Index acetaldehyde alumina trimerisation 1\0 activity 235 acetal formation 94 fluorination and catalytic activity of 234 acid catalysis 525 in CFC destruction 239 acrylamide aluminium chloride route to 9 in Diels-Alder reactions 108 acrylics in dry synthesis 212 reprocessing of 449 in Ibuprofen manufacture 54 acrylonitrile aluminium fluoride route to II as a fluorination catalyst 226 acylation 92, 93 ammonia of phenols 425 oxidation of 287 regioselective 529 as a solvent 436 using Envirocats 535 amine oxides addition-cyclisation III preparation of 284 addition reactions 105 amines adipic acid oxidation of 284 route to 9 anions adsorption on surfaces 226 solvation of 424 agrochemicals antimony fluoride chirality of 203 in fluorinations 236 single isomer 204 aromatic compounds AIBN electrochemical oxidation of 389 manufacture of 288 aromatic substitution reactions alcohols alkylation 91 oxidation of 186, 275 bromination 89 aldehydes chlorination 89 oxidation of 278 halogenation 295 aldol condensations 97 nitration 90 alkylaromatics PTC in 124 oxidation of 281, 539 sulphonylation 91 alkylations waste from 8 at carbon 127 arsenic at nitrogen 35, 93, 122 methods for removal 312 at oxygen 122 arsine at sulphur 122 electrochemical generation of 408 catalytic two phase reactions 432 arylation 93 effect of solvents 428 asymmetric alkylation in liquid sulphur dioxide 435 using polymers 172 of aromatic compounds 91 asymmetric catalysis 217 PTC catalysed 122 industrial 218 using Hiinig's base 35 using polymer supported catalysts 171 using nafion 178 auxiliary reagents 34, 57 alkyl lithium reagents azo coupling reactions 125 use of sonochemistry with 338 allyl alcohol batch processes 20, 41 route to 6 batch vs continuous processes 41 546 INDEX BATNEEC 68, 83 in asymmetric synthesis 217 batteries in batch vs continuous processes 42 recycling of 374 in bleaching 305 Bayer ketazine process 287 in effluent treatment 299 Bayer-Villiger reaction 278 in hydrometallurgy 308 Beckmann rearrangements 9 530 in metal finishing 308 benzodioxepination III phase transfer 116 benzophenones recovery of metals from 375 production of 534, 539 shape selective 88 benzoylations 534 solid 87 benzylations 537 supported 86 benzylbiphenyls catalytic cracker 453 production of 538 catalytic two phase reactions 432 biodegradable polymers 457 cations biological decontamination solvation of 423 using electrochemistry 395 cavitation chemistry 328 using ultrasound 348 CEFIC (European Chemical Industry biological methods Council) of waste treatment 489 environmental protection guidelines 3 bipolar membranes 403 initiatives 14 bisphenol A cementation 378 manufacture 180 CFCs 222 bleaching 297, 304 catalytic decomposition 238 borohydride in ozone depletion 223 supported 165 replacements 224 BPEO 68 chemical decontamination bromination 89 using ultrasound 349 in liquid sulphur dioxide 435 chemical libraries 167 PTC in 124 chemolysis bromine of polymers 454 electrochemical regeneration of 381 chiral Bnmsted acids 172 3-bromothiophene chiral catalysts 138, 217 electro synthesis of 411 chiral drugs 202, 524 BS 7750 81 chiral Lewis acids 192 chirality cadmium link with biological activity 20 I toxicity of 463 chirality pool 205, 209 carbon monoxide chloride oxidation of 516 electrochemical oxidation of 393 capital expenditure chlor-alkali industry on environmental protection 78 waste reduction in 4 carbanion reactions chlorinated compounds from catalytic two phase reactions 432 destruction of using ultrasound 349 carbene reactions electrochemical oxidation of 393 using PTC 120, 130 chlorination of 89 Caro's acid 255,279,285,301,308,310 allylic 109 caprolactam PTC in 124 manufacture of 287 regioselective 89 catalysis chlorine in chemical manufacture 522 as an oxidant 248 catalysts electrochemical production of 395 activation by ultrasound 340 chlorine dioxide as auxiliary reagents 34 manufacture of 409 characterisation of 241 chlorofluorocarbons see CFCs for CFC alternatives 225 chlorohydrin route for CFC destruction 238 in epoxidation 272 in organonitrogen oxidation 285 chromia in aromatic hydroxylation 280 as a catalyst 228, 240 INDEX 547 supported 229 cyanation chromium effect of ultrasound 343 electrochemical treatment of 486 cyanides redox chemistry 309 treatment of 301, 378 chromium liquors cyclisation reactions electrochemical treatment of 380 on polymers 157, 165 chromium reagents cycloaddition reactions 108 for oxidations 276 toxicity of 467 diazotisation cilastatin in carbon dioxide 436 routes to 56 degradeable polymers 456 clayfen 90, 109 dehydrochlorination clays catalysis of 235 in acylations 92, 93 dehydrogenation in aldol condensations 97 effect of ultrasound 341 in alkylations 91 dendrimers in Diels-Alder reactions 108 as PTCs 137 in Fischer-Indole synthesis 92 as supports 194 in Friedel-Crafts reactions 537 depolymerisation 452 in hydrosilylations 100 deracemisation 214 in ketone protections III desulphurisation 383 in nitrations 90 dextran in oxidations 102 degradation of 335 clayzic 537 dielectric constants 420 cleaner protection Diels-Alder reactions 108 definition 4 chiral catalysts for 172 initiatives 13 in carbon dioxide 436 using catalysts 522 use in sonochemistry in 339 clean synthesis dimethylsulphoxide electrochemical methods 406 disposal of 438 initiatives in 14 recovery of 438 use of catalysts for 86, 116, 522 dinitrogen pentoxide use of polymers for 146 manufacture of 409 coal dioxins 455 compounds of 514 dioxiranes 258 mining and use of effect chemicals 62 diphenylmethane cobalt production of 537 catalyst in fluorination 228 dipolar aprotic solvents 419 separation of using hydrogen peroxide recovery of 438 310 dismutation COD in CFC synthesis 229, 233 of metals 467 L-DOPA reduction of 303 route to 218 colour removal 303 drugs complexing agents chirality of 202 biological production of 494 for metals 469 effect chemicals condensation polymers for cleaner technologies 59 reprocessing of 449 effluent treatment 298 continuous vs. batch processes 41 electrochemical ion exchange 376 copper electrochemical membranes 386 extraction of using peroxides 310 electrochemical reduction 394 costs electrochemical synthesis 406 of waste generation 24 electrochemistry 360 cradle-to-grave-to-cradle 39 in inorganic synthesis 406 cross-linked polymers 145 in membrane processes 397 crown ethers 117 in waste clean up 482 supported 175 use in effluent treatment 378 548 INDEX electrochemistry contd esterifications use in metal recovery 365 using Envirocats 94 use with sonochemistry 344 using Hiinig's base 36 electrodialysis 397, 487 using supported reagents 94 electrodeposition 365 etching solutions electrode potential 363 treatment of 373 electrodes ethylene oxide polymer films on 195 route to 9 electroflotation 397 extraction processes electrohydrolysis 400 using ultrasound 351 electroplating extractive reactions 429 use of ultrasound in 344 electro sorption 397 Fenton's reagent 254, 277, 301, 303, 391 electrosynthesis 406 fermentation 208 indirect 412 fine chemicals industry 32 inorganic 407 Fischer-Indole synthesis 92 organic 411 flow systems with ultrasound 345 for ultrasonics 353 eliminations 96 flue gas desulphurisation 383 emulsions fluidised bed electrode 369 production by ultrasound 334 fluorides use of in catalysis 342 in CFC alternative synthesis 227, 236 energy removal of 397 recovery from waste gasification 456 supported 93, 106, 109, 110, 241, 540 recovery from by waste incineration fluorinated surfaces 178, 241 455 fluorination 110 Envirocats 55, 529 catalysts 239 enviro-cell 370 catalytic 226 environmental audits 66, 80, 82 in making CFC alternatives 226 environmental legislation 66 of supports 178 and enantiopurity 202 using PTC 123 associated costs 78 using antimony species 236 comparisons 73, 78 fluorodenitration 123 European 69 Friedel-Crafts reactions 54, 531 for drugs 202 using Envirocats 531 UK 67 using hydrogen fluoride as solvent 436 US 71 using Nafion 178 Environmental Protection Act 67 using sulphur dioxide as solvent 435 environmental risk using ultrasound 343 insurance costs 79 Fries rearrangement 98 lending policies 80 enzymes as catalysts 208, 523 gaseous effluents enantiomers 215 electrochemical treatment of 378 immobilisation 216 gasification of polymers 456 in fine chemical manufacturing 525 glyphosphate in peracid oxidations 257 manufacture of 288 epoxidations routes to 55 of alkenes 190 gold Sharpless 218 recovery of 309, 313 using Payne's system 258 good housekeeping 20, 51 using peroxygens 269 Grignard reagents using porphyrins 260 use of ultrasound with 335 using PTC 262 using selenium dioxide 263 halogenations epoxides using hydrogen peroxide 259, 294 reduction of 100 halogen exchange reactions ring opening 95, Ill, 274 aromatic fluorination 123 ESBO manufacture 269 in CFC-alternative synthesis 227 INDEX 549 halons safety aspects 265 alternatives for 224 stabilisation 265 reduction of 222 hydrogen sulphide haloorganics treatment of 386 treatment of 303 hydrolysis hard-soft concept 490 effects of solvents 425, 430 heterogeneous catalysis enhancement using ultrasound 342 in CFC-alternative synthesis 225 in supercritical water 514 PTC 127 hydrometallurgy 308 using inorganic supported reagents hydroquinones 86 routes to 7 using organic supported reagents 141 hydroxylamine heteropolyacids preparation of 287 in oxidations 280 hydroxylation 259 HCFCs 225 aromatic 280 HFCs 225 HMIP 68 ibuprofen housekeeping 51 routes to 54 Hovione incineration of waste 445, 455 waste minimisation 'total approach' initiatives methods 46 for cleaner processes