The Comparison of Attacking Aspects Between the International Level and Domestic Level in Amputee Soccer Tournament

Home , Amputee football, Beach soccer

Int. J. Sport Health Sci. Paper : Coaching and Training The Comparison of Attacking Aspects between the International Level and Domestic Level in Amputee Soccer Tournament

Hirofumi Maehana1,AyaMiyamoto2,MakotoKiuchi2, Kenichi Koshiyama3, Koya Suzuki2 and Masafumi Yoshimura2

1Institute of Health and Sports Science and Medicine, Juntendo University, Chiba 270-1695, Japan h-maehana＠juntendo.ac.jp 2Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba 270-1695, Japan 3Department of Team Coaching, Iwamizawa Campus, Hokkaido University of Education, Hokkaido 068-8642, Japan [Received January 29, 2017; Accepted December 19, 2017; Published online January 12, 2018]

Aim: The purpose of this study was to clarify attacking aspects focused on the initiation of attacks in amputee soccer comparing with diŠerent competitive level. Methods:Datawerecol- lected from 5 matches played in the 2014 World Cup in Mexico, and 6 matches played in the 2015 championship competition in Japan. Match-performance analysis was used to quantify variables about starting zone of attack, number of successive passes and attacking type. Results: All variables were signiˆcant diŠerence between the international level and the domestic level. Attacking middle zone (AMZ) in the starting zone of attack was the highest value in both levels (x 2＝128.8, df＝5, p＜0.01). There were signiˆcant diŠerences in the rate of AMZ and Defending zone (DZ) between the levels (p＜0.01). The number of successive passes in each starting zone of attack were signiˆcantly diŠerences in Defending middle zone (DMZ), DZ and Defending penalty zone (DPZ) (p＜0.01). Kick-in (KI) of attacking type was the highest value at 27.2z in international level, whereas stealing the ball (SB) was the highest value at 27.5z in domestic level (x2＝144.8, df＝7, p＜0.01). Conclusions: This study showed that the attacking aspects were diŠerences depending on the competition level in amputee soccer. And, it was suggested that need to familiarize the possession play in order to improve the domestic level in Japan. Moreover, this study found importance of the re-start play in particular KI for the high competitive level.

Keywords: coaching, descriptive analysis, attacking strategies

1. Introduction 2013; Wieczorek et al., 2015). However, match-performance analysis has not been carried out on am- Amputee soccer is one of kinds of soccer designed putee soccer. for the physically challenged, those who have un- Match-performance analysis is widely used as a dergone amputations as well as those with extremity method for studying player and team performance dysfunction. Don Bennett began modern amputee in a soccer match (Tenga et al., 2010a). And, their soccer in Seattle, United States, in1980 (Frere, notation is basically aimed at analysis of movement, 2007). World Amputee Football Federation tactical evaluation, technical evaluation and statisti- (WAFF) standardized the rules of the match. As a cal compilation (Hughes, 2003). Performance indi- result, amputee soccer has gained popularity in the cators deˆned aspects of performance and can be disability community all over the world, and the associated with oŠensive attacking and defensive number of athletes increased. On the other hands, tactics in soccer (Hughes and Bartlett, 2002). Leite thereisscantscientiˆcevidenceontheamputeesoc- (2013) analyzed the goal scoring patterns by means cer compared to other soccer. Several studies have of descriptive and comparative analyses of unidi- examined the physical characteristics of amputee mensional frequency data (e.g., number of shots, soccer players (OzkanÄ et al., 2012; Simim et al., number of assists, and number of shots against).

International Journal of Sport and Health Science Vol.16, 1-9, 2018 11 http://taiiku-gakkai.or.jp/ Hirofumi Maehana, et al.

These authors found that performance indicators in paring with diŠerent competitive level. In this oŠensive phase were important for successful per- study, data collected in matches of international formance in the tournament. level and Japanese domestic level, and was com- Attacking aspects of play have previously been pared between levels. Japan national team have par- deˆned as direct, possession, counterattacking, ticipated in the world cup three times, but have not total soccer and crossing (Fernandez-Navarro et al., became higher rank in any competition. Tenga et al. 2016). In particular, ``direct'' and ``possession'' of (2010a) indicated the match-performance analysis play are the most commonly described attacking could make coaching interventions more objective styles (Hughes and Franks, 2005; Redwood-Brown, and decisive as well as enhance match performance. 2008; Ruiz-Ruiz et al., 2013; Tenga et al., 2010a; In the light of these opinions, the data obtained in Tenga et al., 2010b; Tenga and Larsen, 2003). this study would provide useful information to ``Direct play'' is characterized by longer passes, low training plans for enhance match performance. number of passes, short passing sequences and a low number of touches per ball involvement in con- 2. Materials and methods trast to ``possession play'' (Fernandez-Navarro et al., 2016). Reep and Benjamin (1968) showed two 2.1. Materials major ˆndings. One was nearly 80z of goals were scored after three or fewer successive passes. Sec- Data were collected from 5 matches played in the ondly, one goal was scored for every 10 shots. More 2014 World Cup in Mexico (international level), recently, Hughes and Franks (2005) standardized and 6 matches played in the 2015 championship the counting of successive passes and re-examined competition in Japan (domestic level). All matches the correlation between shots and goals. Their were applied international 7 versus 7 rules. The results showed that successful teams attempted match is performed in competition of two teams, shots after more number of successive passes, and each consisting of not more than 7 players one of that the percentage of goals in relation to shots was whom is the goalkeeper. Matches were played pitch higher in possession play than in direct play. In measuring 60 m length×40 m width, and duration fact, a number of teams in the present day rely on of a match is two equal periods of 25 minutes each possession play, which involves more ball contact (interval 10 minutes). The video footages of the than direct play. Studies on possession play are match were collected using 2 video cameras (Sony often evaluated such as the number of successive HDR-CX420, Tokyo, Japan; Sony HDR-PJ390, passes and the starting zone of attacks on pitch Tokyo, Japan) to record the match and individual (Garganta 2009; Gomezá et al., 2015; Mahony et al., movements of all players. One stationary camera 2012; Sgro et al., 2015). wasplacedathighinthestandsonthehalf-way It is necessary to study similar approach in order line. The other camera was placed behind the goal- to improve the knowledge of the attacking aspects line to record sideward movements. The validity of in amputee soccer. Especially, the attacking aspects collecting data by video camera was reported previ- will expect to be aŠected by competition rules ously (Scarfone et al., 2015). The Ethics Committee adapted to disabilities. In particular, there are of the University of juntendo approved this study. diŠerences from soccer that amputee soccer have no application of oŠside and do kick-in instead of 2.2. Match-performance analysis throw-in. Moreover, Fernandez-Navarro et al. (2016) reported that the utilization of attacking It was shown in Figure 1 that outline of match- aspects could depend on team formation (number performance analysis of amputee soccer in this of players per zone), player defensive abilities study. and/or the opponent's attacking abilities. The initiation of attacks will be an important aspect in 2.2.1. Description of shots oŠense and defense, because it is also includes ball A goal is normally preceded by a shot. This study taken from the opponent. Therefore, the purpose of deˆned shots as the kicking a ball for opponent this study was to clarify attacking aspects focused goals to score. Any time a player makes an attempt on the initiation of attacks in amputee soccer com- (regardless of results) to take a shot and the ball

22 Attacking Aspects in Amputee Soccer

Figure 1 Outline of match-performance analysis of amputee soccer in this study

travel toward the goal, it is considered a shot. A amputee soccer. The goalkeeper in amputee soccer cross or crossing pass is not a shot. A cross is a long is not allowed to leave the penalty area during kick from a wide position into the penalty area in match play (Yazƒcƒoglu,¾ 2007). Therefore, this study front of the goal. classiˆed the penalty area as the zone, unlike the regular soccer. All games collected data were carried 2.2.2. Description of passes outatapitchof60m×40 m (World Amputee Passes start when a player gains possession of the Football Rules 7 vs 7). Thus, all games were ana- ball by any means other than from a player of the lyzed in the 6 zones. same team. The player must have enough control over the ball to be able to have a deliberate in‰uence 2.2.4. Classiˆcation of attacking type on its subsequent direction. A possession were a The attacking type following 8 variables were series of passes between players of the same team, used in this study: Free kicks (FK), Corner kick but to end immediately when one of the following (CK), Penalty kick (PK), Kick-in (KI), Goal Kick events occurs; a) the ball goes out of play; b) the (GK), Stealing the ball (SB), Losing the ball (LB) ball touches a player of the opposing team (e.g., by and Goalkeeper's pass (GP). In addition, this study means of a tackle, an intercepted pass). A momen- dividedintotwoastheRe-startofplayforFK,CK, tary touch that does not signiˆcantly change the PK, KI, and GK, and the Ball in play for SB, LB, direction of the ball is excluded as c) an infringe- and GP. Descriptions and deˆnitions were shown in ment of the rules takes place (e.g., a player is oŠside Table 1. or a foul is committed) (Pollard and Reep, 1997). 2.3. Video analysis 2.2.3. Classiˆcation of zone The amputee soccer pitch was divided into 6 The video footages were used for software pro- zones in this study; Attacking penalty zone (APZ), gram Final Cut Pro (Apple version 9.0, San Fran- Attacking zone (AZ), Attacking middle zone cisco, United States) and then converted from Mac (AMZ), Defending middle zone (DMZ), Defending format to WMV PC format to allow further analy- zone (DZ), and Defending penalty zone (DPZ). sis using Windows Media Player. While the events Classiˆcation of zone was shown in Figure 2.This related to the performance indicators were recorded study was divided into 4 zones according to in an electronic spreadsheet. Two skilled analysts Nakayama et al. (2015), then it was added on both with more than ˆve years of expertise in the nota- sides penalty area as a zone. The reason for modiˆ- tional analysis approach observed each match twice cation was in consideration of the speciˆc rules of with approximately one month between the two

3 Hirofumi Maehana, et al.

Figure 2 The pitch marking to determine ˆeld zones (adapted from Nakayama et al., 2015). APZ; Attacking penalty zone, AZ; Attacking zone, AMZ; Attacking middle zone, DMZ; Defending middle zone, DZ; Defending zone, and DPZ; Defending penalty zone.

Table 1 Descriptions and deˆnitions of attacking type used in 2.4. Reliability test the match-performance analysis.

Variables The reliability of the data collected was subjected to inter-observer agreement analysis using Cohen's Re-start of play FK; Free kicks Re-started after receiving a foul kappa (Cohen, 1960). Data were collected number from opponents. There are two of shots and passes was 232 shots and 178 passes in kids of direct and indirect. international level, 287 shots and 218 passes in CK; Corner kick Re-started after the opponent's ball crossed the goal line of oŠen- domestic level. Calculations were made of the k sive side. CK allow to score di- variable for the attacking type following 8 varia- rectly. bles. As a result, Cohen's kappa statistics ranged PK; Penalty kick Re-started after receiving a foul from 0.86 to 0.97 in following 8 variables. The from opponents in the penalty area. PK allow to score directly. mean variable was 0.93, which showed that the KI; Kick-in Re-started after the opponent's measurements were reliable. Reliability of this vari- ball crossed the touch-line. KI is able was reported previously (Link et al., 2016). not allowed to score directly. GK; Goal Kick Re-started after the opponent's ball crossed the goal line of defen- 2.5. Statistical analysis sive side. However, GK must not cross the half-way line directly The rate of occurrence per shots in each starting without touching other players and the ground. zone of attack and attacking type was calculated. And, the diŠerence between the international level Ball in play and domestic level was compared by chi-square (x2) SB; Stealing the ball Steeled the ball away from opponents. (e.g., one-on-one, intercept and phi coe‹cient (q). Successive passes in each of pass; to block or cut a pass be- attacking type and starting zone of attack were tween opponents) expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). In LB; Loosing the ball No possession of either team by Clearance Ball. addition, the student's unpaired t-test was used to GP; Goalkeeper's pass Started by goalkeeper throw or compare the mean number of successive passes. punt kick. Statistical signiˆcance was inferred for p＜0.05. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS (IBM statistical version 17.0, Chicago, United States). analyses to avoid the possibility of learning eŠect. The analysts were not directly involved in the design of this study.

4 Attacking Aspects in Amputee Soccer

3. Results 3.2. Number of successive passes in each starting zone of attack 3.1. Starting zones of attacks to make the shots Mean number of successive passes in each start- The comparison of starting zones of attacks to ing zone of attack was shown in Figure 3.The make the shots were signiˆcant diŠerences between APZ, AZ, AMZ, DMZ, DZ and DPZ were 1.0± the international level and domestic level (x2＝ 0.2, 1.3±0.4, 1.7±1.0, 2.7±1.3, 3.7±2.1 and 3.5 128.8, df＝5, p＜0.01). The descriptive data were ±2.1 in international level, 1.0±0.1, 1.4±0.2, 1.6 listed in Table 2. The rate of AMZ was the highest ±1.2, 2.1±1.3, 3.0±1.6 and 2.8±2.0 in domestic value in both levels. There were signiˆcant diŠer- level, respectively (mean±SD). There were signiˆ- ences in the rate of AMZ and DZ between the levels cant diŠerences in the DMZ, DZ and DPZ between (p＜0.01). levels (p＜0.01).

3.3. Attacking type to make the shots

Table 2 Starting zones of attacks to make the shots in international level (n＝232) and domestic level (n＝287). The comparison of attacking type to make the shots were signiˆcant diŠerences between the inter- Variables International Domestic f national level and domestic level (x2＝144.8, df＝7, level level p＜0.01). The descriptive data were listed in Table Start of zones z (times) 3. The rate of KI was the highest value at 27.2z in APZ 10.7 (25) 9.2 (26) 0.7 AZ 19.0 (44) 22.6 (65) 1.0 international level. In the domestic level, the rate of AMZ 24.6 (57) 38.3 (110)** 3.3 SB the highest 27.5z There were signiˆcant diŠer- DMZ 19.0 (44) 15.3 (44) 1.1 ences in the rate of KI and FK between the levels ** DZ 18.1 (42) 9.4 (27) 2.9 (p＜0.01). DPZ 8.6 (20) 5.2 (15) 1.5

** p＜0.01 APZ; Attacking penalty zone, AZ; Attacking zone, AMZ; Attacking middle zone, DMZ; Defending middle zone, DZ; Defending zone and DPZ; Defending penalty zone.

Figure 3 Mean number of successive passes in each starting zone of attack in international level (n＝178: dark bars) and domestic level (n＝218: light bars). Signiˆcant diŠerence (**;p＜0.01). APZ; Attacking penalty zone, AZ; Attacking zone, AMZ; Attacking middle zone, DMZ; Defending middle zone, DZ; Defending zone and DPZ; Defending penalty zone.

5 Hirofumi Maehana, et al.

3.4. Number of successive passes in each attacking 4. Discussion type This study was the ˆrst attempt to match-perfor- Mean number of successive passes in each attack- mance analysis in amputee soccer. Therefore, the ing type was shown in Figure 4. The attacking type purpose of this study was to clarify attacking was classiˆed into 3 categories. The FK･CK･KI, GK aspects focused on the initiation of attacks in ampu- and SB･LB･GP were 1.8±1.2, 3.6±1.8 and 2.0± tee soccer comparing with diŠerent competitive 1.1 in international level, 1.9±1.0, 2.7±1.4 and 1.8 level. This study evaluated quantitatively using ±1.2 in domestic level, respectively (mean±SD). match-performance analysis such as starting zones There was a signiˆcant diŠerence in the GK between of attacks, number of successive passes, and attack- levels (p＜0.01). ing type. Results of this study showed that the attacking aspects diŠer depending on the competition level. The rate of starting zone of attacks was the Table 3 Attacking type to make the shots in international lev- highest in AMZ both levels. The previous study for el (n＝232) and domestic level (n＝287). regular soccer has been reported that the attack International Domestic started from DMZ was the highest at 40z or more Variables f level level (Nakayama et al. 2015). The diŠerence between am- Attacking type z (times) putee soccer and regular one was found. As for the FK 6.9 (16) 13.2 (38)** 2.4 diŠerence by the competition level in the amputee CK 3.9 (9) 3.8 (11) 0 soccer, there were signiˆcantly in the AMZ and DZ PK 0.9 (2) 1.0 (3) 0.2 KI 27.2 (63)** 13.6 (39) 3.9 between international level and domestic level. In GK 5.5 (13) 3.1 (9) 1.4 particular, this study was showed that characteris- SB 22.4 (52) 27.5 (79) 1.3 tics of the international level was high rate of attack LB 19.4 (45) 22.8 (65) 0.9 from backward zones (DMZ, DZ and DPZ) in GP 13.8 (32) 15.0 (43) 0.4 54.6z. The initiation of attacks is considered to ** p＜0.01 include regaining the ball from opponents. For FK; Free kicks, CK; Corner kick, PK; Penalty kick, KI; Kick- in, GK; Goal Kick, SB; Stealing the ball, LB; Loosing the ball example, if defending players apply pressure in and GP; Goalkeeper's pass. areas closer to the opponent's goal, they will be

Figure 4 Mean number of successive passes in each attacking type in international level (n＝178: dark bars) and domestic level (n＝218: light bars). Signiˆcant diŠerence (**;p＜0.01). FK; Free kicks, CK; Corner kick, PK; Penalty kick, KI; Kick-in, GK; Goal Kick, SB; Stealing the ball, LB; Loosing the ball and GP; Goalkeeper's pass.

6 Attacking Aspects in Amputee Soccer

utilizing the high-pressure style. In contrast, the passes from GK was signiˆcant diŠerence between low-pressure style of play involves the defensive levels. One of the factor would be diŠerence in players only applying pressure on the opponents in positioning ability of the ˆeld player which draws the defensive half of the pitch (Fernandez-Navarre out the pass from the goalkeeper between competi- et al., 2016). Domestic level scored high rate of tive levels. Others, the pass skill of the goalkeeper attack in front zones (APZ, AZ and AMZ), more will be aŠect. In addition, it is necessary to consider than 70z. This result can be deˆned as a high-pres- tactical diŠerences according to the scale of the sure style. Fernandez-Navarro et al. (2016) suggest- event. ed that using a high-pressure style of play could be Then, it describe results of attacking type. The at- eŠective for regaining the ball due to time and space tackingtypetomaketheshotswasthehigherrate denied to opponents, while increasing the chances of the re-start play in both levels, more than 30z. of scoring opportunities. However, a high-pressure And, in-play attacks from SB and LB were about 20 style could cause a risky situation for the defensive to 25z respectively. In addition, the international team due to the space produced behind the defen- level has higher rate of KI compared to the domestic sive players or the space between players in case that level. At the initiation of attacks, the players need the team failed to keep compactness. At the domes- to consider not only the place to regain the ball, but tic level, it was suggested the eŠective to acquire the also the means to get the ball back. Likewise, ball in attacking zones by high pressure for the coaches should provide those information. Previous attack. On the other hands, international level had study for regular soccer showed that goals result also higher rate of attack from defending zones. from FK or CK were between 25z and 35z of in Thus, it would be required to regain the ball and analyses of World Cups from 1982 to 2014 (Link et attack in the wide range, in the high competition al., 2016). Similarly, this study suggested the impor- level. The diŠerence by the competitive level are tance of re-start play in the amputee soccer. The KI presumed to be aŠected on the possession ability of canbesaidtobeaneŠectiveattackingtypethatcre- individual and/or team. ates opportunities for shots in amputee soccer, be- Mean number of successive passes for attack cause is applied rules to correspond indirect FK. In from each defending zone were signiˆcantly higher other words, players can take a planned position at the international level comparing with the domestic the time of KI. It will be important to improve the level. International level would have superior in quality of attacks using KI in amputee soccer. possession play than domestic level. While the num- The ˆndings on the attacking aspects of amputee ber of successive passes alone cannot be used to soccer are as follows. evaluate the quality of attacks, some studies have The possession play was an important attacking examined the eŠectiveness of possession play. style in amputee soccer, particularly international Hughes and Franks (2005) stated that possession level. play produced more goals per possession than the The high competition level was important to direct play. The use of backward passes moves the regain the ball and attack in the wide range. ball further from the opponent's goal. In addition, The KI was an eŠective attacking type that create an increase in backwards passes is more likely to in- opportunities for shots at higher competitive crease the time taken to reach the opponent's goal. level. On the other hands, possession play might also use This information can be used when coaches and backwards passes to create space and new oppor- players plan and practice how to take advantage of tunities to attack. Tenga et al. (2010a) reported that an opponent's choice of playing tactics in a com- higher-ranked teams used possession play to break petitive match. From results of this study, it was the balance of the opponent's defense, then reached suggested that necessary to familiarize the posses- the shots and goals. Therefore, it will be required sion play which lead to attack by increasing the attack with possession play in high competition number of passes from the back of itself, in order to level. The possession play is an important attacking improve the domestic level in Japan. It is also im- style in amputee soccer. It is also important to in- portant to increase understanding and skill of tac- crease the skills of successive passes in order to pos- tics based on the possession play. session play. Moreover, mean number of successive Limitations of this study should be noted. Con-

77 Hirofumi Maehana, et al.

textual variables (e.g., substitution of players, op- Mahony, L. E., Wheeler, K. W., and Lyons, K. (2012). Analy- position level) were not measured. And, it is expect- sis of factors determining invasion into attacking areas and the creation of goal-scoring opportunities in the Asian cup ed that the opponent's competition level and tactics football competition. Asian J. Exerc. Sports Sci., 9: 53-66. will be aŠected the attack style. Therefore, it is nec- Nakayama, M., Haranaka, M., Sasaki, R., Tabei, Y., essary to accumulate enough data to determine the Kuwabara, T., and Hirashima, Y. (2015). Comparative anal- attack style. Further research would like to be con- ysis of attack-related game aspects in the Japanese university football league, Japanese J-league, and UEFA Champions sider the e‹ciency and eŠectiveness of attacking league. Football Sci., 12: 58-66. styles together with the result of performance (that Ozkan,Ä A., Kayƒhan, G., Koklä u,ä Y., Ergun, N., Koz, M., is, probability of score). It will be necessary to Ersoz,ä G., and Dellal, A. (2012). The relationship between evaluate the end of attacking zone, when consider- body composition, anaerobic performance and sprint ability of amputee soccer players. J. Hum. Kinet., 35: 141-146. ing the goal acquisition. In those cases, study would Pollard, R. and Reep, C. (1997). Measuring the eŠectiveness of be also required to divide the zone into sideway and playing strategies at soccer. The Statistician, 46: 541-550. analyze in more detail. We hope to analyze more ac- Redwood-Brown, A. (2008). Passing patterns before and after goal scoring in FA Premier League Soccer. Int. J. Perf. curate attacking style in future studies. Anal. Sport, 8: 172-182. Ruiz-Ruiz, C., Fradua, L., Fernandez-Garcá ƒa,á A., and 5. Conclusions Zubillaga, A. (2013). Analysis of entries into the penalty area as a performance indicator in soccer. Eur. J. Sport Sci., 13: 241-248. This study showed that the attacking aspects were Scarfone, R., Minganti, C., Ammendolia, A., Capranica, L., diŠerences depending on the competition level in and Tessitore, A. (2015). Match analysis and heart rate of amputee soccer. And, it was suggested that need to beach soccer players during amateur competition. Grad. J. familiarize the possession play in order to improve Sport. Exerc. Phys. Educ. Res., 3: 1-12. Sgro, F., Barresi, M., and Lipoma, M. (2015). The analysis of the domestic level in Japan. Moreover, this study discriminant factors related to team match performances in found importance of the re-start play in particular the 2012 European Football Championship. J. Phys. Educ. KI for the high competitive level. and Sport, 15: 460-465. Simim, A. M., Silva, B. V., Marocolo, M., Mendes, E. L., Mello, M. T., and Mota, G. R. (2013). Anthropometric pro- References ˆle and physical performance characteristic of the Brazilian Cohen, J. (1960). A coe‹cient of agreement for nominal scales. amputee football (soccer) team. Motriz. Rio Claro., 19: Educ. Psychol. Meas., 20: 37-46. 641-648. Fernandez-Navarro, J., Fradua,L.,Zubillaga,A.,Ford,P.R., Tenga, A., Holme, I., Ronglan, L. T., and Bahr, R. (2010a). and McRobert, A. P. (2016). Attacking and defensive styles EŠect of playing tactics on achieving score-box possessions in of play in soccer: analysis of Spanish and English elite teams. a random series of team possessions from Norwegian profes- J. Sports Sci., 34: 2195-2204. sional soccer matches. J. Sports Sci., 28: 245-255. Frere, J. (2007). The history of modern amputee football. In: Tenga, A., Holme, I., Ronglan, L. T., and Bahr, R. (2010b). Centre of Excellence Defence Against Terrorism (ed). NATO EŠect of playing tactics on goal scoring in Norwegian profes- Science for Peace and security Series. Hum. Soc. Dyn., 31: sional soccer. J. Sports Sci., 28: 237-244. 5-13. Tenga, A. and Larsen, Ø. (2003). Testing the validity of match Garganta, J. (2009). Trends of tactical performance analysis in analysis to describe playing styles in football. Int. J. Perf. team sports: Bridging the gap between research, training and Anal. Sport, 3: 90-102. competition. Rev. Port. Cien. Desp., 9: 81-89. Reep, C. and Benjamin, B. (1968). Skill and chance in associa- Gomez, á M. A.,Moral,J.,andLago-PeÁ nas,ã C. (2015). Mul- tion football. J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. A Stat Soc., 131: 581-585. tivariate analysis of ball possessions eŠectiveness in elite fut- Wieczorek, M., Wilinski,á W., Struzik, A., and Rokita, A. sal. J. Sports Sci., 33: 2173-2181. (2015).HandgripstrengthVs.SprinteŠectivenessinampu- Hughes, M. (2003). Notational analysis. In: Reilly, T., and tee soccer players. J. Hum. Kinet., 48: 133-139. Williams, M. (eds.), Science and Soccer (Second edition). Yazƒcƒoglu,¾ K. (2007). The rules of amputee football. In: Cen- Routledge: London, 245-264. tre of Excellence Defence Against Terrorism (ed). NATO Hughes, M. D. and Bartlett, R. M. (2002). The use of perfor- Science for Peace and security Series. Hum. Soc. Dyn., 31: mance indicators in performance analysis. J. Sports Sci., 20: 94-100. 739-754. Hughes,M.andFranks,I.(2005).Analysisofpassingse- quences, shots and goals in soccer. J. Sports Sci., 23: 509-514. Leite, W. S. (2013). Euro 2012: Analysis and evaluation of goals scored. Int. J. Sports Sci., 3: 102-106. Link, D., Kolbinger, O., Weber, H., and Stockl,M.(2016).Aä topography of free kicks in soccer. J. Sports Sci., 34: 2312-2320.

88 Attacking Aspects in Amputee Soccer

Name: Hirofumi Maehana

A‹liation: Institute of Health and Sports Science and Medicine, Juntendo University

Address: 1-1 Hiragagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695, Japan Brief Biographical History: 2007-2011 Undergraduate Program, Course for Sports Educa- tion, Hokkaido University of Education 2011-2013 Master's Program, Course of Health and Physical Education, Graduate School of Education, Hokkaido Univer- sity of Education 2014-2017 Doctoral Program, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University 2017- Postdoctoral Researcher, Juntendo University Main Works: Maehana, H., Miyamoto, A., Koshiyama, K., Yanagiya, T., and Yoshimura, M. (2017). Proˆle of match performance and heart rate response in Japanese amputee soccer. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness. 2017 May 5. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.17. 07246-2. [Epub ahead of print] Degree: Doctor of Philosophy (Health and Sports Science) Membership in Learned Societies: European College of Sport Science Japanese Society for Adapted Physical Education and Exer- cise Japanese Society of Coaching Studies Japanese Society of Physical Education, Health and Sports Science Japanese Society of Science and Football