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031931017.Pdf UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC THÈSE PRÉSENTÉE À L'UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À TROIS-RIVIÈRES COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DU DOCTORAT EN LETTRES PAR FRANCIS WALSH EN LISANT, EN S 'ÉCRiVANT LA DRÔLE DE GUERRE DE JEAN-PAUL SARTRE FÉVRIER 2018 Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières Service de la bibliothèque Avertissement L’auteur de ce mémoire ou de cette thèse a autorisé l’Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières à diffuser, à des fins non lucratives, une copie de son mémoire ou de sa thèse. Cette diffusion n’entraîne pas une renonciation de la part de l’auteur à ses droits de propriété intellectuelle, incluant le droit d’auteur, sur ce mémoire ou cette thèse. Notamment, la reproduction ou la publication de la totalité ou d’une partie importante de ce mémoire ou de cette thèse requiert son autorisation. UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À TROIS-RIVIÈRES Cette thèse a été dirigée par: Mathilde Barraband Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières Directrice de recherche, Ph. D. Institution à laquelle se rattache l'évaluateur Gilles Philippe Université de Lausanne Codirecteur de recherche, Ph. D. Institution à laquelle se rattache l'évaluateur Jury d'évaluation de la thèse: Mathilde Barraband, Ph. D. Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières Prénom et nom, grade Institution à laquelle se rattache l'évaluateur Gilles Philippe, Ph. D. Université de Lausanne Prénom et nom, grade Institution à laquelle se rattache l'évaluateur Manon Brunet, Ph. D. Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières Prénom et nom, grade Institution à laquelle se rattache l'évaluateur Yan Hamel, Ph. D. TELUQ, Montréal Prénom et nom, grade Institution à laquelle se rattache l'évaluateur John Ireland, Ph. D. University of Illinois at Chicago Prénom et nom, grade Institution à laquelle se rattache l'évaluateur Thèse soutenue le 26 janvier 2018 REMERCIEMENTS Je voudrais d'abord remercier Mathilde Barraband et Gilles Philippe pour leur générosité et leur efficacité, ainsi que pour leur lecture critique et leurs conseils. Merci à vous d'avoir cru en ce projet, probablement plus que moi à certains moments. Merci, aussi, au personnel du Département de lettres et communication sociale de l' Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières. Merci pour le soutien pendant les nombreuses années. Un merci particulier à la grande famille d'Études sartriennes et de l' « Équipe Sartre » de l'Item de m'avoir accueilli à bras ouverts. Merci, tout particulièrement, à Jean Bourgault et à Juliette Simont pour les échanges et les suggestions. Je remercie également les membres du jury, Manon Brunet, Yan Hamel et John Ireland, d'avoir généreusement accepté de lire et d'évaluer cette thèse. Je remercie le Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada pour le soutien financier. Merci, enfm, à mes parents et amis. Une thèse est souvent considérée comme une brique de solitude. Pour ma part, je n'étais pas seul. Merci à toi , Sophie, de m'avoir accompagné dans cette drôle de guerre. « Pourquoi lit-on des romans ou des essais? Il Y a quelque chose qui manque, dans la vie de la personne qui lit et c'est cela qu ' elle cherche dans le livre. Ce qui lui manque c'est un sens, puisque c'est justement ce sens, total, qu ' il va donner au livre qu' il lit ; le sens qui lui manque c'est évidemment le sens de sa vie. » lean-Paul Sartre, Que peut la littérature' ? « Si le livre que nous lisons ne nous réveille pas d'un coup de poing sur le crâne, à quoi bon le lire? Pour qu ' il nous rende heureux, comme tu l'écris? [ ... ] [U]n livre doit être la hache qui brise la mer gelée en nous. » Lettre de Franz Kafka à Oskar Pollak2 1 Jean-Paul Sartre, dans Yves Buin, dir., Que peut la littérature ?, Paris, L'Herne, coll. « L' inédit », 1965, p. 121-122. 2 Lettre de Franz Kafka à Oskar Pollak, 27 janvier 1904, Franz Kafka, Correspondance. /902-/924, Marthe Robert, trad., Paris, Gallimard, coll. « Du monde entier », 1965, p. 40. TABLE DES MATIÈRES Remerciements ............................................................................... ii Tables des matières .......................................................................... iv Introduction: « À l'intérieur de moi et désossé »....................................... 1 Partie 1 : La lecture et l'écriture du soi .................................................. 12 Introduction: Lecture, écriture, identité ................ .......... .......................... 13 Chapitre 1 : Écritures du soi et équivoques........................... ... .............. ... 30 1.1 L'équivoque épistolaire ................................................................... 35 1.2 L'équivoque diaristique ....... ......... ....... ... ....................... ....... .......... 41 1.3 Écriture du Moi et écriture de l'Autre .................................. .. .............. .48 Chapitre 2 : La lecture et le lecteur en situation ... ........................................ 51 2.1 Communautés interprétatives ...................... .... ................................... 55 2.2 Appropriation, application .................. ......................... ................... .. 58 2.3 Actualisation ....................... .. ...... ..... ............................... ............ 65 Chapitre 3 : Poétiques de l'identité ............................... ............................ 70 3.1 L' identité narrative ......................................................................... 72 3.2 L' identité stylistique .... ... ... .......... ..... .... .. ... .................................... 78 3.3 L'identité énarrative .............. ......................................................... 84 Conclusion: L'identité réflexive .. ... ................................................ ....... 92 Partie 2 : Jean-Paul Sartre et la drôle de guerre ....................................... 99 Introduction: Un compartiment coquet ................... ................................ 100 Chapitre 1 : Situation o... ... ... ... ...... ... ......... .. ....................... ................ 108 1.1 Le malentendu identitaire ou l' illusion biographique ..... .......................... 109 1.2 Une attente déshumanisante et l'échec du stoïcisme ............................... 117 1.3 L'orgueil métaphysique ou la difficile conversion à l'authenticité ..... .......... 124 Chapitre 2: S'écrire en guerre .... .......... ................................................. 130 2. 1 Positivisme et haine du Moi ................................... ... .................. .... 133 2.2 Les Carnets, entre journal de tout et journal de rien ....... ................ ... ...... 141 v 2.3 Les Lettres au Castor, entre convocation et révocation .... ...................... ... 151 Chapitre 3 : Lire en guerre ................................................................... 161 3.1 Critique littéraire et poétique romanesque ............................................ 162 3.2 Lecture scolaire, lecture populaire ................................ ... .................. 171 3.3 Bibliothèque de guerre .............................................. ..................... 180 Conclusion: Dégager son originalité ............ .. .......................... ............... 197 Partie 3 : Lire, s'écrire en situation: historicité ....................................... 207 Introduction: Rythmicités ............................................... ................... 208 Chapitre 1 : Un temps suspendu ................................... ....................... .. 216 1.1 Un seul Socrate, ou deux ou trois peut-être ........................... ............... 221 1.1.1 Écriture et mort ........................................ ................................ 222 1.1.2 Âges de la vie, âges de la lecture ..... ................................................ 230 1.1.3 Un testament alsacien ................................................................ 238 1.2 Éléments pour une histoire de la négation .............. ............... .. ........ .... 249 1.2.1 S'abstenir, c' est encore s'engager .......... .. .............................. ........ 251 1.2.2 Sartre, lecteur de Quarante-huit .................................... ................ 254 1.3 La misère ne suffit pas ................................................................. 268 Chapitre 2 : Le monde réhumanisé .................................................. ...... 277 2.1 La guerre n'est pas le choléra ......................... .. .. ............................ 284 2.1.1 Jules Romains ou la totalité trahie par la phrase ................................... 287 2.1.2 Voir le monde à travers mon métier. ............................................... 294 2.2 L'écrivain-consommateur ....... ...... .. ................................................ 301 2.2.1 Comparaison, exotisme, appropriation ................. ............ .. ... ........... 302 2.2.2 Du goût au dégoût, une herméneutique du style ................................... 307 2.2.3 Quelques nouvelles nourritures pour une histoire de la négation .. .. ........... 315 2.3 Donc les choses sont humaines, nous n'y pouvons rien ..... .............. ......... 325 Conclusion: Vers une identité esthétique .. ..................... ................... ... .... 337 Partie 4 : Lire, s'écrire en mutation: ipséité .......................................... 349 Introduction: Projet originel ........ ........................................................ 350 Chapitre 1 : L'Un, le Double et le Tiers ................................................... 357 1.1 Sartre, lecteur de Guillaume II ......................................................... 362 1.1.1 La fêlure secrète
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