Proceedings of the International symposium on hystory of speleology and karstology in Alps, Carpathians, and Dinarides ALCADI 2018

Issued by: Center for karst and speleology, Sarajevo

Represented by: Mirnes Hasanspahić

Editor: Jasminko Mulaomerović

Design and typesetting: Narcis Pozderac

Printed by: TDP, Sarajevo

The drawings on the cover: Speleothems from Vjetrenice cave (Vavrović, 1893)

CIP - Katalogizacija u publikaciji Nacionalna i univerzitetska biblioteka Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo

551.435.8(497)(063)(082)

INTERNATIONAL Symposium on Hystory of Speleology and karstology in Alps, Carpathians and Dinarides (2018 ; Livno) Proceedings of the International Symposium on Hystory of Speleology and Karstology in Alps, Carpathians and Dinarides, ALCADI 2018 / [editor Jasminko Mulaomerović]. - Sarajevo : Center for Karst and Speleology, 2019. - 95 str. : ilustr. ; 21 cm

Bibliografija uz svaki rad ; bibliografske i druge bilješke uz tekst.

ISBN 978-9926-8278-2-3 COBISS.BH-ID 27597318

Printing of the Proceedings was financially supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Štampanje Zbornika finansijski je pomoglo Ministarstvo za obrazovanje i nauku Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine Proceedings of the International symposium on hystory of speleology and karstology in Alps, Carpathians, and Dinarides ALCADI 2018

Livno, 26-29 June 2018

Sarajevo, 2019

ALCADI 2018

CONTENTS

Alessio Fabbricatore PROF. LUDWIG KARL MOSER’S ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND PALAEONTOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS AT THE VIENNA AND POSTOJNA MUSEUMS ...... 5

Mirnes Hasanspahić, Jasminko Mulaomerović CAVES FROM BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA ON THE OLDEST POSTCARDS . . . . . 29

Andrej Kranjc 18TH CENTURY WORLD’S DEPTHS RECORD? ...... 37

Jasminko Mulaomerović THE OLDEST LIST OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA CAVES ...... 45

Jasminko Mulaomerović CAVES AS ILLUSTRATIONS IN POPULAR AND SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES ...... 50

Jasminko Mulaomerović E. A. MARTEL’S LETTER TO JOVAN CVIJIĆ: PREPARATIONS FOR EXCURSION TO SOUTH FRANCE IN 1925 ...... 62

Maurizio Tavagnutti THE TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYS OF THE CAVE OF POSTUMIA (1924-1928) IN THE WORK OF THE CAPTAIN LUIGI GALLINO OF GORIZIA ...... 68

Maurizio Tavagnutti THE POSTOJNA CAVE ON THE 200TH ANNIVERSARY OF THEIR OPENING . . . . . 82

ANNEX TO A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE HISTORY OF SPELEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE ALPS, THE CARPATHIANS AND THE DINARIDES ...... 86 1

ALCADI 2018

The International Symposium of ALCADI 2018 was held together with the confe- rence "Man and Karst" from 26 to 29 June 2018 in Livno (Bosnia and Herzegovina). Proceedings from both of these meetings should be printed together. As only a few authors from the "Man and Karst" conference have submitted their articles, articles from the ALDADI symposium are issued as a separate book.

Jasminko Mulaomerović

3

ALCADI 2018

PROF. LUDWIG KARL MOSER’S ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND PALAEONTOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS AT THE VIENNA AND POSTOJNA MUSEUMS

by Alessio Fabbricatore independent researcher

photos by Alessio Fabbricatore

Summary This year has marked the 100th anniversary of the death of Prof. Ludwig Carl Moser and on this occasion I will present the results of my studies on the palaeontological and archaeologi- cal finds of the Moser collection held at the Natural History Museum Vienna (NHMW) in Austria and the Notranjski muzej Postojna in Slovenia. In 1871 Moser graduated with a PhD. In 1876 he was appointed Head of the German State Gymnasium in Trieste. His new life in Trieste favoured the development of his scientific re- search in the Karst region. From 1876 until the beginning of the First World War, he carried out archaeological and palaeontological research in caves of the classical karst, especially in the Österreichisches Küstenland (Austrian Littoral). He studied the speleological field, and particularly ice formation in caves and on cave clay (based on his theory, in 1918 the State imposed the nationalisation of phosphate deposits).He was a member and correspondent of the Anthropologische Gesellschaft (Anthropological Society) in Vienna. Thanks to the financial support of the Austrian Ministry of Finance he carried out researches in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Narenta and Nevesinje area) and in the Megara cave. Here he probably identified remains of Ursus spelaeus. The Karl Moser collection of the NHMW counts more than a thousand finds from researches and explorations carried out in the Austrian Littoral, Istria and Carniola, with numerous ex- cavations, mainly in caves, during which he brought to light many archaeological and paleon- tological remains, such as the Ursus Spelaeus from Grotta Pocala and Grotta dell’Orso. As far as palaeontological finds are concerned, it is worth mentioning those coming from Grotta dell’Orso (R 33): Ursus spelaeus, Gulo gulo, Crocuta crocuta spelaea, Panthera leo spelaean and Equus asinus (Wildesel), all kept at the NHMW. As far as archaeological finds are concerned, it is worth mentioning those coming from Grotta Fioravante (R 411): Pintadera and from Caverna Moser: rhyton foots. Keywords: L.C. Moser, NHM Vienna, Pintadera, Rhyton

5 6 Alessio Fabbricatore

2 June 1918 - 2 June 2018 This study was carried out on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of Ludwig Karl Moser’s death, dated June 2, 1918, to highlight the importance of Moser’s finds and their actual amo- unt in the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien – Natural History Museum Vienna (hereinafter referred to as NHMW) in Austria and the Notranjski muzej Postojna in Slovenia. Ludwig Karl Moser born November 7, 1845 in Teschen, in Austrian Silesia (currently Český Těšín, in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic) and died June 2, 1918 in Bozen Südtirol (currently Bolzano, Italy). Fig. 1.

Fig 01. Ludwig Carl Moser at the time of university in Vienna (archive Vienna University).

The Austrian lexicon defines him asNaturwissenschaftler, “ Naturforscher und Höhlenforscher” (scientist, naturalist and speleologist). After gymnasium he attended the faculty of Philosophy at the University of Vienna (geological and biological sciences, botany, maths and physics, chemistry, pedagogy and philosophy, history of art and underground hydrography). In 1871 Moser graduated with a PhD. In 1876 he was appointed Chairman of the Staatsobergymnasium (German State Gymnasium) in Trieste. Here he taught natural history, maths and physics, ge- ography and calligraphy and he was appointed Head coordinator of the Gymnasium, where students were mostly of German, Slavic and Italian origin. His new life in Prof. Ludwig Karl Moser’s archaeological and palaeontological collections at the Vienna and Postojna museums 7

Trieste favoured the development of his scientific research in the Karst region. From 1876 until the beginning of the First World War, he carried out archaeological and palaeontological research in caves of the classical Karst: i.e. in the Österreichisches Küstenland1 (Austrian Littoral) and in Krain2. He studied ice formation in caves and particularly on cave clay (based on his theory, in 1918 the State imposed the nationa- lisation of phosphate deposits). His diaries are of significant importance: here he recorded the details of his finds (map of the place, survey of the cave, sections, descriptions, drawings, sketches, etc.), which allowed him to publish detailed reports and keep up a fre- quent and valued correspondence with many austrian Institutions, among which NHMW, Zentralkommission zur Erforschung und Erhaltung der Kunst- und his- torischen Denkmale in Vienna and he was a member and correspondent of the Anthropologische Gesellschaft in Vienna. In 1899 Moser published “Der Karst und seine Höhlen. Naturwissenschaftlich geschildert. Mit einem Anhange über Vorgeschichte, Archäologie und Geschicht” (Trieste). In the preface to his book he pointed out that, since 1890, he had included the study of the karst landforms and its phenomena in the annual program of the State Gymnasium of Trieste. This was confirmed by the publication in 1890 ofDer “ Karst, in naturwissenschaftlicher Hinsicht geschildert von Dr. L. Karl Moser Professor”, as part of “Jahresbericht ϋber das kk Gymnasium” (Trieste), a scientific detailed dos- sier about the Karst. The book Der Karst und seine Höhlen considers caves from a cultural point of view and takes into consideration how humans and animals make use of them. The book analyses the different aspects of the speleological research in the karst caves, with particular regard to the archaeological investigations in the caves studied by Moser. In the second part of the book the hydrography and the karst landscape are treated. The following chapter concerns prehistory, archaeology and history. The analytical tables of archaeological finds close the book. Moser was the typical scholar of his time. He extended his knowledge to speleology, palaeontol- ogy and archaeology. He was constantly in contact with many contemporary schol- ars including Richard Burton, Ferdinand von Hochstetter, Franz Kraus, Heinrich Majonica, Carlo de Marchesetti, Eduard Alfred Martel, Alberto Puschi and Joseph Szombathy. His diaries, writings and numerous archaeological and palaeontological finds certainly deserve a thorough investigation.

1 At Moser’s time the administrative boundaries of the Österreichisches Küstenland (Austrian Littoral) included Gori- zia with the Isonzo Valley, Gradisca, Monfalcone, the Gorizia and Trieste Karst, the city of Trieste, all Istria (Mitter- burg/Pazin, Labin and Pula) and the Kvarner islands of Cres and Lošinj. 2 At Moser’s time the administrative boundaries of the Krain (Carniola) included Adelsberg (Postojna), Zirknitz (Cerknica), Planina, Gottschee (Kočevje), Laibach (Ljubljana), Krainburg (Kranj). Fig. 02. 8 Alessio Fabbricatore

Fig. 02. Adriatische Künstenland und Krain / Austrian Litoral and Carniola. Prof. Ludwig Karl Moser’s archaeological and palaeontological collections at the Vienna and Postojna museums 9

Moser’s collection at Naturhistorisches Museum Wien - NHMW Notranjski muzej Postojna The Karl Moser collection of the NHMW counts more than a thousand finds from researches and explorations carried out in the Austrian Littoral, Istria and Carniola, with numerous excavations, both in caves and open air, during which he brought to light many archaeological (from the Mesolithic to the Roman age) and palaeon- tological (Pleistocene) remains. This paper takes in consideration only the remains found in caves. Thanks to the financial support of the Austrian Ministry of Finance, he was able to conduct additional researches both in Bosnia and Herzegovina, i.e. in the Megara Cave and in the caves of Narenta e Nevesinje area (see Der Karst und seine Höhlen. Naturwissenschaftlich geschildert Mit einem Anhange über Vorgeschichte, Archäologie und Geschichte. p. 58). The remains of the Ursus spelaeus that he prob- ably identified in the Megara cave are missing, as is his report on the activity carried out in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Over the years, Moser’s collections sank into oblivion and only some of the archaeological finds preserved at the NHM Vienna were studied by: E. Montagnari Kokelj, A. Crismani, La presenza di “vasi a quattro gambe” nel neolitico del Carso triestino, in “Aquileia nostra”, Anno LXIV. 1993, pp. 10-66. L. Barfield, The Moser collection in the Naturhistorisches Museum Vienna”, in “Atti Società di Preistoria e Protostostoria del Friuli-V.G.”, Trieste, XI, 1997-1998 (1999), pp.19-62. R. Zlatunić, Pottery cult objects from the neolithic period on the territory of Istria, in ”Histria Archaeologica”, 42/2011, pp. 87-136. S. Flego e M. Župančič, Appunti sulle ricerche archeologiche di L. K. Moser nelle grotte del Carso Triestino, in “Ludwig Karl Moser (1845 – 1918) tra Vienna e Trieste” a cura di Stanko Flego e Lidija Rupel, Trieste 2008, pp. 127-190. This paper analyses a certain number of finds and reports, for each cave, the name, the current regional register number (R...), the nomenclature used by Moser, the actual amount of finds, the museum in which they are kept as well as their inven- tory number (where available) and unpublished photos. This allows to correctly iden- tify the cave where they were discovered. The paper also reports the lists (although uncomplete) of material excavated by Moser and identified at the two mentioned museums. These lists include both the historical lists, drafted in 1877 when Kais. Akademie von Wissenschaten sent the finds of Moser to the NHM Hofmuseum, and the current lists, which I compiled during my research. These lists are unpublished. This research only includes archaeological finds kept at the museums of Vienna and Postojna and palaeontological finds kept at the Vienna museum. The archaeo- logical and palaeontological finds described below are the result of cave excavations only (Moser also conducted open-air excavations, which are not covered in this stu- dy). Fig. 03. Fig. 04. 10 Alessio Fabbricatore

Fig.03. Naturhistorische Museum Wien – NHMW.(A)

Fig.04. Notranjski Muzej Postojna. (SLO) Prof. Ludwig Karl Moser’s archaeological and palaeontological collections at the Vienna and Postojna museums 11

The caves whose archaeological and palaeontological finds are kept at the NHMW and Notranjski muzej Postojna, are currently in Italian territory excluding the cave Berlova Jama JZS 977, located in the Slovenian territory. Archaeological finds kept in the Notranjski muzej Postojna. TheNotranjski muzej Postojna holds many ceramic and lithic remains coming from the caves of the Austrian Littoral. Only part of these have been identified as resulting from the excavations carried out by Moser in those caves. The list below points out the names as documented by the Museum as well as the name and number given in the official current regional register R … of Friuli Venezia Giulia.

Moser Höhle Caverna Moser R 476 - rhyton foot reported in Moser’s Diary 6. Fig. 05. Fig. 06.

Fig 05. Sketch C. Moser. Rhyton foot. „Am 9.9.1910 in der Moser H“. Diary 6. Caverna Moser R 476. 12 Alessio Fabbricatore

Fig.06. Rhyton foot (see Fig. 05); Notranjski Muzej Postojna. Caverna Moser R 476.

Rotgartl Höhle alias Vlašca pečina alias Lašca Höhle Grotta del Pettirosso R 148 - ax fragment. Rotgartl Höhle. (Table 1 n. 78 Der Karst und seine Höhlen, 1899); - cup fragments excavated on February 23, 1907 (L.K.Moser 1845-1918 med Dunajem in Trstom, page 147, 2008); Fig.07. Fig. 08. Fig. 09.

Fig.07. Sketch Carl Moser. Lašca Höhle (survey). In: Mittheilungen der Prähistorischen Commission Kais. Ak. Wissenschaften N. 1 – 1887, Wien 1888. Grotta del Pettirosso R 148. Prof. Ludwig Karl Moser’s archaeological and palaeontological collections at the Vienna and Postojna museums 13

Fig.08. Ax fragment. Rotgarte Höhle. (ref. Fig.09. Cup fragment; Notranjski Muzej Der Karst und seine Höhlen, 1899, table 1 n Postojna; Grotta del Pettirosso R 148. 78); Notranjski Muzej Postojna. Grotta del Pettirosso R 148.

Pokala, Podkalem Grotta Pocala R 173 – fragment of green stone. Fig. 10.

Fig.10. Fragment of green stone; Pokala. Notranjski Muzej Postojna; Grotta Pocala R 173. 14 Alessio Fabbricatore

Archaeological finds kept at the NHM Wien – Prehistory section As far as the considerable amount of the NHMW archaeological finds are concerned only some of the most significant are reported below and it is worth mentioning the Pintadera coming from Grotta Fioravante R 411; the fragments of rhyton co- ming from Caverna Moser R 476, from Grotta del Pettirosso R 148, from Grotta Fioravante R 411. The finds have been the subject of a few studies in the past, only L. Barfield, A. Crismani, M Kokeli Montagnari. The list below shows the names as documented by the Museum as well as the name and number given in the official current regional register R … of Friuli Venezia Giulia.

Lašca jama, Vlašca jama, Rothgartl Höhle Grotta del Pettirosso R 148 – rhyton foot (NHMW inv. n. 35322) – rhyton handle with “D” profiled cross section (NHMW, inv. n. 35318) – obsidian (NHMW, inv. n. 35285) – flint, blade (NHMW, inv. n. 35269) Fig. 11. - Fig. 12. - Fig. 13. - Fig. 14.

Fig.11. Rhyton foot; „Vlašca jama Fig.12. Rhyton handle with “D” profiled Küstenland”. NHMW, inv. n. 35322. cross section „Vlašca jama bei Nabresina Grotta del Pettirosso R 148. Küstenland”; NHMW, inv. n. 35318. Grotta del Pettirosso R 148.

Prof. Ludwig Karl Moser’s archaeological and palaeontological collections at the Vienna and Postojna museums 15

Fig.13. Obsidian, two pieces; „Vlašca jama Küstenland”; NHMW, inv. n. 35285. Grotta del Pettirosso R 148.

Fig.14. Flint, blade; „Vlašca jama Küstenland”; NHMW, inv. n. 35269. Grotta del Pettirosso R 148. 16 Alessio Fabbricatore

Jama na Dolech Caverna Moser R 476 – rhyton foot (NHMW inv. n. 37439) – wall sherd of a rhyton, (NHMW, inv. n. 37441). Fig. 15. - Fig. 16.

Fig.15. Rhyton foot; „Jama na dolech”; Fig.16. Wall sherd of a rhyton; „Jama na NHMW, inv. n. 37439. Caverna Moser R 476. dolech. Küstenland“; NHMW, inv. n. 37441. Caverna Moser R 476.

Theresien Höhle, Höhle bei Duino Grotta Fioravante R 411 – pintadera (NHMW, inv. n. 20067). Ref: Mittheilungen der Prähistorischen Commission n. 1 – 1887 – foot of a rhyton (NHMW, inv. n. 20069) Fig. 17. - Fig. 18. - Fig. 19. - Fig. 20. Prof. Ludwig Karl Moser’s archaeological and palaeontological collections at the Vienna and Postojna museums 17

Fig.17. Sketch C. Moser. „Plan der Höhle Fig.18. Pintadera; „Theresein Höhle - Höhle bei von Duino“ (survey). In: Mittheilungen Duino“; (ref. Mittheilungen der Prähistorischen der Prähistorischen Commission Kais. Ak. Commission Kais. Ak. Wissenschaften N. 1 Wissenschaften N. 1 – 1887, Wien 1888. – 1887, Wien 1888); NHMW, inv. n. 20067. Grotta Fioravante R 411. Grotta Fioravante R 411.

Fig.19. Pintadera; „Theresien Höhle - Höhle bei Fig.20. Rhyton foot. „Theresien Höhle Duino“; (ref. Mittheilungen der Prähistorischen im Hirschpark von Duino. Küstenland“; Commission Kais. Ak. Wissenschaften N. NHMW, inv. n. 20069. Caverna Fioravante 1 – 1887, Wien 1888); NHMW inv. n. 20067. R 411. Grotta Fioravante R 411. 18 Alessio Fabbricatore

Nussdorfer Höhle Berlova Jama JZS 977 – bracelets (NHM, inv. n. 49284) Fig. 21. - Fig. 22.

Fig. 21. Sketch by C. Moser. „Berlova jama Fig. 22. Bracelets; „Nussdorfer Höhle“; nachst Nussdorf in Krain“. (survey). Berlova NHMW, inv. n. 49284. Berlova jama JZS 977. jama JZS 977.

In particular, a comparison of previous studies on rhyton remains was carried out. A clear status emerges from this comparison that dispels all doubts and mi- sunderstandings caused partly by the lack of precise identification of the sites of origin of the remains and partly by the lack of precise information regarding the museums in which the rhyton fragments discovered by Prof. Moser in the following caves are kept: Caverna Moser R 476; Grotta del Pettirosso R 148; Grotta Fioravante R 411. Below you will find the actual amount of rhyton fragments discovered by Moser, the museum in which they are kept (Vienna and Postojna only), the inventory num- ber (where available), all this accompanied by unpublished photos.

Rhyton leterature F. Leben, Stratigrafija in časovna Uvrstitev jamskih najbd na Tržaškem Krasu, in“Acta Archaeologica”, XVIII, Ljubljana 1967, pp.43-86, T. 23. E. Montagnari Kokelj, A. Crismani, La presenza di “vasi a quattro gambe” nel neolitico del Carso triestino, in “Aquileia nostra”, Anno LXIV. 1993, pp. 10-66. L. Barfield, The Moser collection in the Naturhistorisches Museum Vienna”, in “Atti Società di Preistoria e Protostostoria del Friuli-V.G.”, Trieste, XI, 1997-1998 (1999), pp.19-62. R. Zlatunić, Pottery cult objects from the neolithic period on the territory of Istria, in ”Histria Archaeologica”, 42/2011, pp. 87-136. Prof. Ludwig Karl Moser’s archaeological and palaeontological collections at the Vienna and Postojna museums 19

S. Flego e M. Župančič, Appunti sulle ricerche archeologiche di L. K. Moser nelle grotte del Carso Triestino, in “Ludwig Karl Moser (1845 – 1918) tra Vienna e Trieste” a cura di Stanko Flego e Lidija Rupel, Trieste 2008, pp. 127-190.

Based on current knowledge, after seeing the remains identified at the NHM Vienna, the Notranjski muzej Postojna and the Anthropology Museum of the University of Padoa, it is possible to state that: – the rhyton foot described in the Diary 6, from Caverna Moser is kept at the Notranjski muzej Postojna – the rhyton foot (inv. 35322) and fragment of the “D” handle (inv. 35318) from the Grotta del Pettirosso R 148 are kept at the NHMW; – both the rhyton foot (inv. n. 37439) described by Moser in : Die Ausgrabungen in der Höhle „Jama (Pecja) na Dolech” nächst der Eisenbahnstation nab- resina. Bericht ϋber die Jahr 1902 in Österreich durchgefuhrten Arbeiten. Mittheilungen Anthropologischen Gesellschft,33. Wien 1993 and the rhyton fragment (inv. N. 37441) from Caverna Moser R 476 are kept at the NHMW; – the rhyton foot from Grotta Fioravante R 411 is kept at the NHMW. (It must be pointed out that the rhyton foot (inv. 2264) from the Grotta Fioravante R 411, described by L. Banfield in The Moser collection in the Naturhistorisches Museum Vienna, “Atti Società di Preistoria e Protostostoria del Friuli-V.G.”, Trieste, XI, 1997-1998 (1999, and the rhyton foot (inv. 20069), described by E. Montagnari Kokelj, A. Crismani in La presenza di “vasi a quattro gambe” nel neolitico del Carso triestino, “Aquileia nostra”, Anno LXIV. 1993 refer to the same rhyton registered at the NHM Vienna under inv. number 20069). Palaeontological finds kept at the NHMW – department of Geology and Palaeontology The Moser’s palaeontological collection of Moser is very remarkable: it is to note that in the NHMW Geology and Palaeontology department, a single palaeontological collection is deposited which includes even a total of 1,186 remains.. The handwritten inventory of the NHMW , dating back to 1887 (attached n. 01: NHMW 1887 Post IV: Diluviale Höhlenthier – reste von Gabrowitza und Sales in Istrien, pp 155-166), reports:

Diluviale Höhlenthier – reste von Gabrowitza und Sales in Istrien, I. Höhle „na hrbci“ bei Salles II. Höhle „Pytina jama“ bei Gabrowitza Zusammen 1186 Stück; gesammelt von Prof. C. Moser in Triest. Geschenk von Kais. Akademie der Wissenschften 20 Alessio Fabbricatore

Diluvial cave animal finds - remains of Gabrowitza and Sales in Istrien, I. Höhle “na hrbci” bei Salles (Grotta a Nord di Sales R 423) II. Höhle “Pytina jama” bei Gabrowitza (Grotta dell’Orso R 33) all together 1,186 pieces; dug and collected by Prof. C. Moser in Triest; gift of Kais. Akademie von Wissenschaten

The finds from both caves had previously been studied by Anton Weithofer, and published in Mittheilungen der Prähistorischen Commission, Kais. Ak. Wissenschaften N. 1 – 1887, Wien 1888 and in a later monograph: “Über ein Vorkommen von Eselresten in der Höhle „Pytina jama“ bei Gabrowitza nächst Prosecco in Küstenlande” in Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, III. Band, häft 1 (1888), pp. 7-14. Recently only the University of Vienna (G. Rabeder, N. Kavcik Graumann) and myself, as an independent researcher, have conducted a study on the palaeontologi- cal finds of cave bears from the Grotta dell’Orso R 33. At the MHMW are stored the paleontological finds excavated by C. Moser in the following caves. Grotta Pocala R 173; Grotta dell’Orso R 33; Grotta a Nord di Sales R 423; Caverna Caterina R 146; Grotta Fioravante R 411; Cavernetta della Trincea R 4251; Höhle von San Servolo (not recognized on the territory)

For each cave is reported the name as documented in the Museum captions and the actual name and number as reported in the official current regional register R….of Friuli Venezia Giulia. We provide photographic documentation (unpublished) of the most significant finds. Prof. Ludwig Karl Moser’s archaeological and palaeontological collections at the Vienna and Postojna museums 21

Höhle Pokala (Podkalem) bei Nabresina Grotta Pocala R 173 Fig. 23. - Fig. 24. - Fig. 25. - Fig. 26.

Fig. 23. Hyaena spelaea Goldf; „Höhle Pokala Fig. 24. Ursus spelaeus 1904; „Pokala”; (Podkalem) bei Nabresina, Istrien”; NHMW. NHMW; Grotta Pocala R 173. Grotta Pocala R 173.

Fig. 25. Bone with carvings; NHMW; Grotta Fig. 26. Bone with carvings (detail); NHMW; Pocala R 173. Grotta Pocala R 173.

22 Alessio Fabbricatore

Höhle bei Gabrovitza, Pytina jama Grotta dell’Orso R 33 Fig. 27. - Fig. 28. - Fig. 29. - Fig. 30. - Fig. 31. - Fig. 32. - Fig. 33. - Fig. 34. - Fig. 35.

Fig. 27. Sketch C. Moser. „Pytina jama Fig. 28. Gulo borealis Nils; „Höhle bei bei Gabrovica“. In: Mitteilungen der Gabrovitza”; NHMW. Grotta dell’Orso R 33. Prähistorischen Commission, Kais. Ak. Wissenschaften N. 1 – 1887, Wien 1888. Grotta dell’Orso R 33.

Fig. 29. Gulo borealis Nils; „Höhle bei Fig. 30. Ursus spelaeus Bl. „Höhle bei Gabrovitza“; NHMW. Grotta dell’Orso R 33. Gabrovitza”; NHMW. Grotta dell’Orso R 33.

Prof. Ludwig Karl Moser’s archaeological and palaeontological collections at the Vienna and Postojna museums 23

Fig. 31. Ursus (arctos ? L.); „Pytina Jama bei Fig. 32. Hyaena spelaea; „Höhle bei Prosecco”; NHMW. Grotta dell’Orso R 33. Gabrovitza”; NHMW. Grotta dell’Orso R 33.

Fig. 33. Sketch by A. Weithofer. „Eselreste Fig. 34. Equus asinus L.; „Höhle bei aus dem Küstenlande“. In: Annalen d.k.k. Gabrovitza“; NHMW. Grotta dell’Orso R 33. Naturhist. Hofmuseums, Band. III 1888. Ueber ein Vorkommen von Eselsresten in der Höhle „Pytina jama“ bei Gabrowitza nächst Prosecco im Küstenlande. Grotta dell’Orso R 33. 24 Alessio Fabbricatore

Fig. 35. Mustela Martes; „Höhle bei Gabrovitza”; NHMW. (Reperto esposto al pubblico). Grotta dell’Orso R 33.

Höhle von Salles bei Sgonik, Höhle von Salles Grotta a Nord di Sales R 423 Fig. 36. - Fig. 37. - Fig. 38. - Fig. 39.

Fig. 36. Sketch by C. Moser. Survey Fig. 37. Equus caballus fossil. L.; Molaren; „Höhlenspalte von Salles”. In: Mitteilungen „Höhle von Salles bei Sgonik. Prosecco.” der Prähistorischen Commission Kais. Ak. NHMW. Grotta a Nord di Sales R 423. Wissenschaften N. 1 – 1887, Wien 1888. Grotta a Nord di Sales R 423. Prof. Ludwig Karl Moser’s archaeological and palaeontological collections at the Vienna and Postojna museums 25

Fig. 38. Bos sp. hum. sin.; „Höhle von Salles Fig. 39. Canis ferus Bourg; „Höhle von bei Sgonik. Prosecco.” NHMW. Grotta a Salles“; NHMW. Grotta a Nord di Sales R Nord di Sales R 423. 423.

Höhle Katra Nabresina Caverna Caterina R 146 Fig. 40.

Fig. 40. Knochen „von Cignus?“; „Höhle Katra Nabresina”; NHMW. Caverna Caterina R 146. 26 Alessio Fabbricatore

Theresien Höhle, Höhle bei Duino Grotta Fioravante R 411 Fig. 41. - Fig. 42.

Fig. 41. Div. Knochen; „Theresien – Höhle, Fig. 42. Div. Knochen; „Theresien – Höhle, Duino, Italien“; NHMW. Grotta Fioravante Duino, Italien“; NHMW. Grotta Fioravante R 411. R 411.

Höhle zwischen Borst und Jesero bei Triest Cavernetta della Trincea R 4251 ? Fig. 43. - Fig. 44.

Fig. 43. Capra Ibex L.; „Höhle zwischen Borst Fig. 44. Ursus spelaeus Blumb, Zähne; „Höhle und Jesero bei Triest.“ NHMW; Cavernetta zwischen Borst und Jesero bei Triest“; della Tricea R 4251? NHMW.

Prof. Ludwig Karl Moser’s archaeological and palaeontological collections at the Vienna and Postojna museums 27

Höhle von San Servolo (cave not recognized on the territory) Fig. 45.

Fig. 45. Penisknochen von Lupus spelaeus; „Höhle von San Servolo”; NHMW. (cave not recognized on the territory)

The Moser’s signature placed in 1879 at the Grotta dell’Orso R 33 confirms his activity in this cave. Fig. 46

Fig. 46. Signature C. Moser. 1879. Grotta dell’Orso R33. 28 Alessio Fabbricatore

Attached attached n. 01: NHMW 1887 Post IV: Diluviale Höhlenthier – reste von Gabrowitza und Sales in Istrien pp 155-166 attached n. 02: Non-exhaustive list of Moser’s palaeontological finds kept at the NHMW.

Literature L. Barfield, The Moser collection in the Naturhistorisches Museum Vienna”, in “Atti Società di Preistoria e Protostostoria del Friuli-V.G.”, Trieste, XI, 1997-1998 (1999), pp.19-62. A. Betic, Grotta del Muschio o grotta Moser, in “Raffaello Battaglia e la Collezione paletnologica dell’Università di Padova”, Fonti e studi per la storia della Venezia Giulia Vol. XXII. A cura di P. Cássola Guida e M. Montagnari Kokelj. Trieste 2013, pp. 107-114. A. Crismani, I segrete della grotta di Nugla in Istria: le ricerche di Alberto Puschi e di Karl Moser, in “Atti dei Civici Musei di Storia ed Arte di Trieste”, n.18 (2001), Trieste 2002, pp. 161-199. S. Flego e M. Župančič, Appunti sulle ricerche archeologiche di L. K. Moser nelle grotte del Carso Triestino, in “Ludwig Karl Moser (1845 – 1918) tra Vienna e Trieste” a cura di Stanko Flego e Lidija Rupel, Trieste 2008, pp. 127-190. O. Gratzy, Die Höhlen und Grotten in Krain, in „Mittheilungen des Musealvereines fϋr Krain“, X Jhargang. V. Heft. Laibach 1897, pp. 133-180. F. Leben, Stratigrafija in časovna Uvrstitev jamskih najbd na Tržaškem Krasu, in “Acta Archaeologica”, XVIII, Ljubljana 1967, pp.43-86. V. Kučar, Prahistorijska nekropola Beram, in ”Histria Archaeologica”, 10/1, Pula 1979 pp. 85- 131, TAB.XX. V. Malez – Baćić, Paleontološka osnova kao uvjet za naseljavanje u pleistocenu, in ”Histria Archaeologica”, 10/1, Pula 1979, pp. 17-36. E. Montagnari Kokelj, A. Crismani, La presenza di “vasi a quattro gambe” nel neolitico del Carso triestino, in “Aquileia nostra”, Anno LXIV. 1993, pp. 10-66. C.Moser, Die Eishöhlen Tarnowaner und Birnbaumer Waldgebirges, in „Separatabdruk aus der Zeitschrift des Deutschen und Oesterreichischen Alpenvereins in Wien“, Wien 1889, pp. 03-20 C.Moser, Jaresbericht über das k.k. Gymnasium in Triest, Triest 1890, pp. 03-42. C.Moser, Der Karst und seine Höhlen, Triest 1899. C.Moser, prehistory and archeology reports in: Annalen des Naturhistorisches Hofmuseum; Jb.d. k. k. Central-Commission für Kunst- und historische Denkmale; Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien; „Natur“ (Halle); „Globus“; Mittheilungen der Section für Höhlenkunde des Oesterreichischen Touristen-Club; ecc. J. Višnjić, F. Cavalli, T. Percani, D. Innocenti, Žarni ranoželjeznodobni grob iz berma rezultati arheoloških i mdct istraživanja, The early iron age urn grave from beram the results of archaeological and mdct research, in ”Histria Archaeologica”, 44/2013, Pula, pp. 31-62. R. Zlatunić, Pottery cult objects from the neolithic period on the territory of Istria, in ”Histria Archaeologica”, 42/2011, Pula, pp. 87-136. ALCADI 2018

CAVES FROM BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA ON THE OLDEST POSTCARDS

Mirnes Hasanspahić1, Jasminko Mulaomerović

Abstract With the occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in 1878, and later by the administration, the first postcards showing various cities and landscapes are also appearing. Some smaller places after this period have never had their postcards, and postcard with motive along the roads and railroad tracks that are very common during this period are unknown. The caves were a natural phenomenon, so several of them founded themselves on postcards. The largest number of postcards shows the caves below the Pliva waterfall in Jajce and the caves at Duman spring in Livno because they are important cities. Until now, we know postcards showing the Dejanova pećina cave (the spring of Trebišnjica river in Bileća), the natural stone bridge in the canyon of Miljacka river between Sarajevo and Pale, the cave on Bentbaša in Sarajevo, the natural stone bridge in Krupa on Vrbas, Buna spring, Novakova pećina cave on Romanija mountain and caves near Old bridge in Mostar. Until now, there was no postcards from this period showing the interior of a cave. Key words: caves, oldest postcard, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Postcards appeared in Bosnia and Herzegovina’s postal traffic with Austro- Hungarian occupation and annexation of the country. Given the need to develop a new country in many cities, but also small places and military garrisons, many new residents from the countries of the monarchy were coming. The only means of communicating with home countries was post office. Postcards are used massively and the variety of images that showed the beauty and fascinations of Bosnia and Herzegovina from that period will never be achieved again. Besides the display of cities (city buildings, streets, squares, parks, promena- des, panoramas etc.), the themes represented on the postcards are: folk clothing and styles of clothing, crafts, religious ceremonies, folk entertainment, traffic elements (railroads, bridges, boats, river rafts), river canyons and gorges, industrial plants, smaller economic facilities, military elements and more.

1 Centar za krš i speleologiju, Branilaca Sarajeva 30, 71000 Sarajevo, e-mail: [email protected]; jasminko@cen- tarzakrs.ba 29 30 Mirnes Hasanspahić, Jasminko Mulaomerović

Among the many images there were also several speleological objects, but every time they were only views from the outside. So far no postcard showing the interior of a cave has been found, although some tour guides have already been alluding at the beauty of the Hrustovača cave at Sanski Most (Pojman & Neufeld 1910). By the number of variations, the most numerous are postcards showing the caves beneath the waterfall of Pliva river in Jajce, the cave at the spring of Buna and the Duman cave in Livno. This is understandable because they are either in the cities themselves (Duman and Pliva waterfall) or very close to the big city (Mostar). These three postcards appeared at the earliest time because we find them prin- ted in lithography. There were many postcard publishers: shop Pera Popar in Bileća, Bos. Post Sarajevo, brothers Puskarevic, Lijevno; S. Ugrenovic and sons in Banja Luka, btothers Alikalfić, Mostar; Postcartenverlag Cappon, Sarajevo; A. Angjukic, a mer- chant, Jajce; Stengel & Co., G.m.b.H., Dresden.

On the postcards from the Austro-Hungarian period, there are the following known caves: Cave on the spring of Buna, Blagaj (Figure 1, 2 and 3); Duman Cave, Livno (Figure 4 and 5); Caves beneath the Pliva River, Jajce (Figure 6); Cave at Bentbaša, Sarajevo (Figure 7). Destroyed already in the Austro- Hungarian period during the construction of a town bath; Dejanova cave (Trebisnjica), Bileća (Figure 8 and 9). Flooded by the waters of the artificial lake of Grančarevo; Komadinovo springs (spring cave) (Figure 10), south of Jablanica; Cave at the spring of Vrioštica river (Figure 11), Vitina, Ljubuški; Natural stone bridge on the Paljanska Miljacka river (Figure 12), between Sarajevo and Pale; Stone bridge near Krupa on Vrbas (Figure 13); Cave in conglomerate rocks near Mostar (Figure 14).

Reference Pojman, J. & Neufeld, C. A., 1910: Illustrierter führer durch Bosnien und die Herzegowina. Wien und Leipzig: A. Hartleben’s Verlag, 104 p. Caves from Bosnia and Herzegovina on the oldest postcards 31

Figure 1

Figure 2 32 Mirnes Hasanspahić, Jasminko Mulaomerović

Figure 3

Figure 4 Caves from Bosnia and Herzegovina on the oldest postcards 33

Figure 5

Figure 6 and 7 34 Mirnes Hasanspahić, Jasminko Mulaomerović

Figure 8

Figure 9 Caves from Bosnia and Herzegovina on the oldest postcards 35

Figure 10

Figure 11 and 12 36 Mirnes Hasanspahić, Jasminko Mulaomerović

Figure 13

Figure 14 ALCADI 2018

18TH CENTURY WORLD’S DEPTHS RECORD?

Andrej Kranjc1

Abstract Through the ages iron miners have been responsible for extensive cave exploration by the very nature of their work. In the Mendip Hills English lead miners came across the cave of Lamb Leer a little before 1676. Miners lowered John Beaumont down the 21,5 m free-hanging pitch. Another miners’ discovery was Pen Park Hole in 1669. They used ropes on the verti- cal parts and they reached the bottom at a depth of about 50 m (Shaw 1992, 14-15). In 1723 the Minorite priest, Lazarus Schopper and Johann Walter descended Macocha vertical-sided doline, 138 m deep. They used the rope through which they had driven wooden pegs as foot- holds (Shaw 1992, 24-25). At Padirac local people used winches by which the men were let down sitting on wooden cross-bars at the ends of ropes (descent down Macocha in 1776) (Shaw 1992, 32). In 1839 Lindner and Svetina explored Grotta di Padriciano (-226 m) (at that time the deepest explored cave in the world); and in April 1841 Abisso di Trebiciano (Labodnica) (-329 m) which held the World’s depth record for the next 80 years (Shaw 1992, p. 36 38). Therefore according to Shaw the deepest cave was from 1748 to 1839 Macocha (-138 m, Czech Republic) until descent to Padriciano (226 m) For centuries already on the Slovenian Pre-Alps limestone plateaus miners (better “ore gatherers”) were digging in hun- dreds in karst shafts and caves for the iron ore. It is well known and documented but nobody looked upon their work as a speleological achievement. Among these shafts a special atten- tion has to be paid to the one Za Krasco No. 4 (Rudno polje, Pokljuka Plateau) which was 247 m deep as reported in 1792. So for about 40 years, between 1780 and 1841 this was the deepest known cave in Europe if not in the World. Key words: speleology, history of speleology, mining history, the deepest cave (18th century), Slovenia, Pokljuka Plateau.

Izvleček Globinski svetovni rekord v XVIII. stoletju? Dolga stoletja so bili rudarji, ki so kopali kovinske rude, zaradi narave njihovega dela, nosilci večine jamskih raziskav. Malo pred 1676 so angleški kopači svinca v gričevju Mendip naleteli na jamo Lamb Leer. Po previsu, globokem 21,5 m so vanjo spustili nekega Johna Beaumonta. Drugo rudarsko odkroitje leta 1669 je bila jama Pen Park Hole. Za premagovanje vertikalnih delov so uporabljali vrvi in dosegli dno v globini okoli 50 m (Shaw 1992, 14-15). 1723 sta se spustila po navpični steni 138 m globokega udornega vhoda v Macocho (Češka) minorit Lazarus Schopper in Johann Walter. Uporabila sta vrv skozi katero sta pretaknila lesene klince

1 Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti, Novi trg 3, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, e-mail: [email protected] 37 38 Andrej Kranjc za stopnje. Lokalni prebivalci so v Padiracu uporabljali vitel, s katerim so spuščali ljudi v globino, sedeč na kolu na koncu vrvi. 1839 pa sta Lindner in Svetina raziskala Padriško brez- no (-226 m, v tistem času najgloblje na svetu) (242 m po Deželnem Katastru jam Furlanije Julijske Krajine , 1841 pa Labodnico (Abisso Trebiciano) (-329 m), ki je obdržalo svetovbni globinski rekord za naslednjih 80 let. Po Shawu je bil od 1748 do 1839, ko so se spustili v brezno Padriciano, najgloblja jama na svetu Macocha. Na apnenčastih predalpskih planotah v Sloveniji so rudarji (bolje nabiralci rude) že stoletja iskali železovo rudo v stotinah kraških jam in brezen. To je dobro znano in dokumentirano a do sedaj na njihove podvige ni bilo gledano s speleološkega gledišča. Med omenjenimi brezni zasluži posebno pozornost jama Za Krasco št. 4 (Rudno polje na Pokljuki), globoka 247 m, kot je zapisano v poročilu iz leta 1792. Torej je bila ta jama 60 let, med 1780 in 1841, najgloblja jama v Evropi, če ne celo na svetu. Ključne besede: speleologija, zgodovina speleologije, zgodovina rudarstva, najgloblje brezno (18. stol.), Slovenija, Pokljuka.

Centuries ago the main surveyors of caves were miners of mineral ores, because of their work and skills. In 1669 English miners found and explored Pen Park Hole. To overcome vertical sections they used ropes and they reached the bottom at the depth of about 50 m (Shaw 1992). The plan, published in 1682 is the oldest published survey of a cave in the World (Kranjc 1977). In the Mendip Hills English lead miners found the cave Lamb Leer little before 1676. Down the overhang they lowered a certain John Beaumont and he had reached a bottom at the depth of 64 m. Thus the Lamb Leer became the deepest known cave up to 1723. In that year Lazarus Schopper of the Minorite Order and some Johann Walter succeeded to reach the bottom of 138 m deep collapsed opening of the Macocha Cave (Moravian Karst). They overcame the vertical part by means of a 60 m rope through which they had driven wooden pegs as footholds. It is known that the local people used winch to lower people down the entrance of the Padirac shaft, sitting on a pole at the end of a rope (Shaw 1992). To find new water sources for the town of Trieste, Lindner and Svetina due to the supposition that the underground stream of the Reka River is not far away from the town, started to explore deep caves on the plateau of Kras. In 1839 Lindner succeeded to explore Abisso di Padriciano (Padriško brezno, according to the Cave register of Friuli Venezia Giulia even 242 m deep) (http://catastogrotte) 226 m deep in the hinterland of the town. This depth made the shaft the deepest (recorded) in the World. But it did not held the record for a long time. In 1841 Lindner organized the exploration of the Abisso Trebiciano (Labodnica) shaft opening nearby, deep 329 m and Abisso di Padriciano was no more the deepest. Abisso Trebiciano held the depth record for the next 80 years. According to Shaw (Shaw 1992) between 1748 and 1839, until the descent to Abisso di Padriciano, the deepest cave was Macocha, For centuries already Pre-Alpine limestone plateaus, Pokljuka and Jelovica es- pecially, were places where the ancient miners, better to say collectors have been looking for, collecting and digging iron ore in hundreds of caves and shafts. At 18th century World’s depths record? 39

Gorenjsko (Upper Carniola) the oldest written proof of medieval iron industry is Friesing land record for the village of Dovje from 1291. There is mentioned a farm in the Mojstrana village whose duty was “half of quantity of iron” (Žontar 1994). Later, mostly from the 18th century there are numerous documents and literature about this topic however caving exploits of those miners were never taken into the consideration seriously. On limestone plateaus they were gathering mostly iron ore in the form of bean ore that is iron hydroxide (Fe2O3 xn H2O) with 30 – 50 % content of iron (Strmole 1987). The greatest concentrations of iron ore are just in shafts and caves and little less in the bottom of dolines.

Fig. 1: For searching and finding caves containing iron ore a great number of miners was engaged (Hoover 1950).

To looking for and finding caves containing iron ore a great number of miners were engaged while at singular find-spot usually two, rarely three miners were wor- 40 Andrej Kranjc king. Often they descended narrow (just half a meter large) and sinuous passages. Sometimes they reached great depths but in such cases it was very difficult to tran- sport the ore to the surface (Mohorič 1969). But there were exceptions too: in the cave Na Prevalih No. 3 (Črna gora on the Pokljuka Plateau) deep 30 m only, 72 mi- ners were working as reported by Lukas Polc, mine inspector (Schmidt 2015). Some caves were so rich in iron ore that the single one has been exploited for 30 years. It is known that the furnace of Stara Fužina village (Bohinj) was supplied by iron ore from one single shaft for the period of 7 years (Mohorič 1969).

Fig. 2: Different methods to descend into the mines (Hoover 1950). 18th century World’s depths record? 41

Sigismund Zois, industrialist, mineralogist, and maecenas of Ljubljana was the most important owner of mining rights on the plateaus of Pokljuka and Jelovica. In State archives there are some reports and lists of mines in the form of letters sent to Zois by the miner Andrej Lipovc and mine inspectors Anton Žerovnik and Lukas Polc in the years 1788 and 1792. They reported about mines in the caves, ore reser- ves, miners, etc. In the List of mines Žerovnik described singular mines (caves) and their characteristics: access into a cave, a size, exact place of ore, its reserve, quan- tity of ore extraction, its quality and eventual difficulties (narrow passages, water...). Some documentation was published already but never treated from the speleological point of view while majority is just in archives (Schmidt 2015; Schmidt 2015a).

Fig. 3: Winch for lifting ore from a mine (Hoover 1950). 42 Andrej Kranjc

The cave Za Krasco No. 4 (at Rudno polje on the plateau of Pokljuka) deserves a special attention of the objects described in the Žerovnik’s list of mines, by its depth of 247 m. Consequently between the years 1780 and 1841 this cave was the deepest in Europe if not in the World. It is an exception that miners penetrated so deep, usual limit was 180 feet (about 60 m) because it was too difficult to lift the digging to the surface. Žerovnik’s remark that the cave “was” 247 m deep is interesting, because it is “an old one” from which all the ore was extracted already, before he visited it. This cave is mentioned in B. Hacquet’s (1778) Oryctographia.... Otherwise he wrote that the majority of “mine caves” is 60-70 lachters deep. The lachter was a mine unit, for measuring depths especially, which consists of 6 feet of Idrija (1,957 m) (https, 2018). Hacquet wrote that the digging in such a depth as in Za Krasco No. 4 shaft is “nearly madness of Carniolian miners”. This cave is mentioned also in the work of A. Müllner (1909).

Fig. 4: In Carniola such a technique of descending a shaft was used till 20th century (Kunaver 1922). 18th century World’s depths record? 43

In 1841 Suisse researcher of the Alps Louis Albert Necker de Saussure (1786- 1861), crystallographer and geographer published the book Études géologiques dans les Alpes (Saussure 1841) in which he mentioned that he had penetrated in an old disused mine on the plateau of Jelovica to the depth of 798 feet (252 m). From this mine ore has been lifted by the use of 13 winches. In 1866 forest manager Gašperlin showed to Müllner, who studied the history of iron industry in Carniola, a shaft for which it was said to be 254 m deep (Mohorič 1969). Modern authors mentioned sporadically deep caves of the 18th and 19th centuries from which miners lifted ore, but without detailed data or trustable sources. Brenčič (1991) wrote that miners pe- netrated to the depth of 300 m even, while Vidrih and Herlec (2006) mentioned that the deepest mine was in the cave Krašca near Gorjuše (Pokljuka) 247 m deep. This has to be the mine mentioned by Zois’ mine inspector Anton Žerovnik, but in the region of Rudno polje and not near Gorjuše (Schmidt 2015).

Conclusion On Pokljuka and Jelovica plateaus several mines – natural shafts deep about 250 m are mentioned in literature from early authors as are Hacquet (1778), de Saussure (1841), and Müllner (1909) to modern ones, Brenčič (1991) and Vidrih & Herlec (2006). Maybe these citations are not enough for the statement that in their times these were the deepest known shafts in Europe or even in the World. The same we can say for Žerovnik’s letter stating that in Za Krasco No. 4 shaft they reached the depth of 247 m before him, it means before 1789, as this is not such a sort of docu- ment to claim from it the depth record. But trustworthy documents are his official Report and List of Mines: »Jama Za Krasco No. 4« shaft was 247 m deep in the time of his visit. Description is of technical nature, without any wish for a record, without any emotion, the same type of description as for a 10 m deep hole, for example. For Žerovnik the most important fact is that »the olds« have been digging before him and emptied the ore. According to mentioned documents it can be said that between 1780 and 1841 that is up to the year when Abisso Trebiciano (Labodnica) 329 m deep was surveyed, the deepest surveyed cave of Europe if not wider has been »Jama Za Krasco No. 4«, 247 m deep. This is also the proof that the 18th century Carniolian miners were able to penetrate such deep shafts. It is not surprising that later they played the crucial part at surveying the deepest and the most difficult caves as are Abisso Trebiciano or Škocjanske jame – Škocjan Caves.

References: Brenčič – Kuki, M., 1991: Rudniki na krasu. Bilten JK Železničar, p. 26 Hacquet, B., 1778: Oryctographia carniolica, oder physikalische Erdbeschreibung des Herzogthums Krain, ..Erster Theil, J.G.I. Breitkopf, 162 pp., Leipzig Hoover, H. C., Hoover, L. H., 1950: Georgius Agricola De re metallica. Dover Publications, 638 pp., New York 44 Andrej Kranjc https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachter (11.5.2018) Kranjc, A. 1977: Najstarejši načrt kraške jame. Proteus 39, 7, 266-267, Ljubljana Kunaver, P., 1922: Kraški svet in njegovi pojavi. Učiteljska tiskarna, 104 pp., Ljubljana Mohorič, I., 1969: Dva tisoč let železarstva na Gorenjskem. MK, 434 pp., Ljubljana Müllner, A., 1909: Geschichte des Eisens in Krain, Görz und Istrien. Halm & Goldmann, 763 pp., Wien & Leipzig Saussure de, L.A.N., 1841: Études géologiques dans les Alpes. Langlois et Leclercq & Levrault, Paris & Strasbourg Schmidt, G., 2015: Slovenska pisma rudarskega nadzornika Lukasa Polca Sigismondu (Žigu) Zoisu v letih od 1789 do 1798. Scopolia, 85, 1-142, Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije, Ljubljana Schmidt, G., 2015a: Slovenska rudarska poročila iz rudišča Belščica v Karavankah s preloma 18. in 19. stoletja za Sigismonda (Žiga) Zoisa. Thesaurus Memoriae Fontes 11, Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU, 510 pp., Ljubljana Shaw, T.R., 1992: History of cave science. Sydney Speleological Society, 338 pp., Broadway (NSW Australia) Strmole, D., 1987: Bobovec. Enciklopedija Slovenije, 1, 293, Ljubljana Vidrih, R. & Herlec, U., 2006: Nahajališča bobovca v predgorju Julijskih Alp. Scopolia Supplementum, Supplementum 3, Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije, 154-157, Ljubljana Žontar, J., 1994: Rudarstvo in fužinarstvo. V: Dokumenti slovenstva, 210-214, CZ, Ljubljana http://catastogrotte.fvg.it/?var=catasto (14.5.2018), Deželni Kataster jam Furlanije Julijske Krajine (Grotta di Padriciano) ((242 m po Deželnem Katastru jam Furlanije Julijske Krajine). ALCADI 2018

THE OLDEST LIST OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA CAVES

Jasminko Mulaomerović1

Abstract In the Archive of Bosnia and Herzegovina I have found an interesting document in German language under the number N/39/94 (Fund of Countries government in Sarajevo). The docu- ment is titled Verzeichniss der in der Herzegowina befindlichen Höhlen, welche den Räubern als Zufluchtstätte dienen könnten (The list of the caves that are located in Herzegovina, which could serve as a shelter for the robbers). The document is in the manuscript and is 57 pages long. It is a transcript that was created in 1895 in the District Office in Mostar. The original documents contain a list with data of 723 caves which are located in the districts of Mostar, Nevesinje, Bileća, Ljubinje, Konjic, Ljubuški, Gacko, Stolac. The first list was created in Mostar on May 6th 1885, and subsequently, two more documents, also lists, were added, and they were made in Počitelj, on May 8th 1885, (it contains the caves from the region of village of Prebilovci and Tasovčići - the lower river flow of Bregava) and in Donje Hrasno on May 11th 1885, (it contains the caves from Donje Hrasno and Žaba mountain - which is today the area of the municipality of Neum). Key words: list of caves, 19th century, Bosnia and Herzegovina

While searching the information about the visit of famous French speleologist Édouard Martel to Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1893, in the Archive of Bosnia and Herzegovina I have found an interesting document under the number N/39/94 (Fund of Countries government in Sarajevo). The document is titled The list of the caves that are located in Herzegovina, which could serve as a shelter for the robbers. There are two copies of this List in the Archive. The document is in the manuscript, probably reproduced by lithography, 21 x 34 cm format, and is 57 pages long. It is a transcript that was created in 1895 in the District Office in Mostar. The original documents contain a list with data of 723 caves which are located in the districts of Mostar, Nevesinje, Bileća, Ljubinje, Konjic, Ljubuški, Gacko, Stolac. The first list was created in Mostar on May 6th 1885, and subsequently, two more documents, also lists, were added, and they were made in Počitelj, on May 8th 1885, (it contains the caves from the region of village of Prebilovci and Tasovčići - the lower river flow of

1 Center for karsd and speleology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, e-mail: [email protected] 45 46 Jasminko Mulaomerović

Bregava) and in Donje Hrasno on May 11th 1885, (it contains the caves from Donje Hrasno and Žaba mountain - which is today the area of the municipality of Neum). The list for each cave contains information about the district, place (village), the closer location and availability, and the number of people who can hide in the cave. Total data were provided for 722 caves per district: Mostar 48, Nevesinje 113, Bileća 106, Ljubinje 20, Konjic 100, Ljubuški 49, Gacko 198, Stolac 63 and on the two additional lists: Hrasno area and Žaba mountain 12 and Počitelj 13 caves. The list was apparently created as the need of authorities to have informati- on about the caves as possible shelters of the rebels, and as a result of several riots in Herzegovina, especially the one in 1882, since in several places the rebels that were hiding in some of the caves were mentioned (in the Cave under the town of Trešnjevo, Ćetko’s cave and the Cave under Polog kosa near Konjic, Ramo’s cave, Žiletnica cave and Mijat’s cave near Glavatičevo, Jama in Crnče, Džefer’s fall cave, Podpeće cave and Laleš’s cave near Nevesinje). The rebellion arised from the intro- duction of a military law in which the local population was recruited into the army. It should be kept in mind that there was fairly some anarchy during the last decades of Ottoman authority and the speed of change introduced by the Austro- Hungarian authority after the occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878. The inhabitants of the canton of Foča, Bileća, Gacko, Nevesinje, Stolac, Trebinje and Ljubinje were especially dissatisfied (Kapidžić 1973). It can be seen from the list that the estimated number of people who can be accommodated in the cave is over 35,000, but there is no estimation of the number of people for cantons in Nevesinje, Ljubuški and a large part of district Stolac. As far as I know, this is the oldest list of caves in the region of the Balkans, and according to my knowledge, there are no older lists of caves in the wider region. That is not surprising because the organized speleology appears quite late. The first asso- ciation “Verein für Höhlenkunde in Wien” was founded in 1879 (Novak 1988), and the oldest list I could come across is a list of caves of Kranjska, containing “only” 151 caves and 30 ice caves (Gratzy 1897). For example, the list of caves that the former Republican institute for Nature protection in Sarajevo used to have, contained basic data about only 81 speleological object (68 caves, 7 abysses and 6 pits), even though it is claimed that there are about 2000 known and about 500 examined (? ) speleological objects (Kapel 1980).1 Many of the caves from the list have been explored in the meantime during the speleological and hydro-engineering explorations of the karst of Bosnia and Herzegovina, but many of them are still completely unknown to speleologists and karst explorers. In the notes that are accompanying the text of the list, I have tried to

1 In the archives of Speleological society “Bosansko-hercegovački krš” in Sarajevo, there are individual cadastral sheets from several different speleological cadastres. However, there is no complete speleological cadastre before 1984 when the Cadastre of speleological objects of the city of Sarajevo (Anon. 1984) was created. Dujaković (2004) brings the cadastre of 605 speleological objects in Republika Srpska, and the most comprehensive cadastre of spele- ological objects in Bosnia and Herzegovina is issued by the Karst and Speleology center in Sarajevo, which contains information about 5,000 speleological objects (Mulaomerović et al., 2016). The oldest list of Bosnia and Herzegovina caves 47

Figure 1. First page of list. 48 Jasminko Mulaomerović

Figure 2. Last page of list. The oldest list of Bosnia and Herzegovina caves 49 locate some sites that are mentioned and which are misplaced or translated. That is certainly not enough, and The list of the caves that are located in Herzegovina, which could serve as a shelter for the robbers should remain as an inspirational document for our future explorations. Caves (or near sites) marked with “*” could not be iden- tified on topographic maps or known literature. * I would like to thank the Archives of Bosnia and Herzegovina and especially Boro Jurišić that have helped me in every way during the process of preparing this paper.

Literature Anon. 1984. Korištenje pećina i drugih prirodnih podzemnih prostorija za sklanjanje i zaštitu ljudi i dobara-Knjiga II. Sarajevo : S.D. “Bosansko-hercegovački krš”, 229 str. Dujaković G. 2004. Pećine Republike Srpske : Caves of Republic of Srpska. Srpsko Sarajevo: Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva, 330 p. Gratzy O., 1897. Die Höhlen und Grotten in Krain. Mittheilungen des Musealvereines für Krain X (5): 133-174. Kapel A., 1980. Zaštita speleoloških objekata u Bosni i Hercegoviпi : Protection of speleological sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Naš krš VI (9): 61-66. Kapidžić H., 1973. Hercegovački ustanak 1882. godine. Sarajevo: „Veselin Masleša“, 323 p. Mulaomerović J., D. Zahirović, E. Handžić, 2016. Katastar speleoloških objekata Bosne i Hercegovine. Sarajevo : Centar za krš i speleologiju, 405 p. ALCADI 2018

CAVES AS ILLUSTRATIONS IN POPULAR AND SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES

Jasminko Mulaomerović1

Abstract The first illustrations of the caves appeared in the publishing with the release of Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja, the first scientific journal in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Already in the first issue (1890), Hristofor Mihajlović published the first plan of the Vjetrenica cave near Zavala, and the entrance to the cave drawn by Ewald Arndt and first travertine form. A few years later (1893), Josip Vavrović also published in the Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja the first serious tech- nical draft of the same cave with the drawings of a travertine forms. Franjo Fiala in his excava- tion work at Marinova cave near Pale also brings a simple plan of the cave (1892). Among the archeologists we have to mention Vaclav Radimsky, who in his book Prehistorička nalazišta (1891) shows a drawing of cave as an instruction how to draw a profile and a cave floor dur- ing the archaeological excavations. Philip Ballif in his book, Waserbauten in Bosnien und der Hercegovina. I. Theil. Meliorationsarbeiten und cisternen im karstgebiete (Wien, 1896.), pre- sents a photography of the sinkhole near Čaprazlije, the Kameniti ponor sinkhole and the Veliki ponor sinkhole near Čaićvillage and several excellent technical drawings of this sink- hole on the Livanjsko polje with the aim of draining large fled waters. The same objects dur- ing the works are also shown in the photography in the popular magazine Nada in 1902. In this journal we find the first photos of the cave Ledenica from Prenj mountain (1902). The magazine Nada also published two photography of caves from Croatia along with the article by Dragutin Hirc. Key words: drawings, photographies, Austro-Hungarian period, Bosnia and Herzegovina

With the arrival of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy to the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, first as the occupier, then as an administrator, a very significant deve- lopment of different natural and humanistic sciences occurs. After only a few years a publication of the first issue of Herald of the National Museum in Sarajevo, is consi- dered to be a serious scientific publication around which many associates will gather. The Museum had three departments: archaeological, natural and humanistic, so the first scientific and professional papers from these areas are in Herald. However, the first illustration which shows a cave we find much earlier, even from the Ottoman Empire in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In fact, exploring the po- ssible directions for the railway route towards east, two Austrian engineers are pa-

1 Centar za krš i speleologiju, Branilaca Sarajeva 30, 71000 Sarajevo, e-mail: [email protected] 50 51 ssing from Sarajevo to Foča and in their report there are several drawings, inclu- ding drawings of a large natural bridge on the Bistrica River downstream of Dobro Polje (Geiger & Lebret 1873). The entrance and exit parts of the cave are also shown (Figures 1 and 2). These are the oldest depictions of a speleological facility in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Mulaomerović & Dizdarević 2002). Numerous caves and artificial underground areas have attracted the interest of scientists since the beginning of National Museum’s work, and in the first issue there is a drawing of a small artificial cave, a grave chamber in the rock (Figures 3 and 4), in Rataj village near Miljevina (Čokić 1889). Next year, the first drawing of one cave was made - Vjetrenica in Popovo polje - in the length of about 200 meters of cave canals (Figure 5) (Mihajlović 1890, Mulaomerović 1992). The discoveries in Vjetrenica and the whole area around the village of Zavala encouraged the author to write a longer thesis, and the Glasnik editorial team hired a professional illustra- tor to do the illustrations, mostly of churches, as well as the natural entrance to the Vjetrenica cave (Figure 6), one column (Figure 7) and of engrawings directly behind the entrance (Figures 8 and 9) with a medieval grave theme (Mihajlović 1890).

Figures 1 and 2

Figures 3 and 4 52 Jasminko Mulaomerović

Figure 5

Figure 6 and 7 Caves as Illustrations in Popular and Scientific Articles 53

Figure 8 and 9

The Custos of the National Museum V. Apfelbek in the first years visited aro- und twenty caves near Sarajevo, exploring the underground fauna and discovering the first endemic species (Apfelbeck 1889). This in some way encourages archaeolo- gists. Thus, V. Radimsky (1891a) explores one cave on the plateau Rakitno, for which he does not draw the draft, but in the book, one type of practicum for archaeologists, he presents the ground plan and profile of a fictive cave (Figure 10) as part of the instruction for making technical documentation at excavations in caves (Radimsky 1891b). In the same year, F. Fiala does excavation in Marinova cave near Pale and presents the plan (ground plan) of this cave (Figure 11) (Fiala 1892). Later, in water exploration for the needs of water supply plant near the railway, Vjetrenica was of particular interest. J. Vavrović carried out archaeological excava- tions, but also a real technical draft of the cave in the length of about 700 m (Figure 12). In his article (Vavrović 1893), for the first time he attached the sketches of spele- othems: stalactites (Figure 13), stalagmites and a travertine lakes (Figures on cover). The Royal catacombs in Jajce, as a unique example of an underground gravesto- ne church in the wider Balkan region, interested archaeologists very early, especially Ć. Truhelka who wrote a long article about them and attached a large number of his own drawings from the interior (Figures 14, 15 and 16) (Truhelka 1892). 54 Jasminko Mulaomerović

Figure 10

Figure 11 Caves as Illustrations in Popular and Scientific Articles 55

Figure 12 56 Jasminko Mulaomerović

Figure 13

Figure 14 Caves as Illustrations in Popular and Scientific Articles 57

Figure 15

Figure 16 58 Jasminko Mulaomerović

Figure 17 Caves as Illustrations in Popular and Scientific Articles 59

In the next period, the open-air sites became a subject of interest for the archae- ologists so practically until the Second World War there are no excavations in the caves, and thus no illustrations of interest for our topic. The first photographs of the cave entrance sections are found in the book about the arrangement of watercourses in the karst fields (Ballif 1903). He brings the drawings as illustrations (Figure 17) and the photo (Figure 18) the ponors in the Livanjsko polje.

Figure 18

The only entertainment magazine that at that time had the financial power to provide the photos (clichés) and illustrations is the Nada magazine, with the support of the National Government. We find the photos of the above mentioned ponors in Livanjsko polje in it (Figures 19 – Kamniti ponor and 20 - ) and only two photo- graphs from the Ledenica cave on the mountain Prenj (Figures 21 and 22). Along with the article of D. Hirc which describes the caves in Croatia, the photograph of the entrance to Vrlovka cave near Kamanje Cave under old town in Krapina are attached (Hirc 1900). 60 Jasminko Mulaomerović

Figure 19 and 20

Figure 21 and 22 Caves as Illustrations in Popular and Scientific Articles 61

References Apfelbeck V., 1889. Nove bube (zareznici, koleopteri) u pećinama južne Bosne). Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja I(1): 61-65. Čokić, J., 1889. Ćelija u selu Rataji. Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja I(3): 75-77. Fiala F., 1892. Pretraživanje pećina u Bosni. Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja, IV(3): 237-243. Geiger & Lebret, 1874. Studien uber Bosnien, die Herzegovina und die bosnischen Bahnen unter Beschreibung einiger genereller Tracirungs – Methoden. II. Theil. Allgemeinen Bauzeitung mit Abbildungen 39 (1873): 205-217. Hirc D., 1900. Nekoje znamenite pećine u Hrvatskoj. Nada 22: 345-346, 24: 381, 384. Mihajlović H., 1890. Manastir Zavala i Vjetrenica. Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja II(2): 130-143. Mulaomerović J., 1992. The oldest charts and maps of speleological objects in Bosnia and Hercegovina. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 87-90. Mulaomerović J., T. Dizdarević, 2002. Najstariji crteži pećina u Bosni i Hercegovini. Naš krš XXII(35): 77-82. Radimsky V., 1891a: Visoravan Rakitno u Hercegovini. Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja III(4): 413-424. Radimsky V., 1891b. Prehistorička nalazišta : kako se pretražuju i kako se s nađenim predmetima postupa : s osobitim obzirom na Bosnu i Hercegovinu i one krajeve u Austro- Ugarskoj monarhiji, gdje ima prehistoričkih ostanaka. Sarajevo : Zemaljska vlada za Bosnu i Hercegovinu, 180 p. Truhelka Ć., 1892. Katakombe u Jajcu. Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja IV(1): 57-68. Vavrović J., 1893: Nešto o Vjetrenici pećini. Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja V(4): 709–715. ALCADI 2018

E. A. MARTEL’S LETTER TO JOVAN CVIJIĆ: PREPARATIONS FOR EXCURSION TO SOUTH FRANCE IN 1925

Jasminko Mulaomerović1

Abstract At the end of the 19th century, Alfred Martel began intensive cooperation with scientists from the field of karst research from several European countries, as part of his international action. One of the scientists with whom he cooperated with was also Jovan Cvijić. Correspondence between them was not known until discovery of Martel’s letters in the Archives of the Serbian Academy of Sciences, at least the Martel’s letter to Cvijić were not. This work gives a review of one of Martel’s letters as part of the Jovan Cvijić’s preparation for professional excursion to southern France in 1925. Key words: Edouard Martel, Jovan Cvijić, correspondence

Edouard Alfred Martel (1859-1938) is one of the most significant people of the late 19th and early 20th century in the world of speleology and research of karst phenome- na. During his career he visited or researched 230 speleological objects, from which 110 were vertical. He has been researching in many European countries, and in the Balkan countries such as Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Greece (Shaw 1992). Martel’s life and work are well researched and documen- ted, through numerous papers that he has published, and through corresponden- ce with many scientists and institutions (Andre et al, 1977). Apart from Slovenia, where numerous speleological researches were carried out at that time (Postojnska Jama, Skocjanske jame, research of the Reka underground), in other countries of the south-western Balkans speleology was mostly at its beginning and at the amateur le- vel, so it means that domestic sources which could tell us more about his research are missing. Even archive documents (e.g. from Bosnia and Herzegovina) do not exist, although it is known that the Austro-Hungarian administration was very zealous when it came to foreign visitors, especially those outside the monarchy. From the domestic scientists, we only know of the two who were in contact with Martel: Viktor Apfelbeck from Sarajevo and Jovan Cvijić from Belgrade.

1 Centar za krš i speleologiju, Branilaca Sarajeva 30, 71000 Sarajevo, e-mail: [email protected] 62 E. A. Martel’s letter to Jovan Cvijić: Preparations for excursion to South France in 1925 63

Viktor Apfelbeck (1859-1934) was a curator at the National Museum in Sarajevo, and very early became known outside the country thanks to the cave fauna research in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Already in his first published work he states that he has researched 20 caves in Central and Eastern Bosnia and describes several new species (Apfelbeck 1889). He established intense cooperation with the entomologists in the world and, most probably, through the French entomological society which he became a member of in 1893 (Anon 1896), gets in contact with Martel. Martel was in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1893 during his research campaign of investiga- ting Caves and Groundwater of Kranjska, Istra, Dalmatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro (letter to the Minister of Public Education on November 9th 1893) (Andre et al. 1997). Apfelbeck was present at the constitutive conference of Societe de Speleologie as a delegate of the Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina, where he read his work (Apfelbeck 1895) about the blind fauna in the caves “in that country” (Anon. 1895b: 22). Jovan Cvijić (1865-1927) got in contact with Alfred Martel very early. In the first list of Societe de Speleologie members Cvijić is listed as a correspondent mem- ber (Anon 1895a), and according to the list of members he is a member of the Society in 1904 and 1909 (Shaw 1988). Already in the second issue of Spelunac magazine, there is Martel’s display of Cvijić’s book Das Karst-Phänomen, which came out only two years earlier (Martel 1895) and which had a great international influence. There is not much information about Martel and Cvijić’s connections. There is no mention of it in the introductory text of the first book of Sabrana dela (Čubrilović 1987), nor in the book about Cvijić’s life and work published on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of his birth (Jović & Stanić 2015). In the Archives of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Belgrade the- re is a significant part of Cvijić’s legacy, besides other things there are numerous letters. Among them are several Martel’s letters and postcards. It is interesting that the letters from the beginning (1895-1897) and the end (1924-1925) of their long- standing acquaintance have been preserved. I have showed one of the letters on the above-mentioned Conference about Cvijić in Belgrade (Mulaomerović 2016). Here I want to show a slightly unusual letter that Martel sent to Cvijić on March 11th, 1925, from his home address 23 rue d’Aumale, Paris-IXe. The letter contains only a list of hotels and contacts, without any introductory words in the greetings, common in correspondence. Only at the end of the letter he greets him friendly. The reason for this may be Martel’s workload and fatigue mentioned in the postcard from March 5th, 1925: “... I have many meetings to organize. I am very tired and burdened with work.” (Mulaomerovic 2016). At that time, Cvijić was in Paris, which can be concluded by Martel’s informing of Cvijić that he could meet on Tuesday or Wednesday and that he had prepared the brochures he had bought for him. At that meeting Cvijić probably told Martel about a planned trip to southern France and asked him for contacts. Because of that Martel is probably writing only a list of ho- tels and contacts. From the letter it can be seen that Martel recommends hotels and 64 Jasminko Mulaomerović contacts in Millau, Le Rozier, Peyreleau, Meyrueis, La Malene, Rocamadour in the south of France in the area of Causses in Cévennes, rich in caves and karst phenome- na, which will be the goal of Cvijić’s excursions next year. Public notary, mayor and cadastre administrator are certainly important people in local communities that can help Cvijić during his stay on the field. In connection with this excursion, Cvijić did not only contact E. Martel for help. There are nine letters in the Archives SANU dating from January to April 1925, which in various ways show the preparations of J. Cvijić for this trip. Cvijić kept a field diary on this excursion, which is also located in the Archives of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Ćalić & Stošić 2015). In the letter, Martel recommends the following hotels and contacts: Millau. - Grand Hotel du Commerce, Mr. Canac (?); Le Rozier. - Mrs. André, Hotel des Voyageurs and Mr. Corvelie, mayor; Peyreleau. - Mr. Fabie, a public notary and Mr. Touren; Meyrueis. - Mr. A. Cazal (cadastre administrator, for Dargilan and Bramabiau); La Malène. - Grand Hotel, Mr. and Mrs. Brun-Monginoux; Rocamadour-gare. Hôtel des Voyageurs, Mr. and Mrs. André.

* I thank the staff at the Archive of the Serbian Academy of Science and Art who helped me unselfishly during my stay in the archive. Professor Hugues Sachter from Lille and friend Philippe Théou from Monteneuf worked hard on transliteration and translation of Martel’s letters and I am sincerely grateful to him.

References Andre D., S. M. Casteret, P. Carlier, A. Gautier, G. Kalliatakis, C. Renouard, L. Renouard, 1997. La Plaume et et les Gouffres : Correspodance d’Edouard-Alfred Martel, (de 1868- 1936) avec Norbert Casteret, Robert de Joly, Louis Balsan et les nombreu xpionnoers de la speleologie francaise. Meyrueis: Association Edouard-Alfred Martel. Anon., 1895a. Liste des Members (150) au 1er Mai 1895. Bulletin de la Societe de Speleologie I(1): 15-19. Anon., 1895b. Seance du 14 mars 1895. Presidence de M. Le Dr R. Blanchard, Vice-President. Bulletin de la Societe de Speleologie I(1): 22-23. Anon., 1896. Membersa vie et members ordinaries. Bulletin de la Societe de Entomoloqique de France: 430-445. Apfelbeck V., 1889. Nove bube (zareznici, koleopteri) u pećinama južne Bosne). Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja Bosne i Hercegovine u Sarajevu, I, 1: 61-65. Apfelbeck W., 1895 Sur la faune des cavernes de Bosnie et d’Herzegovina. Spelunca – Bulletin de la Societe de Speleologie I(1): 23-24. E. A. Martel’s letter to Jovan Cvijić: Preparations for excursion to South France in 1925 65

Čubrilović V., 1987. Život i rad Jovana Cvijića., p. 15-156. In: Stevanović P. (Ed.), Sabrana dela Jovana Cvijića, Vol. 1, Beograd: Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti : Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva : Književne novine. Ćalić J., M. Stošić, 2015. Jovan Cvijić’s field notebooks., p. 233-234. In: Jović V. & A. Kostić (Eds.) Jovan Cvijić : life, work, times : on the ocassion of 150th anniversary of Jovan Cvijić’s birth. Belgrade: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts : Geographical Institute „Jovan Cvijić“. Jović V., M. Stanić, 2015. Jovan Cvijić’s correspondence., p. 213-231. In: Jović V. & A. Kostić (Eds.) Jovan Cvijić : life, work, times : on the ocassion of 150th anniversary of Jovan Cvijić’s birth. Belgrade: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts : Geographical Institute „Jovan Cvijić“. Martel, E. A., 1895. Dr Jovan Cvijić, Das Karst-Phanomen, Penck’s geographische Abhandlungen, t. 5, fascic. 3.Vienne, Holzel, 1893, in.8o, 115. et fig. Spelunca – Bulletin de la Societe de Speleologie I(2): 80. Shaw T. R., 1988. Martel’s visit to Mendip in 1904 : Part of his international strategy? Proc. Univ. Bristol Spelaol. Soc. 18(2): 278-291. Shaw T. R., 1992. Hystory of cave science: The explorationnand study of limestone caves, to 1900. Sydney: The Sydney Speleological Society. Mulaomerović J., 2016. Edouard Alfred Martel and Jovan Cvijić: excerpts from the correspodence., p. 29-36. In: Jović V. & A. M. Petrović (Eds.), 150th Anniversary of Jovan Cvijić’s Birth: Proceedings of the International Conference Held at the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, October 12-14, 2015. Vol. I. 66 Jasminko Mulaomerović

APPENDIX E. A. Martel’s letter to Jovan Cvijić: Preparations for excursion to South France in 1925 67

ORIGINAL TEXT ON FRENCH

E. A. Martel 23, Rue d ... 23 PARIS-IX e

Millau. – Gd hotel du Commerce (M: Canac /?/)

Le Rozier. – Madame André Hotel des Voyageurs et M: Corvelie, maire

Peyreleau. – M: Fabie, notaire et M: le dr. Touren

Meyrueis. – M: A. Cazal (receveur de l’euregis homat /?/) (pour Dargilan et Bramabiau)

La Melène. – Gd hotel M: et Mme Brun-Monginoux

Recamadour–gare Hotel des Voyageurs M: et Mme André

Avec hauts des amitiés de

Edouard Martel 11 mars 1925 ALCADI 2018

THE TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYS OF THE CAVE OF POSTUMIA (1924-1928) IN THE WORK OF THE CAPTAIN LUIGI GALLINO OF GORIZIA

Maurizio Tavagnutti1

Riassunto Da una recente ricerca svolta presso l’Inštitut za raziskovanje krasa ZRC SAZU di Postumia, e grazie alla preziosa collaborazione del sig. Franjo Drole, che lavora presso questo istituto, si è scoperto che gran parte dei rilievi delle Grotte di Postumia sono opera del capitano Luigi Gallino che in quegli anni, in seguito al cosiddetto “Trattato di Rapallo”, stava lavorando an- che nel tracciamento del nuovo confine italiano. Il capitano Luigi Gallino, nato il 19 luglio 1894 a Castiglione d’Asti, si sposò con la goriziana Elisabetta Ciuffarin, e per anni risiedette a Gorizia, divenendone suo cittadino. Egli lavora a fianco di Luigi Vittorio Bertarelli e da questi apprende tutti i segreti dell’esplora- zione sotterranea, rilevando in grande scala anche i particolari più minuti delle famose Grotte di Postumia. La sua opera, veramente pregevole, come ebbe a dire anche Eugenio Boegan, resterà per molti anni da esempio per le successive generazioni. In seguito egli si dedicherà anche al rilevamento del Cavernone di Planina con uguale impegno e perizia. Ma la sorpresa maggiore sta nel fatto che questi rilievi, effettuati negli anni che vanno dal 1924 al 1928 con ben quattro anni di intenso lavoro, sono stati eseguiti con una tale precisione che ci lascia davvero sbalorditi ancora oggi. Un lavoro di dettaglio che solamente un ufficiale topografo con l’ausilio di un corpo militare poteva portare a termine con quella precisione. Il complesso rilievo delle Grotte di Postumia è stato riprodotto su 30 tavole (15 in pianta e 15 in sezione), in grande scala, che raffigurano i singoli rami della grande grotta. Le tavole messe assieme compongono un enorme mosaico in cui si può vedere il sistema ipogeo di Postumia nella sua interezza.

Abstract From a recent research carried out at the Inštitut za raziskovanje krasa ZRC SAZU in Postojna, and thanks to the collaboration of Mr. Franjo Drole, who works at this institute, it was discov- ered that most of the topographic surveys of the Postojna Cave are the work of the Captain Luigi Gallino who in those years, following the so-called “Treaty of Rapallo”, was also work- ing on tracing the new Italian border. Captain Luigi Gallino, born July 19, 1894 in Castiglione d’Asti, he married Elizabeth Ciuffarin of Gorizia, and for many years lived in Gorizia, becom- ing his citizen.

1 Centre for Karst Researches “C. Seppenhofer”, Gorizia, Italy 68 The topographic surveys of the Cave of Postumia (1924-1928) in the work of the Captain Luigi Gallino of Gorizia 69

He works with Luigi Vittorio Bertarelli and from these he also learns all the secrets of under- ground exploration, even on a large scale survey the smallest details of the famous Postojna Cave.. His work, truly valuable, as Eugenio Boegan had to say, will remain for many years as an example for the following generations. Later he will also devote himself to the survey of the Planina Cavern with equal effort and expertise. But the biggest surprise lies in the fact that these topographic surveys, carried out in the years between 1924 and 1928 with four years of intense work, were carried out with such precision that leaves us really amazed today. A detailed work that only a topographer officer with the help of a military body could complete with that precision. The topographic survey complex of Postojna Cave has been reproduced on 30 plates (15 and 15 in plan view in cross- section), in large scale, which depict the individual branches of the great cave. The tables put together make up a huge mosaic in which you can see the subterranean hypogeum system in its entirety. Key Words: Luigi Gallino, Topographic survey of Postumia caves, Treaty of Rapallo, Gorizia (Italy).

Around the ‘70s I had accidentally met Mrs. Elisabetta Ciuffarin, recently a widow of Colonel Luigi Gallino, I had been expressly invited by her to set up the voluminous library of her house. Mrs. Elisabetta Ciuffarin lived in Gorizia not far from my pa- rents’ house and therefore I enjoyed her trust. I immediately accepted the task with enthusiasm, also because at the time, I was a penniless student always looking to earn something, but above all because I had seen, among the cards to order, some voluminous rolls of paper on which were drawn topographic surveys of cave. At the end of the work I received as a gift a parchment roll with original survey of a cave made by Captain Gallino (most probably a part of the Postojna cave) and an old book “Postumia e le sue celebri grotte” (“Postumia and its famous caves”) on whose frontispiece stood out in evidence an autograph dedication by Giovanni Andrea Perco. Unfortunately, at the time my interests were not focused on the historical as- pect of speleology, but rather focused on a vision of exploratory and adventurous speleology, my horizons were Canin Mt. in the background or perhaps, more simply, it will be because at twenty you are really stupid. So I kept the book and gave the relief to the Caving Group “L.V. Bertarelli” of which I was a member. Now I have the book, while the topographic survey is irretrievably gone, who knows maybe destroyed. Today, I regret having lost such an important trace of the work done by this illustrious personage who, although marginally, has contributed significantly to compose the great mosaic of the speleological history of the Friuli Venezia Giulia Region (Italy). 70 Maurizio Tavagnutti

Fig. 2 - Frontespizio e prima pagina del libro “Postumia e le sue celebri grotte” con la dedica “Al capitano Gallino” firmata da Andrea Perco, direttore delle R.R. Grotte Demaniali di Postumia. (Archivio M. Tavagnutti) Fig. 1 - Il capitano Luigi Gallino (19.7.1894 – 2.12.1969). (Foto ar- Frontispiece and front page of the book "Postumia chivio M. Tavagnutti) and its famous caves" with the dedication "Al capitano Gallino" signed by Andrea Perco, director of R.R. Captain Luigi Gallino (19.7.1894 – Demanial Caves of Postojna. (M. Tavagnutti archive) 2.12.1969). (Photo archive M. Tav- agnutti) We must not forget that Captain Luigi Gallino first per- formed the topographic survey of R.R. Grotte Demaniali di Postumia (Royal demanial ca- ves of Postojna) and the nearby Cavernone di Planina (Planina cavern). From my recent resear- ch carried out at the Inštitut za raziskovanje krasa ZRC SAZU in Postojna, and thanks to the Fig. 3 - Sul retro di una foto una breve nota in cui precious collaboration of Mr. il capitano Luigi Gallino riferisce del disagio provato Franjo Drole who works in this dalle lunghe ore passate in grotta per portare a termine institute, I have discovered that il lavoro di rilevamento. (Archivio M. Tavagnutti) most of the reliefs of the Postojna On the back of a photo a brief note where the captain Cave are the work of Captain Luigi Gallino reports of the effort he had with the long Luigi Gallino who in those ye- hours spent in the cave to complete the topographic ars, following the “Treaty of survey. (M. Tavagnutti archive) Rapallo”, was also working on The topographic surveys of the Cave of Postumia (1924-1928) in the work of the Captain Luigi Gallino of Gorizia 71

Fig. 4 - Il capitano Luigi Gallino nelle Grotte di Postumia in un momento di pausa dei lavori di rilevamento. La foto è stata fatta nella zona della Grotta dei Nomi Nuovi. (Foto archivio M. Tavagnutti) Captain Luigi Gallino in the Postojna Cave in a moment of pause in the topographic survey. The photo was taken in the Cave of New Names. (Photo archive M. Tavagnutti) tracing the new Italian border. But the biggest surprise lies in the fact that these surveys, carri- ed out in the years between 1924 and 1928 with four years of intense work, have been carried out with such precision that leaves us really amazed today. A work of detail that only a topographer officer with the help of soldiers subjected to his command could complete with that precision. The complex survey of the Postojna cave has been reproduced on 30 tables (15 in plan and 15 in section), in large scale, which depict the individual branches of the large cave. The tables put together make up a large mosaic in which you can see the hypogeum of Postojna in its entirety. At a first analysis I am surprised by the detail with which the surveys were made, in which the level lines at intervals of one meter have been reported with extreme precision. There is no shor- tage of the positions of the individual stalagmites in their real position and the re-

Fig. 5 - Come si presentava l’ingresso delle Grotte di Postumia (a sinistra), conosciute sotto l’Impero austro-ungarico come Adelsberg Grotte, prima dei lavori, e dopo i lavori di ammodernamento (a destra) come R.R. Grotte Demaniali di Postumia. (Archivio M. Tavagnutti). As was the entrance to the Postojna Cave (left), named under the Austro-Hungarian Empire Adelsberg Grotte, before and after the modernization works (right) as R. R. Demanial Caves of Postojna. (M. Tavagnutti archive). 72 Maurizio Tavagnutti markable points of the cave. In short, a work of great detail that undoubtedly served to reconstruct the paths and works necessary to make the show cave more enjoyable to tourists. Under the Austro-Hungarian Empire the famous Adelsberg Caves had already been made tourist but, following the Italian victory of 1918, they became the Royal Postojna Cave and therefore it was necessary to carry out a careful work of adaptation to the new tourist needs of the time and also to celebrate, obviously, the Italian victory. Luigi Gallino did not limit himself to the topographic survey of the Postojna cave, but his work also extended to the nearby Planina cavern. A survey, also this, very accurate that among other things, through the tracing of an accurate external polygonal, highlights the relationship of some epigean phenomena with the subterranean morphology of the cave. In particular, he notes that the large dolines in the area are directly related to the presence of the large rooms of the cave. Really a special study! Although Captain Luigi Gallino was not a karstologist, we must con- sider him as the citizen of Gorizia who has contributed most to the knowledge of the great subterranean karst system of Postumia. Welcomed by Giovanni Andrea Perco and Eugenio Boegan, he left an indelible mark on the history of these caves. Born July 19, 1894 in Castiglione d’Asti, he married Elisabetta Ciuffarin from Gorizia, and for many years resided in Gorizia, becoming his citizen, even if for re- asons linked to his military career he had to leave for long periods. He officially gra- duated from the Modena Military School. In March 1915 he was appointed second lieutenant and assigned to the 49th Infantry Regiment with which he participated in the 1915-1918 war. On that occasion he also had a solemn commendation with the following mo- tivation: “Sent with his platoon in support of patrollers who were heavily engaged with enemy teams, he led his soldiers with conscience, calm and courage, forcing the enemy to retreat with losses in his fortified line. Forcella Val Maggiore (Alpi di Fassa), 22 August 1916”. It was decorated with a Cross of War given by the 28th Army Corps Command on August 15, 1916, of the Medal of Remembrance of the Unification of Italy and of the Gold Medal commemorating the 1915-18 war. Subsequently, in 1919-20 he was commanded on a special mission in Cyrenaica to perform topographic surveys in the Barce area. Appointed the first captain in 1922, he was transferred to Volosca in the Commission for the delimitation of the borders of the new Yugoslavia. It will be in this period and in this context that he will devote himself to the work of surveying the Postojna caves, which this year commemorates the 200th anniversary of the dis- covery of its most interesting internal parts, discovered by Luka Čeč in 1818, and that since then the caves were also open to tourists. This is a commitment that Captain Gallino performs, as already reported, with great precision and that will occupy him for over four years (1924-1928). Gallino works together with Luigi Vittorio Bertarelli and from him he learns all the secrets of underground exploration, even on a large scale detecting the smallest details of the famous caves. The topographic surveys of the Cave of Postumia (1924-1928) in the work of the Captain Luigi Gallino of Gorizia 73

His work, truly valuable, as Eugenio Boegan had to say, will remain for many years as an example for the following generations. Later he will also devote himself to the topographic survey of the Planina cavern with equal effort and expertise. In this period he became a friend of Andrea Perco, the director of the famous R.R. Demanial caves of Postumia which, in memory, will donate the above-mentio- ned book with autograph dedication. Of all this activity of hypogeum survey, unfor- tunately, there is not much left, apart from the numerous surveys that are deposited at the Inštitut za raziskovanje krasa ZRC SAZU. Of his memoirs, related to the work I did I could not find any text, he did not leave any diaries or special notes about his experience, or perhaps they were lost to his wife’s death and the disappearance of the legitimate heirs. We can only imagine the conditions in which the survey work was carried out in what is today considered one of the most beautiful show caves in Europe. By consulting the archive of the Insitut za raziskovanje krasa ZRC SAZU, however, I learned that Captain Luigi Gallino had also made other valuable under- ground surveys during his stay in the Postojna area, so not only the famous Postojna Caves and the Planina cavern, as already mentioned, but also some other rather im- portant caves such as the famous Zelške jame (Cave of Prince Ugo, italian) from where outflow the water of Cerkniško jezero (Circonio lake, italian) come out and from here on then they take the name of Rakov Škocjan (Rio dei Gamberi, italian)

Fig. 6 - Cartolina d’epoca. Agli inizi del 1900, come veniva rappresentata la grande Sala da Ballo (Tanzsaal) interna alla grotta. (Archivio M. Tavagnutti) Vintage postcard. In the early 1900s, how was represented the great Ballroom (Tanzsaal) inside the cave. (M. Tavagnutti archive) 74 Maurizio Tavagnutti

Fig. 7 - Rilievo della Grotta del Principe Ugo (Zelske jame). (Per gentile concessione della Postojna cave d.d. e Institute of Karst Research ZRC SAZU).

Topographic survey of the Cave Prince Ugo (Zelske jame). (Courtesy of Postojna cave d.d. and Institute of Karst Research ZRC SAZU). The topographic surveys of the Cave of Postumia (1924-1928) in the work of the Captain Luigi Gallino of Gorizia 75

Fig. 8 - Attraverso il tracciamento di un’accurata poligonale esterna, tra il Cavernone di Planina e l’Abisso della Piuca, Gallino mette in evidenza la relazione di alcuni fenomeni epigei con la morfologia interna della grotta. In particolare egli constata come le grandi doline presenti in zona siano direttamente correlate con la presenza delle grandi sale interne della grotta. (Per gentile concessione della Postojna cave d.d. e Institute of Karst Research ZRC SAZU).

A precise external polygonal, between the Cavernone di Planina and the Abisso della Piuca, Cpt. Gallino highlights the relationship of some epigean phenomena with the internal morphology of the cave. In particular, he notes that the large dolines in the area are directly related to the presence of the large rooms of the cave. (Courtesy of Postojna Cave d.d. and Institute of Karst Research ZRC SAZU). 76 Maurizio Tavagnutti

Fig. 9 - Il capitano Luigi Gallino fotografato nel campo di prigionia di Jol in India. (Foto archivio M. Tavagnutti)

Captain Luigi Gallino photographed in the Jol prison camp in India. (Photo archive M. Tavagnutti)

Natale 1967-Capo d’Anno 1968. Christmas 1967-New Year 1968.

Natale 1968-Capo d’Anno 1969. Christmas 1968-New Year 1969.

Fig. 10 - Alcuni dei biglietti di auguri ricevuti da Luigi Gallino autografati dal re d’Italia in esilio Umberto II. (Archivio M. Tavagnutti)

Some of the greeting cards received by Luigi Gallino autographed by the exiled King of Italy Umberto II. (M. Tavagnutti archive) The topographic surveys of the Cave of Postumia (1924-1928) in the work of the Captain Luigi Gallino of Gorizia 77

Fig. 11 - La prima tavola che va a comporre la complessa planimetria delle Grotte di Postumia. Questa riguarda la parte iniziale con le prime gallerie ed il tracciato della Piuca (in azzurro) che entra nella grotta. Nel riquadro si può notare la scalinata e la pianta dell’edificio che andrà a formare l’attuale ingresso delle grotte. (Per gentile concessione della Postojna cave d.d. e Institute of Karst Research ZRC SAZU).

The first table representing the complex plan of the Postojna Cave. This concerns the initial part with the first galleries and the river Piuca (in blue) in the cave entrance. In the box you can see the staircase and the plan of the building that will form the current entrance to the caves. (Courtesy of Postojna cave d.d. and Institute of Karst Research ZRC SAZU). 78 Maurizio Tavagnutti

Fig. 12 - Una delle 15 tavole riguardanti il rilievo topografico delle Grotte di Postumia eseguito dal capitano Luigi Gallino. Nel riquadro si può notare la precisione del rilievo con la traccia delle curve di livello posizionate ad un intervallo di 1 m (Per gentile concessione della Postojna cave d.d. e Institute of Karst Research ZRC SAZU).

One of the 15 tables concerning the topographic survey of the Postojna Cave performed by Captain Luigi Gallino. In the box you can see the accuracy of the survey with the level lines with a range of 1 m (Courtesy of the Postojna cave d.d. and Institute of Karst Research ZRC SAZU). The topographic surveys of the Cave of Postumia (1924-1928) in the work of the Captain Luigi Gallino of Gorizia 79

Fig. 13 - Uno stralcio da una tavola del rilievo, si noti che tutti i rilievi presentano a fianco il riferimento alla posizione del paese di Postumia. (Per gentile concessione della Postojna cave d.d. e Institute of Karst Research ZRC SAZU)

A part of the Table of survey, it should be noted that all the topographical surveys show the reference to the position of the village of Postojna. (Courtesy of Postojna cave d.d. and Institute of Karst Research ZRC SAZU). 80 Maurizio Tavagnutti

Fig. 14 - Uno stralcio dalla tavola XI del rilievo, si noti la precisione del rilievo con le curve di livello (isoipse) e i minuti dettagli della morfologia. (Per gentile concessione della Postojna cave d.d. e Institute of Karst Research ZRC SAZU).

A part of the Table XI of survey, note the accuracy of topography with the contour lines and the minute morphological details. (Courtesy of Postojna cave d.d. and Institute of Karst Research ZRC SAZU). The topographic surveys of the Cave of Postumia (1924-1928) in the work of the Captain Luigi Gallino of Gorizia 81

This will also be a truly accurate and complete topographic survey. It is, together with Cerkniško jezero (Circonio lake, italian), the famous Veliki naravni most and Mali naravni most (Natural Bridges) the Tkalka jama (Tessitore cave, italian) and finally the Planinska jama (Planina cavern, italian) in a hypogean and epigean com- plex among the most important in Slovenia and in Europe. A karst phenomenon that is often taken for example in the education texts that goes by the name of Karst of Notranjska (Notranjski kras). Looking through his photographs that were kindly provided to me by my nie- ce, Mrs. Ginetta Ciuffarin, I managed to find on the back of a photo a short note, somewhat faded, in which he refers to the discomfort felt by the long hours spent in the cave (from 8 to 16) to complete the survey work. The period spent in the area of Postumia/Postojna was a relatively quiet pa- renthesis of his activity as a topographer, in fact, in 1935 he had to leave for East Africa, where he obtained the command of the Presidium of Agordat-Cheren- Asmara. In April 1941 he was captured by the British troops and sent to the prison camp of Jol in India from where he was able to repatriate only in 1946. Decorated by the Cross for war merit for operations in the war period 1940-41, he had always di- stinguished himself for his humanitarian and commanding skills for which he was well-liked by his soldiers and the most faithful colonial troops. He had always rema- ined tied to the military field and was a friend of the exiled king of Italy, Umberto II, who often sent him the greetings of Merry Christmas and Happy New Year from Portugal. The lieutenant colonel died in Gorizia on December 2, 1969.

References Tavagnutti M., 1999 – Luigi Gallino. Sopra e sotto il Carso, Rivista del CRC “C. Seppenhofer”, n. 5, Gorizia: p. 70-74. Tavagnutti M., 2017 – Le Grotte di Postumia attraverso i rilievi topografici del capitano Luigi Gallino. Sopra e sotto il Carso, Notiziario online del CRC “C. Seppenhofer”, a. VI, n. 7, luglio 2017, Gorizia: p. 30-39. 82 Maurizio Tavagnutti

THE POSTOJNA CAVE ON THE 200TH ANNIVERSARY OF THEIR OPENING

Maurizio Tavagnutti1 The Postojn caves (Grotte di Postumia, Italian) ave was known since prehistoric ti- mes, when it served as a shelter for the first inhabitants of the area. From the thirte- enth century the caves became a place of visit, made clear thanks to the signatures engraved on the inner walls, the oldest of which dates back to 1213. The first descriptions of the caves were published in 1689 in the Glory of the Duchy of Carniola by Janez Vajkard Valvasor who described the Postojna caves not only as the largest in the world, but also as the most monstrous. Subsequently, under the Austria and Hungary Empire, the mathematician J. N. Nagel was ordered to explore the caves, so much so that, up to the present day, we have received a map of his explorations of 1748. The caverns and the most interesting internal parts were discovered by Luka Čeč in 1818 and since then the caves were also open to tourists. In 1872 a narrow- gauge railway was built inside the caves and in 1884 the electric current for lighting was introduced. The Postojna cave is the only one in the world with a little train. After 1918, with the annexation of the area to Italy, a further boost was given to the tourist development of the cave thanks to the work of Luigi Vittorio Bertarelli, fo- under of the Italian Touring Club, to whom the 500 m artificial tunnel is dedicated reaches the Black cave (Grotta Nera, Italian). The construction of the monumental entrance to the caves is also of the same period. In 1947 the area of Postumia (with its caves) was, together with part of the Julian Alps, ceded to Yugoslavia, and now, since 1991, belongs to Slovenia. Among the curiosities remember that November 18, 2012 inside the caves took place the draw for the final stage of Eurobasket 2013, that was the first time that a draw has occurred underground! The Republic of Slovenia issued a commemorative coin in 2013, depicting a stylized spiral ending with the depiction of two speleothems, to celebrate the 800th anniversary of the first visit, in the Postojna cave, documented by some graffiti found on the walls . The spiral represents the length and age of the cave, and at the same time indicates the path that led visitors to the cave for 800 years. In the current year, however, the Postojna caves are preparing to celebrate the 200th anniversary (1818- 2018) since they were officially opened to the public.

1 Centre for Karst Researches “C. Seppenhofer”, Gorizia, Italy The Postojna cave on the 200th anniversary of their opening 83

Fig. 15 - Cartolina d’epoca raffi gurante l’ingresso delle Grotte di Postumia a fi ne 1800. (Archivio M. Tavagnutti)

Vintage postcard showing the entrance of the Postojna Cave in the late 1800s. (M. Tavagnutti archive)

Fig. 16 - Cartolina d’epoca. Agli inizi del 1900, prima del trenino, i visitatori venivano accompagnati con una rudimentale carrozza che scorreva su dei binari. (Archivio M. Tavagnutti)

Vintage postcard. At the beginning of 1900s, before the train, visitors were accompanied with a rudimentary carriage that ran on rails. (M. Tavagnutti archive) 84 Maurizio Tavagnutti

Fig. 17 - L’ingresso monumentale delle Grotte di Postumia durante i lavori di costruzione. Questa e le altre foto sono ricavate da originali di dimensioni 4x5,5 cm. (Archivio M. Tavagnutti)

Th e monumental entrance to the Postojna Cave during construction works. Th is and the other photos are taken from originals of dimensions 4 x 5.5 cm. (M. Tavagnutti archive)

Fig. 18 - Visita delle autorità per controllare l’avanzamento dei lavori per la costruzione dell’ingresso monumentale delle Grotte di Postumia. Foto originale di dimensioni 4x5,5 cm. (Archivio M. Tavagnutti)

Visit of the authorities to check the progress of the works for the construction of the monumental entrance to the Postojna Cave. Original photo of dimensions 4 x 5.5 cm. (M. Tavagnutti archive) The Postojna cave on the 200th anniversary of their opening 85

Fig. 19 - Visita delle autorità per controllare l’avanzamento dei lavori per la costruzione dell’ingresso monumentale delle Grotte di Postumia. Foto originale di dimensioni 4x5,5 cm. (Archivio M. Tavagnutti)

Visit of the authorities to check the progress of the works for the construction of the monumental entrance to the Postojna Cave. Original photo of dimensions 4 x 5.5 cm. (M. Tavagnutti archive)

Fig. 20 - La moneta da 2 Euro coniata dalla Repubblicadi Slovenia per gli 800 anni della prima visita alla grotta. (Archivio M. Tavagnutti)

The 2 euro coin issued by the Republic of Slovenia for the 800 years anniversary of the first visit to the cave. (M. Tavagnutti archive) ALCADI 2018

ANNEX TO A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE HISTORY OF SPELEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE ALPS, THE CARPATHIANS AND THE DINARIDES

Preparing for the International symposium ALCADI 2018 - history of speleology and karstology in the Alps, Carpathians and Dinarides in Livno, it was clear that the idea that the initiators of this gathering had, has started losing its strength. This was eventually proven by the number of participants in Livno. I hope that the reason for this is only the organizer and the venue, since the insight into the works presented at earlier conferences show great potential of researchers and research topics. That is why I have tried to have all the authors and titles of so far held conferences in one place. I’m not sure I succeeded, but I hope that this that I have gathered is encoura- ging for a bigger meeting in Gorizia (Italy). J. M.

A Anon., 1992. Speleological societies in the ALCADI regions before 1914. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 124. Anon., 1992. Some outstanding persons of the speleological and karstological research in the Alps, Carpathian, and Dinaric regions before 1914. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 125-129. Anon., 1992. Speleological periodicals in the Alps, Carpathian and Dinaric regions before 1914. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 130. Anon., 1992. List of Hungarian cave bibliographies (works published before 1914). Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 131. Anon., 1992. Bibliography of historical records on karst and cave exploration published in “Karszt és Barlang” from 1961 to 1990. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 132. Anon., 1992. Geographical names mentioned in the conference papers. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 133-134.

86 Annex to a bibliography of the history of speleological research in the Alps, the Carpathians and the Dinarides 87

B Balázs D., 1992. Short comprehensive history of cave and karst research on the territory of the Alps, the Carpathians and the Dinaric Alps till 1914. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 3-12. Balzas D. (Comiled by), 1992. Significant events in the history of cave and karst research in the Alps, Carpathians, and Dinaric Alps before 1914. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 115-123. Barabás E., 1997. Emile G. Racovitza and his important role in speleobiology. International Symposium – Mednarodni simpozij “Alcadi ‘96” Postojna 1996, Acta carsologica XXVI/2: 31-34 Bolner-Takács K., 1999. Cave minerals and speleothems described in ther Carpahian basin till the 20th century. Slovenký kras XXXVII, International symposium on history of speleology and karstology – ALCADI ‘98: 5-14. Bolner-Takács K., 2006. The beginnings of bat researches in the caves of the Carpathian basin. Spelaeologia Croatica 7: 9-15. Bolner-Takács K. 2006. Dalmatian cave legends in the novels of the Hungarian writer Mór Jókai. Spelaeologia Croatica 7: 17-19. Bočić N., 2015. Cerovačke caves – 100 years of exploration, scientific research and touristic use of the one of most important cave complex in Croatia. 23rd International Karstological School Classical Karst : Caves - exploration and studies combined with the 50th anniversary of the International Union of Speleology - UIS : program & excursions & abstracts. Postojna : Karst Research Institute, 96-97. Božić V., 2006. Antičke legende o špilji Šipun u Cavtatu. Spelaeologia Croatica 7: 39-44. Brenčič M., 2015. Knowledge flow in K.K. Monarchy – Czech engineers Hráský and Putik on Slovenian karst. 23rd International Karstological School Classical Karst : Caves - exploration and studies combined with the 50th anniversary of the International Union of Speleology - UIS : program & excursions & abstracts. Postojna : Karst Research Institute, 98-99. Buzjak N., 1999. Notes about three Caves in the area of Dubrovnik (Croatia) by Arthur J. Evans. Slovenký kras XXXVII, International symposium on history of speleology and karstology – ALCADI ‘98: 15-18.

C Cerkvenik R., B. Peric, K. Peternelj, 2015. 200 Years of Exploration of the Škocjan Caves. 23rd International Karstological School Classical Karst : Caves - exploration and studies combined with the 50th anniversary of the International Union of Speleology - UIS : program & excursions & abstracts. Postojna : Karst Research Institute, 105.

D Dénes G., 1992. Darstellung der Höhle von Szilice in einem Manuskript vom Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 13-16. 88 Jasminko Mulaomerović

Dénes G., 1997. Erwähnung von höhlen in mittelalterlichen Ungarischen urkunden. International Symposium – Mednarodni simpozij “Alcadi ‘96” Postojna 1996, Acta carsologica XXVI/2: 35-39 Dénes G., 1999. Der mittelalterliche Munuhpest, der heutige Kölyuk ist die erste schriftlich erwähnte Höhle in der Slowakei. Slovenký kras XXXVII, International symposium on history of speleology and karstology – ALCADI ‘98: 19-24. Dénes I., 1992. Short history of speleology in Transylvania till 1914. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 17-20. Dénes I., 1997. Speleological data in “The description of the land of the Székelys” by Balázs Orbán. International Symposium – Mednarodni simpozij “Alcadi ‘96” Postojna 1996, Acta carsologica XXVI/2: 41-47 Droppa A., 1999. Beitrag zur Historiographie der Höhlen in der Slowakei. Slovenký kras XXXVII, International symposium on history of speleology and karstology – ALCADI ‘98: 25-28.

E Emódi J., 1992. Cave inscriptions in Transylvania. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 21-24. Esterhas I., 1999. Legenden über vuklkanishe Höhlen in Ungarn. Slovenký kras XXXVII, International symposium on history of speleology and karstology – ALCADI ‘98: 29-36.

F Fabbricatore A., 2015. Speleology / Höhlenkunde in the Österreichisches Küstenland. 23rd International Karstological School Classical Karst : Caves - exploration and studies combined with the 50th anniversary of the International Union of Speleology - UIS : program & excursions & abstracts. Postojna : Karst Research Institute, 112-113. Fodor I., 1992. The beginnings of cave climate research in the Carpathian Basin. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 25-26.

G Gaál L., 1992. Research of pseudokarstic caves of Cerova Vrchovina (South Slovakia) in the last century. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 27-28. Gaál L., M. Lalkovič, 1999. Karl Siegmeth and cave Exploration in Slovakia. Slovenký kras XXXVII, International symposium on history of speleology and karstology – ALCADI ‘98: 37-46. Gallarotti A., 1999. Il primo speleologo Goriziano – Carlo Seppenhofer. Slovenký kras XXXVII, International symposium on history of speleology and karstology – ALCADI ‘98: 47-52. Annex to a bibliography of the history of speleological research in the Alps, the Carpathians and the Dinarides 89

Gauchon C., 1997. Le rôle des botanistes dans les debuts de la spéleélogie Française. International Symposium – Mednarodni simpozij “Alcadi ‘96” Postojna 1996, Acta carsologica XXVI/2: 55-62 Gauchon C., 1997. Une caverne classique du Vercors: La grotte des Cuves de Sassenage. International Symposium – Mednarodni simpozij “Alcadi ‘96” Postojna 1996, Acta carsologica XXVI/2: 63-73 Gauchon C., 1999. Investigations about Balthazar Hacquet. Slovenký kras XXXVII, International symposium on history of speleology and karstology – ALCADI ‘98: 53-60. Gauchon C., 1999. The notion of Karst introduced in France. Slovenký kras XXXVII, International symposium on history of speleology and karstology – ALCADI ‘98: 61-70. Gauchon C., 1999. Speleology and caves in Jules Verne’s works. Slovenký kras XXXVII, International symposium on history of speleology and karstology – ALCADI ‘98: 71-80. Gauchon C., 2015. The cradle of underground climatology: measuring the temperatures in the ice-cave of la Grâce-Dieu (French Jura). 23rd International Karstological School Classical Karst : Caves - exploration and studies combined with the 50th anniversary of the International Union of Speleology - UIS : program & excursions & abstracts. Postojna : Karst Research Institute, 117. Garašić M., 1997. Contribution to the knowledge about speleology in Croatia. International Symposium – Mednarodni simpozij “Alcadi ‘96” Postojna 1996, Acta carsologica XXVI/2: 49-54 Guidi P., 1997. Incidenti speleo d’altri tempi - Infortunistica minore sul carso Triestino nel XIX secolo. International Symposium – Mednarodni simpozij “Alcadi ‘96” Postojna 1996, Acta carsologica XXVI/2: 75-80.

H Hadobás S., 1992. Adolf Schmidl and Hungary. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 29-32. Hadobás S., 1992. Passages concerning caves from Robert Townson’s Hungarian travelbook. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 33—36. Hála J., 1992. Caves and shepherding. 18th-20th century data from the Carpathian Basin. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 37-40. Hazslinszky T., 1992. Visitor’s books of the Baradla Cave from the last century. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 41-46. Hazslinszky T., 1999. Anfänge der elektrischen Höhlenbeleuchtung. Slovenký kras XXXVII, International symposium on history of speleology and karstology – ALCADI ‘98: 81-90. Hochmuth Z., 1999. Höhlen und Karst der Ostslowakei in der heimatkundigen Literatur in der Hälfte des 19. Jahrhundert. Slovenký kras XXXVII, International symposium on history of speleology and karstology – ALCADI ‘98: 91-98. 90 Jasminko Mulaomerović

Holzmann H., 1992. Die Geschichte der Ansichtskarten in besonderem Bezug auf die Höhlendarstellung. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 47—51. Holzmann H., 1997. Der plan der Vilenica vom 20. april 1818. International Symposium – Mednarodni simpozij “Alcadi ‘96” Postojna 1996, Acta carsologica XXVI/2: 81-85 Holzmann H., 1999. Sommer-eislaufen in der Dobschauer Eishöhle und in weiteren Höhlen. Sowie berichte über Eisstockschiessen ih Höhlen, Slovenký kras XXXVII, International symposium on history of speleology and karstology – ALCADI ‘98: 99-108. Holzmann H., 2006. Steinberg’s höhlenstiche (1758) vom Cirknitzer see, als kalenderblatter 1777. Spelaeologia Croatica 7: 3-7. Hromas J., 1992. A short outline of the speleological explorations history in the moravian karst till 1914. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 51-54.

I Ilming H., 1992. Höhlendarstellungen in geographischen Werken und Serien im 19. Jahrhundert. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 55-56. Ilming H., 1997. Speleologists on postage stamps. International Symposium – Mednarodni simpozij “Alcadi ‘96” Postojna 1996, Acta carsologica XXVI/2: 87-93

J Juhász M., 1992. Speleological references in Matyas Bél’s work: “Description of Komárom county”. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 57-58.

K Kapel A., 1997. Contribution to the history of the explorations of the cave Vjetrenica in Zavala to 1914. International Symposium – Mednarodni simpozij “Alcadi ‘96” Postojna 1996, Acta carsologica XXVI/2: 95-98 Kapel A., 1999. First legal act on cave protection in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Slovenký kras XXXVII, International symposium on history of speleology and karstology – ALCADI ‘98: 109-114. Klappacher W., 1992. Die Bedeutung, von Höhlen für den historischen Bergbau im Salzburger Anteil der Tauern. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 59-62. Klappacher W., K. Mais, 1999. Ice cave studies in Salzburg and the work of Eberhard Fugger 1842-1919. Slovenký kras XXXVII, International symposium on history of speleology and karstology – ALCADI ‘98: 115-130. Kranjc A., 1997. Brief account of the development of speleology in Slovenia (to 1914). International Symposium – Mednarodni simpozij “Alcadi ‘96” Postojna 1996, Acta carsologica XXVI/2: 99-107 Annex to a bibliography of the history of speleological research in the Alps, the Carpathians and the Dinarides 91

Kranjc A., 1999. Mission of J. A. Nagel to Carniola in 1748. Slovenký kras XXXVII, International symposium on history of speleology and karstology – ALCADI ‘98: 131-138. Kranjc A., 2005. Anthron society (Postojna 1889 -1911). Spelaeologia Croatica 6: 17-21. Kranjc A., 2015. History of “Classical Karst” Research – an overview from the Antiquity to the UIS foundation. 23rd International Karstological School Classical Karst : Caves - exploration and studies combined with the 50th anniversary of the International Union of Speleology - UIS : program & excursions & abstracts. Postojna : Karst Research Institute, 124. Kranjc A. & M. Kranjc, 1992. Older theories on underground accumulations in karst. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 63-66. Kučera B., 1992. The three most important Czech artists in the history of Moravian karst. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 67-68.

L Lalkovič M., 1992. Der unbekannte Aufriss von Silicka l’adnica aus der 1. Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 69-70. Lalkovič M., 1992. Johann Paterson Hain und die Anfänge der Höhlenforschung in der Slowakei. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 71-74. Lalkovič M., 1997. Daniel Fischer und die anfänge der speläologie in der Slowakei. International Symposium – Mednarodni simpozij “Alcadi ‘96” Postojna 1996, Acta carsologica XXVI/2: 109-117. Lalkovič M., 1999. Erste Erwahnungen uber dei Höhlen des Slowakischen Karstes zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts. Slovenký kras XXXVII, International symposium on history of speleology and karstology – ALCADI ‘98: 139-148. Lalkovič M. & L. Gaál, 2005. Beginning of the systematic recognition of caves of the Slovak karst. Spelaeologia Croatica 6: 43-48. Lalkovič M., L. Novotný, M. Košik, 1999. Unknown nowledge’s about Caves of Slovak Paradise. Slovenký kras XXXVII, International symposium on history of speleology and karstology – ALCADI ‘98: 149-158. Lénárt L., B. Balla, 1992. Höhlenansichtskarten mit nichtgeteilten hinterseite aus dem Gebiet des ehemaligen Ungarischen königreichs. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 75-78.

M Magaš D. & M. Surić, 2005. Contribution to the knowledge about speleological features of the Dugi Otok island. Spelaeologia Croatica 6: 9-15. 92 Jasminko Mulaomerović

Magaš D., M. Surić, 1999. The Mention of Golubinka Cave near Vinjerac (Croatia) in 19th Century. Slovenký kras XXXVII, International symposium on history of speleology and karstology – ALCADI ‘98: 159-166. Mais K., 1992. Höhlenforschung in Österreich. Historischer Auftrag zur Erforschung der Natur. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 79-82. Mais K., 1992. Beitrag zur Speläologie des ausgehenden 18. Jahrhunderts am Beispiel Ignaz von Born und Tobias Gruber. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 83- 86. Mais K., 1997. Friedrich Simony (1813-1896), sein beitrag zur karst -und höhlenforschung. International Symposium – Mednarodni simpozij “Alcadi ‘96” Postojna 1996, Acta carsologica XXVI/2: 119-137. Mais K., 1997. Geodetic survey of Postojna caves in 1891 by J. Schmid. International Symposium – Mednarodni simpozij “Alcadi ‘96” Postojna 1996, Acta carsologica XXVI/2: 139-147. Mais K., 1999. Remarks on cave science in Austrian provinces in the first half of the 19th Century in relation to Wilhelm Haidinger, 1795-1871. Slovenký kras XXXVII, International symposium on history of speleology and karstology – ALCADI ‘98: 167-176. Mais K., 1999. The Museum of Natural Hystory in Vienna, 250 years of history, and the Museum’s influence on cave science. Slovenký kras XXXVII, International symposium on history of speleology and karstology – ALCADI ‘98: 177-186. Mattes J., 2015. Giving Meaning to Darkness – Approaches to a Cultural and Social History of Caves and Speleology. 23rd International Karstological School Classical Karst : Caves - exploration and studies combined with the 50th anniversary of the International Union of Speleology - UIS : program & excursions & abstracts. Postojna : Karst Research Institute, 133-134. Mulaomerović J., 1992. The oldest charts and maps of speleological objects in Bosnia and Hercegovina. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 87-90. Mulaomerović J., 1992. The review of speleological researches in Bosnia and Hercegovina until 1914. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 91-92. Mulaomerović J., 2015. Caves exploration in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the AH Monarchy. 23rd International Karstological School Classical Karst : Caves - exploration and studies combined with the 50th anniversary of the International Union of Speleology - UIS : program & excursions & abstracts. Postojna : Karst Research Institute, 137.

N Nonveiller G. 2005. The history of the exploration of the cave-dwelling coleoptera of the “Vranjača”, Middle Dalmatia. Spelaeologia Croatica 6: 29-36. Annex to a bibliography of the history of speleological research in the Alps, the Carpathians and the Dinarides 93

P Patay K., 1997. Abbildungen der Veterani-höhle aus dem 17-18. jahrhundert. International Symposium – Mednarodni simpozij “Alcadi ‘96” Postojna 1996, Acta carsologica XXVI/2: 149-157 Patay P., 1997. Die ergebnisse der archäologischen höhlenforschungen in Ungarn. International Symposium – Mednarodni simpozij “Alcadi ‘96” Postojna 1996, Acta carsologica XXVI/2: 159-166 Patay P. & K. Székely, 1992. Zsófia Torma The first woman-scientist in Hungarian speleology. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 93-94. Pavlovec R., 1997. A. C. Morlot, a geologist and a less known researcher of karst phenomena. International Symposium – Mednarodni simpozij “Alcadi ‘96” Postojna 1996, Acta carsologica XXVI/2: 167-173 Pipan T., 1997. A historical significance of Egon Pretner for biology. International Symposium – Mednarodni simpozij “Alcadi ‘96” Postojna 1996, Acta carsologica XXVI/2: 175-195 Plihal K., 1992. Caves of the Carpathian Basin on old maps. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 95-98. Polak S., 2015. History and significance of the cave beetle studies in Classical Karst for the development of Biosepeleology. 23rd International Karstological School Classical Karst : Caves - exploration and studies combined with the 50th anniversary of the International Union of Speleology - UIS : program & excursions & abstracts. Postojna : Karst Research Institute, 142-143.

S Shaw R. T., 1992. Leonberger’s 1537 poem on the Cerknica karst lake. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 99-102. Shaw R. T., 1997. A fairy phantom does Agapito’s 1802 book on Vilenica exist? International Symposium – Mednarodni simpozij “Alcadi ‘96” Postojna 1996, Acta carsologica XXVI/2: 197-201 Shaw R. T., 1997. Škadavnica cave explored by English travellers in 1737. International Symposium – Mednarodni simpozij “Alcadi ‘96” Postojna 1996, Acta carsologica XXVI/2: 203-224 Shaw R. T., 1997. Robert Townson, traveller in Hungary in 1793 - His life and work. International Symposium – Mednarodni simpozij “Alcadi ‘96” Postojna 1996, Acta carsologica XXVI/2: 225-247 Shaw R. T., 1999. Elizabeth Mazuchelli’s caves visits in central Europe in 1880. Slovenký kras XXXVII, International symposium on history of speleology and karstology – ALCADI ‘98: 215-236. Shaw R. T., 1999. Demänovská l’adová cave in 1859. Slovenký kras XXXVII, International symposium on history of speleology and karstology – ALCADI ‘98: 187-200. 94 Jasminko Mulaomerović

Shaw R. T., 1999. Dobšinská jaskyňa visited by English woman in 1895. Slovenký kras XXXVII, International symposium on history of speleology and karstology – ALCADI ‘98: 201-214. Shaw T., 2006. In the footsteps of Fortis - 19th century visitors to Dalmatian karst. Spelaeologia Croatica 7: 21-37. Shaw T., 2015. History of cave science. 23rd International Karstological School Classical Karst : Caves - exploration and studies combined with the 50th anniversary of the International Union of Speleology - UIS : program & excursions & abstracts. Postojna : Karst Research Institute, 148. Székely K., 1992. John Paget. Cave descriptions of an English nobleman who has become Hungarian. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 103-108. Székely K., 1992. The beginning of cave photography in the Carpathian Basin. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 109-112. Szekely K., 1997. Published in 1796 ... International Symposium – Mednarodni simpozij “Alcadi ‘96” Postojna 1996, Acta carsologica XXVI/2: 249-255. Székely K., 1999. Cave presentation od a popular weekly. Slovenký kras XXXVII, International symposium on history of speleology and karstology – ALCADI ‘98: 237-246. Székely K., 1999. Fair Tale of Szilicze Ice Cave (Silická l’adnica, Slovakia). Slovenký kras XXXVII, International symposium on history of speleology and karstology – ALCADI ‘98: 247-250. Sauro U., 2015. Human adventures in a karst environment: the case of the Monti Lessini (Venetian Prealps, Italy). 23rd International Karstological School Classical Karst : Caves - exploration and studies combined with the 50th anniversary of the International Union of Speleology - UIS : program & excursions & abstracts. Postojna : Karst Research Institute, 146-147.

T Tavagnutti M., 1997. Federico de Comelli: Gli studi in merito all’approvvigionamento d’acqua potabile per la Città di Gorizia. International Symposium – Mednarodni simpozij “Alcadi ‘96” Postojna 1996, Acta carsologica XXVI/2: 265-275. Tavagnutti M., 1999. Carlo Hugues: i suoi studi in merito alla ricerca dell’ acqua potabile in terreni carsici. Slovenký kras XXXVII, International symposium on history of speleology and karstology – ALCADI ‘98: 251-262. Tavagnutti M., 2005. Giovanni Fortunato Bianchiniand the first studies on the subterranean river Timavo in the ancient county of Gorizia. Spelaeologia Croatica 6: 37-42. Trevisani F., 1997. La Grotta di Vileniza, detta di Corniale. International Symposium – Mednarodni simpozij “Alcadi ‘96” Postojna 1996, Acta carsologica XXVI/2: 15-30. Annex to a bibliography of the history of speleological research in the Alps, the Carpathians and the Dinarides 95

W Wenzel W., 1992. Beitrag des oesterreichischen Touristen-Clubs zur Karst- und Höhlenkunde, im spiegel seiner veroffentlichijngen. Proceedings of the ALCADl ‘92 International Conference on Speleo History, Budapest - Hungary – 1992, Karszt és Barlang, Special issue 1992: 113-114.

Z Zacharov M., 1999. Share of geology in the Karst research develeopment in Slovak and Aggtelek Karst. Slovenký kras XXXVII, International symposium on history of speleology and karstology – ALCADI ‘98: 263-269.