Competing Scripts: the Introduction of the Roman Alphabet in Africa
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The Origin and Spread of the Jawi Script
Sub-regional Symposium on the Incorporation of the Languages of Asian Muslim Peoples into the Standardized Quranic Script 2008 ﻧﺪﻭﺓ November 7-5 ﺷﺒﻪ ,Kuala Lumpur ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ,(SQSP) ﺣﻮﻝ:Project ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﱐ 7_9 ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻌﺪﺓ 1429 ﻫـ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻖ 5-7 ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ 2008 ﻡ ﻗﺎﻋﺔ ﳎﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺗﺬﺓ : ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﲟﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ THE ORIGIN AND SPREAD OF THE JAWI SCRIPT Amat Juhari Ph.D Bangi, Malaysia Sub-regional Symposium on the Incorporation of the Languages of Asian Muslim Peoples into the Standardized Quranic Script Project (SQSP), Kuala Lumpur, 5-7 November 2008 THE ORIGIN AND THE SPREAD OF THE JAWI SCRIPT SYNOPSIS This paper discusses the origin and the spread of the Jawi Script. Jawi Script is derived from the Arabic Script, but it later changed its name to Jawi because in Jawi Script there are six more new letters being added to it to represent the six Malay phonemes which are not found in the Arabic Language. The oldest known Jawi writing is the Terengganu Inscriptions dated 24 th February 1303 or 702 Hijrah. Later on Jawi Script was used extensively in the Sultanate of Malacca, the Sultanate of Old Johor, the Sultanate of Aceh, the Sultanate of Johor-Riau and other sultanates and kingdoms of South East Asia. Jawi Script had spread from Aceh in North Sumatra in the west to Ternate and Tidore in the Moluccas Islands in the eastern part of Indonesia, and then from Cambodia in the north to Banten in the south. Nowadays, about 16,000 Malay Jawi manuscripts are being preserved and kept in many libraries and archives around the world. -
X|X Is a Letter in the English Alphabet
Example: Let Example: Let U be the set of all senators in Congress. Then U = {x|x is a letter in the English alphabet} = {a, b, c, ..., z} A = {x|x is a vowel} = {a, e, i, o, u} D={x ∈ U| x is a Democrat} R={x ∈ U| x is a Republican} B = {x|x is a letter in the word texas} = { t, e, x, a, s} F={x ∈ U|x is a female} L={x ∈ U|x is a lawyer} Find the following sets and express your answer in a Venn diagram Find the region on the Venn diagram that corresponds to the set of b all senators that are democrats and are female or lawyers. Express this set symbolically. c z d A B y u a e x i t f o w s g v h j r k l m n pq a) What is AB? b) What is Ac B? c) What is A Bc? 1 2 The Number of Elements in a Finite Set Example: A store has 150 clocks in stock. 100 of these clocks have AM or FM radios. 70 clocks had FM circuitry and 90 had AM The number of elements in set A is n(A). circuitry. How many had both AM and FM? How many were AM only? How many were FM only? if A = {x|x is a letter in the English alphabet}, then n(A)=26. Answer: Let If A = ∅ then n(A) = 0. U = {x|x is a clock in stock}, n(U) = A = {x|x is a set that can receive FM}, n(A) = B = {x|x is a set that can receive AM}, n(B) = We are also given that n(A B) = A B y Use the union rule to find the number in AB, x z n(A B) = UNION RULE: Find n(Ac B) = = how many have only AM. -
Third Asia Pacific Linguistics Olympiad
en Third Asia Pacific Linguistics Olympiad March 28 – April 11, 2021 Problems • Listen carefully to the invigilators and follow their instructions. • The contest lasts five hours. The problem set consists of eight pages and it contains five problems. You may solve the problems in any order. • You are not allowed to use any electronic device, written or printed material or other external sources of information during the contest. • If you have a question about any of the problems, put up your hand and ask an invigilator. The invigilator will consult with the jury before answering. • Rules for writing out solutions – Do not copy the statements of the problems. – Write down your solution to each problem on a separate sheet or sheets. – Use only the front side of the answer sheet. – On each sheet, indicate your name, the number of the problem, and the page sequence of that sheet within the problem, e.g.: Name ::: Name ::: Name ::: Problem # 5 Problem # 5 Problem # 5 Page # 1 / 3 Page # 2 / 3 Page # 3 / 3 (meaning first, second, and third sheet of three for the fifth problem.) Otherwise, your work may be mislaid or misattributed. – Unless stated differently, you should describe any patterns or rules that you identified in the data. Otherwise, your solution will not be awarded full marks. The contest problems must be kept confidential until they are published on the official APLO website https://aplo.asia. Do not disclose nor discuss the problems online until that date. Third Asia Pacific Linguistics Olympiad (2021) 2 Problems Problem 1 (20 points). Here are some sentences in Pitjantjatjara and their possible English translations: 1. -
I Introduction: History and Texts
Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00866-3 - The Meroitic Language and Writing System Claude Rilly and Alex de Voogt Excerpt More information I Introduction: History and Texts A. Historical Setting The Kingdom of Meroe straddled the Nile in what is now known as Nubia from as far north as Aswan in Egypt to the present–day location of Khartoum in Sudan (see Map 1). Its principal language, Meroitic, was not just spoken but, from the third century BC until the fourth century AD, written as well. The kings and queens of this kingdom once proclaimed themselves pha- raohs of Higher and Lower Egypt and, from the end of the third millennium BC, became the last rulers in antiquity to reign on Sudanese soil. Centuries earlier the Egyptian monarchs of the Middle Kingdom had already encountered a new political entity south of the second cataract and called it “Kush.” They mentioned the region and the names of its rulers in Egyptian texts. Although the precise location of Kush is not clear from the earliest attestations, the term itself quickly became associated with the first great state in black Africa, the Kingdom of Kerma, which developed between 2450 and 1500 BC around the third cataract. The Egyptian expansion by the Eighteenth Dynasty (1550–1295 BC) colonized this area, an occupation that lasted for more than five centuries, during which the Kushites lost their independence but gained contact with a civilization that would have a last- ing influence on their culture. During the first millennium BC, in the region of the fourth cataract and around the city of Napata, a new state developed that slowly took over the Egyptian administration, which was withdrawing in this age of decline. -
WG2 M52 Minutes
ISO.IEC JTC 1/SC 2 N____ ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 N3603 2009-07-08 ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) - ISO/IEC 10646 Secretariat: ANSI DOC TYPE: Meeting Minutes TITLE: Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 54 Room S206/S209, Dublin Centre University, Dublin, Ireland 2009-04-20/24 SOURCE: V.S. Umamaheswaran, Recording Secretary, and Mike Ksar, Convener PROJECT: JTC 1.02.18 – ISO/IEC 10646 STATUS: SC 2/WG 2 participants are requested to review the attached unconfirmed minutes, act on appropriate noted action items, and to send any comments or corrections to the convener as soon as possible but no later than the Due Date below. ACTION ID: ACT DUE DATE: 2009-10-12 DISTRIBUTION: SC 2/WG 2 members and Liaison organizations MEDIUM: Acrobat PDF file NO. OF PAGES: 60 (including cover sheet) Michael Y. Ksar Convener – ISO/IEC/JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 22680 Alcalde Rd Phone: +1 408 255-1217 Cupertino, CA 95014 Email: [email protected] U.S.A. ISO International Organization for Standardization Organisation Internationale de Normalisation ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2 N____ ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 N3603 2009-07-08 Title: Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 54 Room S206/S209, Dublin Centre University, Dublin, Ireland; 2009-04-20/24 Source: V.S. Umamaheswaran ([email protected]), Recording Secretary Mike Ksar ([email protected]), Convener Action: WG 2 members and Liaison organizations Distribution: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 members and liaison organizations 1 Opening Input document: 3573 2nd Call Meeting # 54 in Dublin; Mike Ksar; 2009-02-16 Mr. -
Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Emerika Bluma 1, 71000 Sarajevo Tel. 28 35 00 Fax. 28 35 01 Department for Legal Affairs CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERATION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA “Official Gazette of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina”, 1/94, 13/97 CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERATION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA - consolidated translation, with amendments indicated - • The Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina was adopted by the Constitutional Assembly of the Federation of BiH, at the session held on June 24, 1994. It was published in Slu`bene Novine Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine n. 1, 1994. • Amendment I to the Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina was passed by the Constitutional Assembly of the Federation of BiH, at the session held on June 24th,1994. It was also published in Slu`bene Novine Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine n. 1, 1994. • Amendments II to XXIV to the Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina were passed by the Constitutional Assembly of the Federation of BiH, at its 14th session held on June 5th,1996. They were published in Slu`bene Novine Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine n. 13, 1997. • Amendments XXV and XXVI to the Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina were passed according to the procedure in Chapter VIII, finalized on May 8th, 1997. They were also published in Slu`bene Novine Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine n. 13, 1997. PREAMBLE I. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FEDERATION Arts. 1-6 II. HUMAN RIGHTS A. General Arts. 1-7 B. Initial Appointment and Functions of the Ombudsmen Arts. 1-9 III. DIVISION OF RESPONSIBILITIES BETWEEN THE FEDERATION GOVERNMENT AND THE CANTONS Arts. -
An African Basketry of Heterogeneous Variables Kongo-Kikongo-Kisankasa
ISSN 2394-9694 International Journal of Novel Research in Humanity and Social Sciences Vol. 8, Issue 2, pp: (2-31), Month: March - April 2021, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com An African Basketry of Heterogeneous Variables Kongo-Kikongo-Kisankasa Rojukurthi Sudhakar Rao (M.Phil Degree Student-Researcher, Centre for African Studies, University of Mumbai, Maharashtra Rajya, India) e-mail:[email protected] Abstract: In terms of scientific systems approach to the knowledge of human origins, human organizations, human histories, human kingdoms, human languages, human populations and above all the human genes, unquestionable scientific evidence with human dignity flabbergasted the European strong world of slave-masters and colonialist- policy-rulers. This deduces that the early Europeans knew nothing scientific about the mankind beforehand unleashing their one-up-man-ship over Africa and the Africans except that they were the white skinned flocks and so, not the kith and kin of the Africans in black skin living in what they called the „Dark Continent‟! Of course, in later times, the same masters and rulers committed to not repeating their colonialist racial geo-political injustices. The whites were domineering and weaponized to the hilt on their own mentality, for their own interests and by their own logic opposing the geopolitically distant African blacks inhabiting the natural resources enriched frontiers. Those „twists and twitches‟ in time-line led to the black‟s slavery and white‟s slave-trade with meddling Christian Adventist Missionaries, colonialists, religious conversionists, Anglican Universities‟ Missions , inter- sexual-births, the associative asomi , the dissociative asomi and the non-asomi divisions within African natives in concomitance. -
Part 1: Introduction to The
PREVIEW OF THE IPA HANDBOOK Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet PARTI Introduction to the IPA 1. What is the International Phonetic Alphabet? The aim of the International Phonetic Association is to promote the scientific study of phonetics and the various practical applications of that science. For both these it is necessary to have a consistent way of representing the sounds of language in written form. From its foundation in 1886 the Association has been concerned to develop a system of notation which would be convenient to use, but comprehensive enough to cope with the wide variety of sounds found in the languages of the world; and to encourage the use of thjs notation as widely as possible among those concerned with language. The system is generally known as the International Phonetic Alphabet. Both the Association and its Alphabet are widely referred to by the abbreviation IPA, but here 'IPA' will be used only for the Alphabet. The IPA is based on the Roman alphabet, which has the advantage of being widely familiar, but also includes letters and additional symbols from a variety of other sources. These additions are necessary because the variety of sounds in languages is much greater than the number of letters in the Roman alphabet. The use of sequences of phonetic symbols to represent speech is known as transcription. The IPA can be used for many different purposes. For instance, it can be used as a way to show pronunciation in a dictionary, to record a language in linguistic fieldwork, to form the basis of a writing system for a language, or to annotate acoustic and other displays in the analysis of speech. -
N2403 Date: 2002-04-22
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 N2403 DATE: 2002-04-22 ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) - ISO/IEC 10646 Secretariat: ANSI DOC TYPE: Meeting Minutes TITLE: Draft minutes of WG 2 meeting 41, Hotel Phoenix, Singapore 2001-10-15/19 SOURCE: V.S. Umamaheswaran, Recording Secretary, and Mike Ksar, Convener PROJECT: JTC 1.02.18 – ISO/IEC 10646 STATUS: SC 2/WG 2 participants are requested to review the attached unconfirmed minutes, act on appropriate noted action items, and to send any comments or corrections to the convener as soon as possible but no later than 2002-05-15. ACTION ID: ACT DUE DATE: 2002-05-15 DISTRIBUTION: SC 2/WG 2 members and Liaison organizations MEDIUM: Paper NO. OF PAGES: 45 (including cover sheet) Mike Ksar Convener – ISO/IEC/JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 Microsoft Corporation Phone: +1 425 707-6973 One Microsoft Way Redmond, WA, 98052 U. S. A. e-mail: [email protected] ISO International Organization for Standardization Organisation Internationale de Normalisation ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 N2403 Date: 2002-04-22 Title: Draft minutes of WG 2 meeting 41, Hotel Phoenix, Singapore; 2001-10-15/19 Source: V.S. Umamaheswaran ([email protected]), Recording Secretary Mike Ksar ([email protected]), Convener Action: WG 2 members and Liaison organizations Distribution: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 members and Liaison organizations 1 Opening and roll call Input document: N2367 2nd Call and updated preliminary agenda – WG 2 meeting 41; Ksar; 2001-08-10 The convener Mr. -
A STUDY of WRITING Oi.Uchicago.Edu Oi.Uchicago.Edu /MAAM^MA
oi.uchicago.edu A STUDY OF WRITING oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu /MAAM^MA. A STUDY OF "*?• ,fii WRITING REVISED EDITION I. J. GELB Phoenix Books THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS oi.uchicago.edu This book is also available in a clothbound edition from THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS TO THE MOKSTADS THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO & LONDON The University of Toronto Press, Toronto 5, Canada Copyright 1952 in the International Copyright Union. All rights reserved. Published 1952. Second Edition 1963. First Phoenix Impression 1963. Printed in the United States of America oi.uchicago.edu PREFACE HE book contains twelve chapters, but it can be broken up structurally into five parts. First, the place of writing among the various systems of human inter communication is discussed. This is followed by four Tchapters devoted to the descriptive and comparative treatment of the various types of writing in the world. The sixth chapter deals with the evolution of writing from the earliest stages of picture writing to a full alphabet. The next four chapters deal with general problems, such as the future of writing and the relationship of writing to speech, art, and religion. Of the two final chapters, one contains the first attempt to establish a full terminology of writing, the other an extensive bibliography. The aim of this study is to lay a foundation for a new science of writing which might be called grammatology. While the general histories of writing treat individual writings mainly from a descriptive-historical point of view, the new science attempts to establish general principles governing the use and evolution of writing on a comparative-typological basis. -
The Evolution of Graphic Complexity in Writing Systems Helena Miton, Hans
The evolution of graphic complexity in writing systems Helena Miton, Hans-Jörg Bibiko, Olivier Morin Table of Contents A. General summary ................................................................................................................. 3 B. First registration (2018-02-22) ........................................................................................... 4 B. 1. Rationale for the study – Background - Introduction ....................................................... 4 B.2. Materials and Sources ............................................................................................................... 6 B.2.1. Inclusion criteria at the level of [scripts]: .................................................................................... 6 B.2.2. Inclusion criteria at the level of characters ............................................................................... 6 B.3. Measures ....................................................................................................................................... 7 B.3.1. Complexity ............................................................................................................................................. 7 B.3.2. Other characteristics of scripts ...................................................................................................... 8 B.4. Hypotheses and Tests ................................................................................................................. 8 B.4.1. Relationship between scripts’ size and -
1 by Ellen Ndeshi Namhila 1. Africa Has a Rich and Unique Oral
THE AFRICAN PERPECTIVE: MEMORY OF THE WORLD By Ellen Ndeshi Namhila1 PREPARED FOR UNESCO MEMORY OF THE WORLD 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA 19 TO 22 FEBRUARY 2008 1. INTRODUCTION Africa has a rich and unique oral, documentary, musical and artistic heritage to offer to the world, however, most of this heritage was burned down or captured during the wars of the scramble for Africa, and what had survived by accident was later intentionally destroyed or discontinued during the whole period of colonialism. In spite of this, the Memory of the World Register has so far enlisted 158 inscriptions from all over the world, out of which only 12 come from 8 African countries2. Hope was restored when on 30th January 2008, the Africa Regional Committee for Memory of the World was formed in Tshwane, South Africa. This paper will attempt to explore the reasons for the apathy from the African continent, within the framework of definitions and criteria for inscribing into the register. It will illustrate the breakdown and historical amnesia of memory and remembrance of the African heritage within the context of colonialism and its processes that have determined what was considered worth remembering as archives of enduring value, and what should be forgotten deliberately or accidentally. The paper argues that the independent African societies emerging from the colonial regimes have to make a conscious effort to revive their lost cultural values and identity. 2. A CASE STUDY: THE RECORDS OF BAMUM African had a rich heritage, well documented and well curated long before the Europeans came to colonise Africa.