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Why Did the Saemangeum Tideland Reclamation Project Lead To AWARENESS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: WHY DID THE SAEMANGEUM TIDELAND RECLAMATION PROJECT LEAD TO THE FIRST NATIONAL CONTROVERSY OVER SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH KOREA? A Thesis by IN HUCK CHOI Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS August 2006 Major Subject: Anthropology AWARENESS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: WHY DID THE SAEMANGEUM TIDELAND RECLAMATION PROJECT LEAD TO THE FIRST NATIONAL CONTROVERSY OVER SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH KOREA? A Thesis by IN HUCK CHOI Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Approved by: Chair of Committee, Cynthia Werner Committee Members, Norbert Dannhaeuser Paul D. Almeida Head of Department, David L. Carlson August 2006 Major Subject: Anthropology iii ABSTRACT Awareness of Sustainable Development: Why Did the Saemangeum Tideland Reclamation Project Lead to the First National Controversy over Sustainable Development in South Korea? (August 2006) In Huck Choi, B.S., Seoul National University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Cynthia Werner In this thesis, a list of aspects or characteristics of sustainable development awareness in a society was made from a literature review of the history of sustainable development, theories and practices on sustainable development, and sustainable development in anthropology. An historical review of tideland reclamation in Korea and key informant interviews about the Saemangeum Tideland Reclamation Project were conducted. It was an effort to show that the Saemangeum Project became the first national controversy over sustainable development in South Korea by applying the list of aspects or characteristics of sustainable development awareness. This study was carried out in an attempt to seek a way of studying sustainable development from an anthropological point of view. The results of this study indicated that the majority of aspects or characteristics of sustainable development awareness had emerged in the early and middle 1990s when the Saemangeum Project became a national controversy over the environment versus development. Broadening the research area of sustainable development by focusing on a human behavior, awareness, is the main contribution of this study to the anthropological study of development. The thesis concludes with the possibility of a comparative study between countries where mud-flats are a significant natural resource to deepen understanding sustainable development. iv DEDICATION To Edward Choi, who shall have to live in the world that I will leave v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Above all, I would like to thank my committee chair, Dr. Werner, and my committee members, Dr. Dannhaeuser and Dr. Almeida, for their guidance, support, and patience throughout the course of this study. Thanks also to my colleagues in the Anthropology Department. All of them helped me out of trouble whenever I got lost in a completely new area of my experience - anthropology. I especially thank Chris, Margie, Diptendu, and Jianping. They shared my agonies when I was under stress. Thanks to David. He willingly reduced my burden when I asked. I cannot forget Nathanael and Andrew either. They spent their precious time for me during the study. Thanks to Monique. Without her help, this work could not have gone so smoothly. I also appreciate Changseok Shin’s warm encouragement. I also want to extend my gratitude to the Graduate Student Research and Presentation Grant Program of Texas A&M University and the Travel/Research Funding program in the Anthropology Department of Texas A&M University, which supported my research financially. However, the real gratitude should be given to the real participants of the study - the interviewees: Sung Kwang Choi, Eun Ho Choi, Jong Ki Yoon, Ha Hyung Joo, Young Shin Kim, Young Soo Cho, Jae Hyung Lee, Jae Sool Han, Myung Joo Ahn, Ja Kwon Koo, Eun Sook Kim, Ji Hyun Choi, and Young Jin Seong (all pseudonyms). Finally, thanks to my family and their patience. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT................................................................................................................... iii DEDICATION............................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................... x INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1 The Saemangeum Tideland Reclamation Project in Korea ............................... 1 Sustainable Development................................................................................... 2 Research Question ............................................................................................. 5 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................ 6 Research Procedures .......................................................................................... 6 Key Informants Interviews ................................................................................ 8 HISTORY, THEORIES, AND PRACTICES ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................. 11 The History of Mainstream Sustainable Development...................................... 11 Theories and Practices on Sustainable Development ........................................ 29 Sustainable Development and Anthropology .................................................... 47 Findings from the Literature Review: The Aspects or Characteristics of Sustainable Development Awareness................................................................ 61 THE HISTORY OF TIDELAND RECLAMATION IN KOREA................................ 66 Background: Korea and Tideland ...................................................................... 66 History of Tideland Reclamation in Korea before 1945.................................... 77 Contemporary History of Korea and Tideland Reclamation ............................. 85 vii Page THE SAEMANGEUM TIDELAND RECLAMATION PROJECT............................. 114 Stage-1: The Latent Period (1991-1995) ........................................................... 120 Stage-2: Recognition of the Problem (1996-1997)............................................ 124 Stage-3: The Front of the Development versus Conservation (1998-2003) ..... 130 Stage-4: The Pursuit of a Judicial Settlement (2004-2006)............................... 142 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ........................................................................... 143 Contribution and Future Studies ........................................................................ 143 The Saemangeum Project: The Barometer of Sustainable Development in South Korea ....................................................................................................... 145 LITERATURE CITED .................................................................................................. 154 APPENDIX A ............................................................................................................... 172 APPENDIX B ................................................................................................................ 177 APPENDIX C ................................................................................................................ 181 APPENDIX D................................................................................................................ 186 VITA.............................................................................................................................. 189 viii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE Page 1 Main sources for WSSD ................................................................................... 12 2 Kuznets Curve................................................................................................... 35 3 Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) .............................................................. 36 4 Easter Island base case...................................................................................... 49 5 A diagrammatic model of some of the main signals of environmental change on Mangaia over the past 5,000 years............................................................... 52 6 A diagrammatic model of some of the main signals of environmental change on Tikopia over the past 3,000 years ................................................................ 52 7 Korean Peninsula and the two Koreas .............................................................. 67 8 Location of Jeollabuk-do and Honam region (North Jeolla) ............................ 69 9 Distribution of land use in South Korea and the location of the Honam Plain. 70 10 Jeollabuk-do (North Jeolla) detailed map and the Saemangeum area .............. 71 11 Tidal salt marshes world distribution map........................................................ 73 12 Differences between high tide and low tide around Korean Peninsula
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