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Religion and the Rise of Capitalism by R.H. Tawney

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Religion and the Rise of Capitalism by R.H. Tawney AMIEM1DR BOOK 261, 5 T23r 71-63381 Tawney Religion and the rise of capitalisn KANSASCITY MO PUBLIC LIBRARY MAIN OQD1 02^1602 fl Religious 1 nought 1 hrough the A get DATE DUE MAI APR 1 1 MENTOR Books of Special Interest ETHICS IN A BUSINESS SOCIETY by Marquis W. Childs and Douglass Cater A challenging analysis of the nature of moral values in the modern world. (#MP392 60$) THE THEORY OF BUSINESS ENTERPRISE by Thorstein Veblen The Classic treatise on the place and importance of the businessman in maintaining the economy THE THEORY OF THE LEISURE CLASS by Tharstein Veblen A provocative and ironic study of social and economic conduct. Introduction by C. Wright Mills. (#MP401 600) THE RICH AND THE POOR: The Economics of Rising Expectations by Robert Theobald A timely proposal for helping the underdeveloped countries may raise their productivity and increase their share of the world's economic wealth. (#MD325 500) RELIGION AND THE RISE OF CAPITALISM A HISTORICAL STUDY (Holland Memorial Lectures, 1922) by R. H. TAWNEY Reader in Economic History , University of London; Sometime Fellow of Itatliol College, Oxford A MENTOR BOOK Published by THE NEW AMERICAN LIBRARY TO DR. CHARLES GORE WITH AFFECTION AND GRATITUDE COPYRIGHT, 1926, BY HARCOURI, BRACI & WORLD, INC COPYRIGHT, 1954, BY R H TAWNEY All nglits te^ened, unhiding (lie n^hl to reproduce this hook or portions thereof in anv foim For information addiess Han out t, Brace Woild, Inc , 750 Jlurd A\enue, New York 17, New Yoik Published as a MENTOR BOOK by arrangement with Hanoint, Brace & World, Inc , who have authorized this \oft( over edition FIRST PRINTING, NOVIMBFR, 1947 TWLLFFH PRINI1NG, JUNF, 1963 MENTOR BOOKS are published in the United States by The New American Library of World Literature, Inc , 501 Madison Avenue, New York 22, New York, r in Canada by lhe New American Libiary of Canada Limited, 156 Front Street West, Toronto 1, Ontario PRINTED IN THE UNITED STA1 I S OF AMLRICA Contents INTRODUCTION 1 PREFACE TO 1937 EDITION 3 I. THE MEDIEVAL BACKGROUND 11 The Social Organism 20 The Sin of Avarice 39 The Ideal and the Reality 54 II. THE CONTINENTAL REFORMERS 61 The Economic Revolution 62 Luther 72 Calvin 91 III. THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND 116 The Land Question 118 Religious Theory and Social Policy 128 The Growth of Individualism 149 IV. THE PURITAN MOVEMENT 164 Puritanism and Society 165 A Godly Discipline Versus the Religion of Trade 176 The Triumph of the Economic Virtues 189 The New Medicine for Poverty 210 V. CONCLUSION 227 NOTES 237 INDEX 71 {3381 27 PITY rwifiY?nw in i ic Whatever the world thinks, he who hath not much meditated upon God, the human mind and the summum bonum, may possibly make a thriv- ing earthworm, but will most indubitably make " a sorry patriot and a sorry statesman BISHOP BERKELEY, Sins, 350 Introduction TH# object of this book is to trace some strands in the de- Of Religious gollal and velopment thoughlfon ^ eCojii^jOTTr-^rtr^S" ttons in the period which saw the transition irorn medieval tP^niudeui theories of social organization. "TTcrnes Tia^Tcarrv trie subject Jjevtmg^j^ tury. and it makes no pretense of dealing with the history either of economic theory or of economic practice, except in so far as theory and practice were related to changes in re- ligious opinion. In reality, however, the connection be- tween them was intimate and vital The revolutions, at once religious, political and social, which "herald tne transi- tion from the medieval to the moderrPworld, were hardly less Derisive foj the economic character ot tlie new civiliza- tion than for its ecclesiastical organization and religious r s -Trip .society ^ or t infr pronomir rafe^ories of modern have their roots in the economic expansion and social convulsions which accompanied the age of the Renaissance and the Re- formation"" The history of religious thought on questions of social ethics is a topic which has been treated in England by the late Dr Cunningham, by Sir William Ashley, whose essay on The Canonist Doctrine first interested me in the subject, by Mr G G Coulton, Mr. H G. Wood, and Mr. G. O'Brien But it is no reflection on their work to say that the most important contributions of recent years have come from continental students, in particular Troeltsch, Choisy, Sombart, Brentano, Levy and, above all, Max Weber, whose celebrated essay on Die Protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus gave a new turn to the discussion. No one can work, on however humble a scale, in the same field, without being conscious of the heavy obligation under which these scholars have laid him While I have not always been able to accept their conclusions, T am glad to have this op- portunity of expressing my indebtedness to them. I regret that Mr. Coulton 's The Medieval Village appeared too late for me to make use of its abundant stores of learning and insight. It only remains for me to thank the friends whose as- sistance has enabled me to make this book somewhat less 2 INTRODUCTION imperfect than it would otherwise have been. Mr J L. Hammond, Dr. E. Power, and Mr. A P Wadsworth have been kind enough to read, and to impiove, the manuscript. Professor J. E Neale, in addition to reading the proofs, has helped me most generously throughout with advice and criticism. I am deeply indebted both to Miss Bulkley, who has undertaken the thankless task of correcting the proofs and making an index, and to the London School of Eco- nomics and the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Fund for enabling me to make use of her services. My obligation to the help given by my wife is beyond acknowledgment R. H. TAWNEY. Prejace to IQ3? Edition SINCE the appearance of this book ten years ago, the litera- ture on its subject has considerably increased The learned work of Troeltsch, the best introduction to the historical study of religious thought on social issues, can now be read in an English translation, as can also the articles of Weber on The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. The omission from my book of any reference to post -Reforma- tion Catholic opinion was a serious defect, which subsequent writers have done something to repair The development of economic thought in mediaeval Italy, the social forces at work in the Germany of Luther, and his attitude to them; the economic doctrines of Calvin, the teaching of the Jesuits on usury and allied topics, English social policy during the Interregnum, the religious and social outlook of the French bouigcoisic of the same period; the attitude of Quakers, VVesleyans, and other bodies of English Nonconformists to the chancing economic world which confronted them in the eighteenth century, have all had books devoted to them In the somewhat lengthy list of articles on these and kindred subjects, those by the late Professor See, M Halbwachs, and Mr Parsons, and an article by Mr Gordon Walker which has just appeared in The Economic History Review, x specially deserve attention It will be seen, therefore, that the problems tieated in the following pages, if they continue to perplex, have not ceased to arouse interest What conclusions, if any, emerge from the discussion? The most significant are truisms When this book first appeared, it was possible for a friendly reviewer, writing in a serious journal, to deprecate in all gravity the employment of the term "Capitalism" in an historical work, as a political catch-word, betraying a sinister intention on the part of the misguided author. An innocent solecism of the kind would not, it is probable, occur so readily today Obviously, the word "Capitalism," like "Feudalism" and "Meicantilism," is open to misuse Obviously, the time has now come when it is more important to determine the different species of Capitalism, and the successive phases of its growth, than to continue to labour the existence of the genus. But, after 3 4 PREFACE TO 1937 EDITION more than half a century of work on the subject by scholars of half a dozen different nationalities and of every variety of political opinion, to deny that the phenomenon exists, or to suggest that, if it does exist, it is unique among human institutions, in having, like Melchizedek, existed from eter- nity; or to imply that, if it has a history, propriety forbids that history to be disinterred, is to run willully in blinkers Verbal controversies are profitless; if an author discovers a more suitable term, by all means let him use it He is un- likely, however, to make much of the history of Europe during the last three centuries, if, in addition to eschewing the word, he ignores the fact The more general realization of the role of Capitalism in history has been accompanied by a second change, which, if equally commonplace, has also, perhaps, its significance. "Trade is one thing, religion is another": once advanced as an audacious novelty, the doctrine that religion and eco- nomic interests form two separate and co-ordinate king- doms, of which neither, without presumption, can encroach on the other, was commonly accepted by the England of the nineteenth century with an unquestioning assurance at which its earliest exponents would have felt some embarrassment An historian is concerned less to appraise the validity of an idea than to understand its development The effects for good or evil of that convenient demarcation, and the forces which, in our own day, have caused the boundary to shift, need not here be discussed. Whatever its merits, its victory, it is now realized, was long in being won The economic theories propounded by Schoolmen, the fulminations by the left wing of the Reformers against usury, landgrabbing, and extortionate prices; the appeal of hard-headed Tudor states- men to traditional religious sanctions, the attempt of Calvin and his followers to establish an economic discipline more rigorous than that which they had overthrown, are bad evi- dence for practice, but good evidence for thought All rest on the assumption that the institution of property, the trans- actions of the market-place, the whole fabric of society and the whole range of its activities, stand by no absolute title, but must justify themselves at the bar of religion.
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