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Race Politics: Australian Government Responses to Asylum Seekers and Refugees from White Australia to Tampa

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Race Politics: Australian Government Responses to Asylum Seekers and Refugees from White Australia to Tampa Race Politics: Australian Government Responses to Asylum Seekers and Refugees from White Australia to Tampa Dawn Donghua Bolger A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, School of Humanities and Communication Arts Western Sydney University, 2016 Dedication To my mother and late aunty, 李淑芸 and 李淑琳 And to my sister, Anne This is for you. Acknowledgements This thesis is the culmination of a long and arduous journey that could not have been completed without the professional guidance and personal assistance of many. First and foremost, I must thank my principal supervisor, Dr Drew Cottle for his intellectual insights and conviction in my potential. Special thanks must also go to Professor James Arvanitakis, Associate Professor Judith Snodgrass and Associate Professor Alana Lentin. Without their advice, encouragement, patience and unwavering belief in my ability, the completion of this thesis would not have been possible. Thank you to Western Sydney University for the opportunity to pursue postgraduate study and the Museum of Australian Democracy for providing me with a scholarship that allowed me to work in the beautiful heritage-listed Old Parliament House with unfettered access to the Old Parliament House Library, National Library and National Archives. Special thanks must also go to a number of exceptional individuals: Clarence and Rebecca, for their eternal encouragement, unconditional friendship and support; and my fellow postgraduate students, especially Peter, Rowan, Kathy and David, for their ideas, support and much needed unscholarly distractions. To all my friends who excused my absence from various social functions—thank you! My deepest thanks, however, are reserved for those to whom I am most indebted: To Sam and Simon, thank you for encouraging me to continue when I felt like giving up and for maintaining order during the final period of chaos. To my sister and best friend Anne, thank you for your criticisms, insights, and proofreading, emotional and financial support and for your belief in my abilities. Is there anything you didn’t do? Lastly, my deepest gratitude is reserved for my mother. I have always admired your strength and intelligence. You have made me who I am today. Statement of Authentication The work presented in this thesis is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, original except as acknowledged in the text. I hereby declare that I have not submitted this material, either in full or in part, for a degree at this or any other institution. …………………………………………… (Signature) i Table of Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms ............................................................................. iii Abstract ................................................................................................................... v Chapter 1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Aims and Contribution of the Thesis. ........................................................... 7 1.3 Structure ...................................................................................................... 11 1.4 Scope and Limitations ................................................................................. 13 Chapter 2 Literature Review: Racism and Asylum Seeking in Australia ..... 15 2.1 Background ................................................................................................. 15 2.2 Towards an Understanding of Race and Racism ......................................... 18 2.3 Race and Racism: the Australian Context ................................................... 28 2.4 Asylum Seeking .......................................................................................... 38 Chapter 3 Race and Racism: a Conceptual Understanding ........................... 56 3.1 Background ................................................................................................. 58 3.2 The Beginnings of Race .............................................................................. 65 3.3 From Biology to Society: The Development of the Race Idea ................... 68 3.4 Theoretical Understandings of Race ........................................................... 83 3.5 The Manifestations of Racism ..................................................................... 95 3.6 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 97 Chapter 4 Refugees: the Historical Context of an International Pariah ....... 99 4.1 Background ............................................................................................... 101 4.2 A Historical Context .................................................................................. 104 4.3 Who is a Refugee? Definitions and Distinctions in International Law ..... 108 4.4 The Development of an International System of Protection ..................... 113 4.5 Restrictive Measures and the System of Refugee Protection .................... 122 4.6 Border Control and the Concept of State Sovereignty .............................. 127 4.7 Conclusion ................................................................................................. 129 Chapter 5 Creating a ‘White Australia’ ......................................................... 132 5.1 Background ............................................................................................... 135 5.2 Rightful Owners: a Brief History of Australia’s Indigenous People ......... 138 ii 5.3 Early Race Developments ......................................................................... 142 5.4 Terra Nullius: the Myth of an Uninhabited Land ...................................... 144 5.5 Pre-Federation: 1850–1901 ....................................................................... 145 5.6 Federation .................................................................................................. 151 5.7 The Pre-war years 1901–1914 ................................................................... 160 5.8 Conclusion ................................................................................................. 165 Chapter 6 Towards a Multicultural Australia ............................................... 166 6.1 Background ............................................................................................... 167 6.2 A Brief History .......................................................................................... 169 6.3 War Refugees ............................................................................................ 171 6.4 Postwar Immigration ................................................................................. 176 6.5 From Assimilation to Multiculturalism ..................................................... 185 6.6 The Abolition of White Australia .............................................................. 189 6.7 From Boatpeople to Mandatory Detention ................................................ 200 6.8 Conclusion ................................................................................................. 210 Chapter 7 Case Study: the MV Tampa ........................................................... 212 7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 214 7.2 Background ............................................................................................... 215 7.3 The Development of a Race Agenda ......................................................... 227 7.4 A Sovereign Right to Protect our Borders ................................................. 232 7.5 The Refugees ............................................................................................. 239 7.6 The Invasion Complex .............................................................................. 243 7.7 The New Enemy ........................................................................................ 249 7.8 An Ordinary Racism .................................................................................. 251 7.9 Conclusion ................................................................................................. 252 Chapter 8 Conclusion: Where to from here? ................................................. 253 Bibliography ....................................................................................................... 258 Primary Sources .............................................................................................. 258 Secondary Sources .......................................................................................... 274 iii Abbreviations and Acronyms AAP Australian Associated Press ABC Australian Broadcasting Corporation ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics AFP Australian Federal Police AGPS Australian Government Publishing Service ALP Australian Labor Party AMSA Australian Maritime Safety Authority ANM Australian Nationalist Movement ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ATV Airport Transit Visa AusSAR Australian Search and Rescue CRSR Convention relating to the Status of Refugees CRT Critical Race Theory DFAT Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade DIAC Department of Immigration and Citizenship DIBP Department of Immigration and Border Protection DIEA Department of Immigration and Ethnic Affairs DIMA Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs
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