Classical Archaeology BLACKWELL STUDIES IN GLOBAL ARCHAEOLOGY Series Editors: Lynn Meskell and Rosemary A. Joyce Blackwell Studies in Global Archaeology is a series of contemporary texts, each care- fully designed to meet the needs of archaeology instructors and students seeking volumes that treat key regional and thematic areas of archaeological study. Each volume in the series, compiled by its own editor, includes 12-15 newly commis- sioned articles by top scholars within the volume’s thematic, regional, or temporal area of focus. What sets the Blackwell Studies in Global Archaeology apart from other available texts is that their approach is accessible, yet does not sacrifice theoretical sophistication. The series editors are committed to the idea that useable teaching texts need not lack ambition. To the contrary, the Blackwell Studies in Global Archaeology aim to immerse readers in fundamental archaeological ideas and concepts, but also to illuminate more advanced concepts, thereby exposing readers to some of the most exciting contemporary developments in the field. Inasmuch, these volumes are designed not only as classic texts, but as guides to the vital and exciting nature of archaeology as a discipline. 1 Mesoamerican Archaeology: Theory and Practice Edited by Julia A. Hendon and Rosemary A. Joyce 2 Andean Archaeology Edited by Helaine Silverman 3 African Archaeology: A Critical Introduction Edited by Ann Brower Stahl 4 Archaeologies of the Middle East: Critical Perspectives Edited by Susan Pollock and Reinhard Bernbeck 5 North American Archaeology Edited by Timothy R. Pauketat and Diana DiPaolo Loren 6 The Archaeology of Mediterranean Prehistory Edited by Emma Blake and A. Bernard Knapp 7 Archaeology of Asia Edited by Miriam T. Stark 8 Archaeology of Oceania: Australia and the Pacific Islands Edited by Ian Lilley 9 Historical Archaeology Edited by Martin Hall and Stephen W. Silliman 10 Classical Archaeology, Second Edition Edited by Susan E. Alcock and Robin G. Osborne 11 Prehistoric Europe Edited by Andrew Jones 12 Prehistoric Britain Edited by Joshua Pollard 13 Egyptian Archaeology Edited by Willeke Wendrich 14 Social Bioarchaeology Edited by Sabrina C. Agarwal and Bonnie A. Glencross Classical Archaeology Second Edition Edited by Susan E. Alcock and Robin Osborne A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This second edition first published 2012 © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Edition History: Blackwell Publishing Ltd (1e, 2007) Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. 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No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for Paperback ISBN: 978-1-4443-3691-7 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Set in 10 on 12.5 pt Plantin by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited 1 2012 Contents List of Figures ix Notes on Contributors xv Introduction 1 Robin Osborne and Susan E. Alcock 1 What is Classical Archaeology? 11 Introduction 11 (a) Greek Archaeology 13 Anthony Snodgrass (b) Roman Archaeology 30 Martin Millett 2 Doing Archaeology in the Classical Lands 51 Introduction 51 (a) The Greek World 53 Jack L. Davis (b) The Roman World 71 Henry Hurst 3 Human Ecology and the Classical Landscape 91 Introduction 91 The Greek and Roman Worlds 93 Lin Foxhall, Martin Jones and Hamish Forbes 4 The Essential Countryside 122 Introduction 122 (a) The Greek World 124 Susan E. Alcock vi contents (b) The Roman World 144 Nicola Terrenato 5 Urban Spaces and Central Places 168 Introduction 168 (a) The Greek World 170 Tonio Hölscher (b) The Roman World 187 Nicholas Purcell 6 Housing and Households 207 Introduction 207 (a) The Greek World 209 Lisa Nevett (b) The Roman World 228 Bettina Bergmann 7 Cult and Ritual 249 Introduction 249 (a) The Greek World 251 Robin Osborne (b) The Roman World 268 Christopher Smith 8 The Personal and the Political 293 Introduction 293 (a) The Greek World 295 John F. Cherry (b) The Roman World 316 Penelope J. E. Davies 9 The Creation and Expression of Identity 348 Introduction 348 (a) The Greek World 350 Jonathan M. Hall (b) The Roman World 368 Andrew Wallace-Hadrill 10 Linking with a Wider World 394 Introduction 394 (a) Greeks and “Barbarians” 396 Sarah P. Morris (b) Romans and “Barbarians” 415 Jane Webster contents vii 11 A Place for Art? 439 Introduction 439 (a) Putting the Art into Artifact 442 Caroline Vout (b) Classical Archaeology and the Contexts of Art History 468 Michael Squire Prospective 501 Susan E. Alcock and Robin Osborne Index 506 List of Figures 1.1 The heyday of the “great sanctuary excavation”: Archaic sculptures unearthed at the Sanctuary of Artemis, Corfu, 1911 18 1.2 Adolf Furtwängler, 1853–1907 20 1.3 Sir John Beazley, 1885–1970 21 1.4 The heyday of Greek temple building (so-called “Temple of Concord”) at Akragas in Sicily (ca. 425 B.C.) 24 1.5 Snake Column dedicated at Delphi, later taken to Constantinople (Istanbul) 32 1.6 Lintel inscription from Citânia de Briteros, Portugal 42 1.7 Hall reconstruction, Shiptonthorpe, East Yorkshire 43 1.8 Plan of Falerii Novi, based on the results of geophysical survey 46 1.9 Portus, the port of imperial Rome at the mouth of the Tiber River 47 2.1 Aerial view of the peninsular site of Ayia Irini on the island of Keos in Greece 55 2.2 Loring Hall, residence hall for the American School of Classical Studies at Athens 58 2.3 Densities of broken pieces of ancient and medieval pottery in the area surveyed on the island of Keos 62 2.4 Piet de Jong reconstruction of Court 3 at the Palace of Nestor 63 2.5 Linear B tablets on the floor of Archives Room 8 at the time of excavation in 1939 64 2.6 View of the ancient city of Apollonia in Albania and of the medieval monastery 66 2.7 Socialist mosaic “The Albanians” over entrance to National Museum in Tirana 69 2.8 Politics and archaeology: a portrait of Hannibal in front of a reconstruction of the Carthaginian naval harbor on a Tunisian banknote 75 x list of figures 2.9 Tombstone of a soldier of the XXth legion, found at Wotton, Gloucester 79 2.10 A reconstructed sacred landscape in Roman Carthage showing the slopes of a man-made hill suggested to have been dedicated to the cult of Caelestis (Carthaginian Tanit) 82 2.11 Topography combining archaeological and textual evidence in Rome. Four different views (as in 2002; some views have changed since) about the location of four documented elements of ancient Rome 85 3.1 Terraced landscape in modern Methana 101 3.2 (a) Black Figure Skyphos featuring Beam press, probably for wine; (b) Installation for treading grapes located in the Methana countryside; (c) Reconstruction of an ancient olive press; (d) Wine presses from the imperial Roman villa at Settefinestre, Toscana 103 3.3 Dry garden (xeriko bostani) for summer vegetables in Methana, photo taken in the 1980s 107 3.4 The Vari House, Attica 109 3.5 (a) View of the Roman site at Mons Claudianus, Egypt; (b) Remains of artichoke from the Roman site of Mons Claudianus; (c) Remains of garlic from the Roman site of Mons Porphyrites 114 3.6 (a) Cross-cultivation with a wooden ard in contemporary Nepal; (b) A recent moldboard plow, with cutting blade or “coulter” 117 4.1 Fieldwalkers in action on the Cycladic island of Keos 127 4.2 Plan of the classical farmhouse at Legrena: Palaia Kopraisia 131 4.3 Distribution of survey sites discovered in the Southern Argolid. Large, medium and small sites are shown as circles of different sizes; sites of unknown size as squares; sites of uncertain date as triangles. (a) Archaic; (b) Classical; (c) Late Classical/Early Hellenistic; (d) Hellenistic; (e) Early Roman; (f) Late Roman 136 4.4 View of the marble quarries at Mount Penteli, Attica 139 4.5 An ore washing station at Thorikos, Attica, with the deme theatre behind 140 4.6 Archaic farms in central Italy 146 4.7 Hellenistic farms in Italy 148 4.8 The Auditorium site in the fifth century B.C.