Málaga. In Spain Picasso’s birth date would be established as the boundary between works of art in the Academic style and the avant-garde style.

1882 Italy Fine And Applied Arts

Brera Picture Gallery, originally created by Maria Teresa of Austria in 1776, becomes an independent museum.

1882 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts

White Houses of Capri by naturalist painter António Carvalho da Silva (1850– 93) represents the new interest in travelling and other cultures.

1882 France Fine And Applied Arts

The Thinker by the sculptor Auguste Rodin.

1882 Turkey Fine And Applied Arts

Birth of #brahim Çall# (d. 1960). He was a prominent painter who was sent to Paris between 1910 and 1914 where he studied in the workshop of Fernand Cormon.

1883 Italy Fine And Applied Arts Date Country Theme

Inauguration of the National Gallery of in Rome, in the Exhibition Palace by Pio Piacentini. It is intended to focus on “national” art.

1883 Turkey Fine And Applied Arts

Opening of the School of Fine Arts (Sanâyi-i Nefise Mektebi) by Osman Hamdi Bey. It consists of sections for painting, sculpture and architecture.

1885 Republic of Macedonia Fine And Applied Arts (FYROM)

The earliest portrait in Macedonian art that is not part of religious depiction, a portrait of a child is painted by Dimitar Andonov of Papradishte (1859–1954). Dimitar Andonov was one of the last Macedonian “zographs” (icon painters) and the founder of Macedonian profane art.

1885 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts

O Grupo Do Leão painted by Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro is a landmark in 19th- century painting both for its quality and for its subject matter. The depicted group of artists in the Leão beer house were linked to the Portuguese Naturalist and Realist painting movement. This work became famous and marked the beginning of a period of great artistic activity.

1886 Greece Fine And Applied Arts

Nikolaos Gyzis, one of Greece’s most important 19th-century painters, becomes professor at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich.

1886 Turkey Fine And Applied Arts

26 February: Mihri Mü#fik Han#m, one of the first female painters of renown, is born.

1889 France Fine And Applied Arts

The inauguration of the Eiffel Tower and the use of iron in architectural structures.

1890 - 1900 Tunisia Fine And Applied Arts

Construction of public and private buildings in the arabisance style, which proposes a synthesis of European architectural styles with Arab and Spanish-North African architecture.

1890 - 1910 Germany Fine And Applied Arts

The paintings by Heinrich Vogeler, Das Konzert (Sommerabend) (1893), and , Der Kuss (1908), exemplify the period in art known as or .

1890 Turkey Fine And Applied Arts Date Country Theme

Müfide Kadri is born (d. 1912). One of the early female painters, she took private classes from Osman Hamdi Bey.

1891 Austria Fine And Applied Arts

The Museum of Applied Arts in Vienna purchases the Karabakh carpet in Istanbul.

1891 Turkey Fine And Applied Arts

Fausto Zonaro (1854–1929) arrives in #stanbul as an independent artist. He receives the title of court painter in 1896.

1894 - 1900 France Fine And Applied Arts

The Salon des Cent (Salon of the One Hundred) neither focused on any one school of art nor paid attention to any of the official bodies.

1895 France Fine And Applied Arts

Castel Béranger by Hector Guimard is in the Art Nouveau style.

1895 France Fine And Applied Arts

The Maison de l'Art nouveau by Samuel Bing.

1897 Romania Fine And Applied Arts

The National School of Architecture is founded as a section of the School of Fine Arts in Bucharest. It becomes an independent institution in 1904, under the name the Superior School of Architecture.

1897 Austria Fine And Applied Arts

Gustav Klimt (1867–1918) founds, along with other Viennese artists, the Viennese , a society of Austrian Art Nouveaux artists.

1897 - 1904 Germany Fine And Applied Arts

Formation of the Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum (now the Bode Museum), proposed by Wilhelm von Bode, and built by Ernst von Ihne and Max Hasak.

1900 - 1920 Tunisia Fine And Applied Arts

Art Nouveau marks the city’s landscape.

1900 Greece Fine And Applied Arts

Foundation of the National Gallery in Athens. Its chief curator is the acclaimed painter Georgios Iakovidis.

1901 Italy Fine And Applied Arts Date Country Theme

Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo paints The Fourth Estate, showing workers on strike. The painting will become an icon of the workers’ movement.

1901 Republic of Macedonia Fine And Applied Arts (FYROM)

One of the founders of Macedonian modern art, Lazar Lichenoski (d. 1964) is born in Galichnik. After graduating from Belgrade Art School he attended prestigeous art schools in Paris. He is best known for his landscapes, which reveal the harmonious beauty of nature through endless views from the peak of Bistra Mountain. Lichenoski introduced in Macedonian art.

1901 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts

The Sociedade Promotora de Belas Artes (1861) and the Grémio Artístico (1890) created by the Grupo do Leão (1880) merge into the National Society of Fine Arts (SNBA) headed by Malhoa Columbano and António Ramalho. In Porto, the Centro Artístico Portuense (CAP) (founded in 1870) did not survive the death of the painter Silva Porto in 1903.

1903 Austria Fine And Applied Arts

The Wiener Werkstätte, an association of designers such as Joseph Hofmann and Koloman Moser is founded, covering all aspects of design from fashion to furniture.

1903 Republic of Macedonia Fine And Applied Arts (FYROM)

A founder of contemporary Macedonian art, Nikola Martinoski is born in Krushevo (d. 1973). He learned painting in the Skopje workshop of the icon painter Dimitar Andonov, and in Bucharest and Paris. His distinctive expressionist style depicts social themes and portraits, influenced by Macedonian frescos and the modern Parisian school. His outstanding work is the painting "Mother and Child".

1907 Republic of Macedonia Fine And Applied Arts (FYROM)

Gjorgji Zografski paints what is considered to be the earliest depiction of an actual historic event. It shows the plundering raid on the village of Papradishte near Veles that occurred in 1884.

1908 Greece Fine And Applied Arts

An exhibition by members of the Omada Technis (Art Group), which includes Nikolaos Lytras, Konstantinos Parthenis, Konstantinos Malea and others, reacts to the conservative academicism of the .

1909 Italy Fine And Applied Arts

Filippo Marinetti publishes the Futurist Manifesto in Le Figaro.

1909 Turkey Fine And Applied Arts Date Country Theme

A Turkish group of painters, Association of Ottoman Painters, is founded by students from the Fine Arts Academy in #stanbul.

1910 - 1930 Germany Fine And Applied Arts

Foundation of the Pergamon Museum (including the Museum of Islamic Art), conceptualised by Wilhelm von Bode, and built by Alfred Messel and Ludwig Hoffmann.

1911 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts

The painters Dórdio Gomes (1890–1976) and Guilherme de Santa Rita (1889– 1918) introduce in Portugal. Largely unaccepted by the critics, as was happening in other European countries, the main focus of the modernists was to fight against the conservatism of techniques and themes still cherished by consumers.

1912 - 1920 Italy Fine And Applied Arts

Giorgio de Chirico’s first metaphysical paintings (L’enigma dell’ora, 1912; Le muse inquietanti, 1916; Ettore e Andromaca, 1917; Il Grande Metafisico, 1917).

1912 Spain Fine And Applied Arts

Foundation of the Museo Nacional de Artes Decorativas, an important step in the progress of applied arts and design, especially because its main objective is the education of workers, students and the public in the styles, decoration and other aspects of the applied arts.

1912 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts

A reaction to academic teaching of the National Society of Fine Arts (SNBA) emerges in 1911 with the first free exhibition of young modernist painters. This is highlighted in the first Exhibition of the Humoristas of 1912, which includes painters Cristiano Cruz, Almada Negreiros, Eduardo Viana, Stuart de Carvalhais, José Pacheko and Emmerico Nunes and sculptor Diogo de Macedo.

1913 Italy Fine And Applied Arts

Umberto Boccioni made the sculpture Unique Forms of Continuity in Space, considered a masterpiece of Italian Futurism.

1913 Austria Fine And Applied Arts

Egon Schiele (1890–1918) becomes a member of the Bund Österreichischer Künstler (Society of Austrian Artists).

1913 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts

February–March: Amadeo Sousa Cardoso, at the invitation of Walter Pach (1883– 1958), exhibits eight works at the Armory Show (1st Show of European Art, USA) in New York, Chicago and Boston. The Chicago art collector Arthur J. Eddy Date Country Theme acquires three paintings by Cardoso and promotes his work in his book Cubists and Post-Impressionism book, emphasising his colour techniques.

1914 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts

With the outbreak of , the modernist movement thrives in Portugal with the return from France of a group of avant-garde artists including the painters Manuel Bentes (1885–1961), Eduardo Viana (1881–1967), José Pacheko (1885– 1934) and Amadeo de Souza Cardoso, and the sculptors Diogo de Macedo (1889– 1959), and Francisco Franco (1885–1955).

1915 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts

In the 1910s several modernist painters such as Eduardo Viana rejected the current teaching of academic naturalism, still deeply rooted in the national taste. Their focus was the , futurism and Dada movements in Paris, but also the Orphism of French painters Sonia and Robert Delaunay, living in Portugal in 1915– 16.

1920 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts

Although it reproduces a traditional technique, the use of (ceramic tilework) meets the need for modernisation of shops and public buildings in main cities throughout Portugal at the beginning of the 20th century.

1925 France Fine And Applied Arts

Promotion of Art Deco at the International Exhibition of Modern Industrial and , Paris.