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Arab Rebuplic of Egypt

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Arab Rebuplic of Egypt Arab Rebuplic of Egypt FEBRUARY 2012 ACRONYMS EEAA Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GDP Gross Domestic product GEF Global Environment Facility ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management IMO International Maritime Organization JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency LBA Land-based Activities MWRI Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation PERSGA Regional Organization for the Protection of the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden SAP Strategic Action Programme UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES ACRONYMS PREFACE 1. INTRODUCTION 2. SHIPPING 2.1 The role of shipping in the national economy 2.1.1 Registered shipping companies 2.1.2 Number and types of vessels registered 2.1.3 Shipyards 2.1.4 The number of people employed in the sector 2.2 Ports and harbours 2.2.1 Major Ports, harbors and marinas along the Red Sea, Gulf of Suez and Aqaba costs 2.2.1.1 Suez port (PortTawfiq) 2.2.1.2 Adabiya Port 2.2.1.3 Petroleum Basin Port 2.2.1.4 Sokhna Port 2.2.1.5 Hurghada Port 2.2.1.6 Safaga Port 2.2.1.7 Al-Tour Port 2.2.1.8 Nuweiba Port 2.2.1.9 Sharm El Sheikh Port 2.2.1.10 Specialized Ports 2.2.1.10.1 SUMED Pipeline and Port 2.3 Types and frequency of vessels visiting Egypt’s Red Sea Ports 2.4 The annual volumes of traded goods – imports and exports – passing through each port 2.5 The Suez Canal 2.6. Situation of oil pollution in coastal waters (source EEAA/JICA, 2009) 2.6.1 Sources and Generation of Oil Pollution 2.5.1.1.Land-Based Pollution Sources- Port related Oil Facilities 2.6.2 Oil Spill Incidents 2.6.3.Spots of Frequent Oil Spill Incidents 2.6.4 Sources of Spilled Oil 2.6.6 Actions Undertaken for Oil Spills 2.6.7 Oil Pollution in Coastal Waters 2.7 Ballast water uptake and discharge 3.THE MARINE AND COASTAL ENVIRONMENT 3.1 Marine and coastal ecology 3.1.1. Red Sea coastal area 3.1.2 Oceanographic conditions 3.1.3 Habitats and Biological Communities 3.1.4 Sensitive and vulnerable coastal environments 3.1.4.1 Environment-Sensitivities, particularly to oil pollution 3.1.5 Sensitive areas and the need for protection 3.1.5.1 Marine protected Areas in Egypt 3.2 Resources of economic importance 3.2.1 Living resources 3.2.2 Tourism 4. CASE STUDIES OF MARINE BIOINVASIONS 4.1 General 4.2 Invasive species: Transboundary elements 4.2.1 Impacts of marine invasive species 4.3 The current situation in the Red Sea Egypt 5. LEGAL, POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS 5.1 International and regional obligations 5.1.1 The International Response 5.1.2 Regional Response 5.2 National policies and legislation 5.2.1 Environmental Law (Law No. 4/1994) amended by the executive statute of Act 9/2009 5.2.2. Natural Protectorates (Law No. 102/1983) 5.2.3.Environmental Impact Assessment 5.2.4 Environmental Protection Fund 5.3 Legal Setting Associated with Oil Pollution 5.3.1 Provisions of Law No. 4 5.3.2 Water Quality Standards for Oil and Greases 5.3.3 National Oil Spill Contingency Plan 5.4 National Policy and Strategy 5.4.1 General Environmental Policy 5.4.1.1 National Environmental Action Plan (1992) 5.4.1.2 Policy Directive of MSEA (1998) 5.4.1.3 Updated National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) (2002) 5.4.1.4 EEAA Five-Year Action Plan 5.5 Policies Associated with Oil Pollution 5.5.1 General Principles for Protecting Coastal and Marine Environment 5.5.2 General Direction for Protecting Coastal Water 5.5.3 Management Scheme of Coastal Water 5.6 Integrated Coastal Zone Management 5.6.1 Current ICZM Institutional Context 5.6.2 The ‘Framework Programme for the Development of National ICZM Plan for Egypt, 1996’ 5.7 National Institutions 5.7.1 Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs (MSEA) and the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) 5.7.2 Ministry of Transport-Maritime Transport Sector “MTS” 5.7.2.1 Red Sea Port Authority 5.7.2.2 Port State control 6. STAKEHOLDERS SUPPORT 7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 8. NATIONAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION 7. 1 National Experts 7. 2 Sources of Information 7.2.1.Web sites (National Level) 7.2.2 References Boxes Box 1. Case Study: Exotic Invasive Seaweed Caulerpa prolifera in Suez Canal Box 2. Success story: Crown of thorn starfish - Predator Outbreaks Box 3. Regional initiative concerning Port State Control ANNEXES ANNEX 1. REGISTERED SHIPPING COMPANIES IN EYPT LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Egypt’s topographic map including the Red Sea Figure 2. Oil transport pathways including the Red Sea area Figure 3. Share of Egyptian Ports in Total Local and Transit cargo in 2005 % Figure 4. Share of transport sector, including maritime, in Egypt ‘s production services Figure 5 a. Location of major ports and harbours along the Red Sea of Egypt Figure 5 b .Ports in the Gulf of Suez (source: EEAA/JICA, 2009) Figure 6. Suez port (PortTawfiq) Figure 7. Adabiya Port Figure 8. Petroleum Basin Port Figure 9. Sokhna Port Figure 10. Sokhna Port (Master Plan 2020) Figure 11. Hurghada Port Figure 12. Safaga Port Figure 13. Nuweiba Port Figure 14. Sharm El Sheikh Port Figure 15. SUMED Pipeline Figure 16 .Location of oil fields and pipelines in the northern Red Sea of Egypt Figure 17. Oil spills incidents in the northern Red Sea Figure 18. Location of oil spill incidents Figure19. Sources of spilled oils Figure 20. Actions taken for oil spills Figure 21. Situation of oil pollution in coastal waters Figure 22. General geomorphologic map of the Red Sea, Egypt Figure 23. Avicennia marina from the Red Sea coast of Egypt Figure 24. Rhizophora macronata, Shalatin Figure 25. Distribution of coral reefs in the Red Sea, Egypt Figure 26. Landfilling a beach in Hurghada Figure 27. Areas subjected to land infilling operations in Hurghada during the 16-year period from 1984 to 2000. Figure 28. Recreational impact on coral reef Figure 29. Sea grass beds from the Red Sea Figure 30. Hawksbill Turtle Figure 31. Environmental Sensitivities of the Northern Red Sea and Gulfs (Egypt) Figure 32. Egypt's present and future national protectorates Figure 33. The Red Sea fish production between 1992 and 2007 Figure 34. Number of marine fishing vessels using different gears in 2007 Figure 35.Major pathways, concurrent with major shipping routes, and origins of invasive or toxic species infestations in the marine environment Figure 36. The Suez canal and Fistularia commersonii, a lessepsian migrant LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Types, number and conditions of registered vessels Table 2. Number of frequented vessels calling in Red Sea Ports during the period from 1/7/2008 to 30/6/2009 Table 3. Number of frequented vessels calling in Red Sea Ports during the period from 1/7/2009 to 30/6/2010 Table 4. Number of frequented vessels calling in Red Sea Ports during the period from 1/7/2010 to 30/6/2011 Table 5. The annual volumes of traded goods- imports and exports – passing through Egypt’s Red Sea Ports (tonnes) during the period from 1/7/2009 to 30/6/2010 Table 6. The annual volumes of traded goods- imports and exports – passing through Egypt’s Red Sea Ports (tonnes) during the period from 1/7/2010 to 30/6/2011 Table 7. Total Suez Canal crossing vessels, net tonnage, containers and total cargo (2001 – 2008) Table 8. The estimated volume of ballast water being discharged in the Red Sea ports annually (2009 – 2010) Table 9. Number of genera and species of reef building corals in the Egyptian Red Sea Table 10.Red sea fish production by species and locations in 2007 Table 11.Classification of marine fishing vessels according to power and gears in 2007 Table 12. Register of the Multilateral Agreements to which Egypt is a Signatory Table 13. Relevant Stakeholders ACRONYMS EEAA Egypt’s Environmental Affairs Agency FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GDP Gross Domestic product GEF Global Environment Facility ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management IMO International Maritime Organization JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency LBA Land-based Activities MWRI Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation PERSGA Regional Organization for the Conservation of Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden SAP Strategic Action Programme UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization PREFACE According to GEF/UNDP/IMO/IOI (2009), shipping is essential to the global economy, providing the most cost-effective means of transporting bulk goods over great distances. Over 90% of all global trade – including everything from food and fuel to construction materials, chemicals and household items – is carried by ships, with some 36,000 merchant ships sailing the world’s oceans, with a combined tonnage of over 1 billion dead weight tonnes (dwt) (UNCTAD, 2008). Ships are specifically designed and built to move safely through the water while carrying this cargo. But, when the ship is travelling either without cargo, or only partially laden, it must take additional weight on board to enable it to operate effectively and safely by, for example, keeping the ship deep enough in the water to ensure efficient propeller and rudder operation.
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