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Methods for Attracting and Preserving Beneficial Insects

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Methods for Attracting and Preserving Beneficial Insects Methods for Attracting and Preserving Beneficial Insects by: Ryan S. Davis Arthropod DiagnosticianRyan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol Outline 1) Biological control – basic concepts 2) Selecting the proper insecticides 3) Plants that attract beneficials 4) Identification of beneficials Ryan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol ATTRA: Farmscaping http:// attra.ncat.org/ attra-pub/ farmscape.html Ryan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol Biological Control Classical Applied Biological Control Ryan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol Classic, or importation biological control: includes the deliberate introduction and establishment of exotic natural enemies into areas where they did not previously occur. Vedalia beetle against cottony cushion scale in CA. Ryan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol Classical Applied Biological Control Ryan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol Applied Biological Control Ryan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol Applied Biological Control Ryan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol Classical Applied Biological Control Ryan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol Conservation and enhancement: 1. Avoid using broad-spectrum insecticides (IPM). 2. Provide shelter, alternative food sources, overwintering sites for larvae/ nymphs and adult beneficials (farmscaping). Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas (ATTRA) http://www.attra.org “Farmscaping to Enhance Biological Control” Ryan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol Chemical Control • Two general categories: Broad-spectrum & Selective Mosquitos Cyper TC Bonide Mosquito Beater WSP Cypermethrin Kills 47 pests from: Coleoptera Hymenoptera Blattaria Heteroptera Diplopoda Acari Orthoptera Isoptera Bt isr. Kills 1 pests from: Dermaptera Thysanura Diptera Siphonaptera Diptera Ryan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol Lepidoptera Aranae Selective! Chemical control Avoid using broad-spectrum insecticides Sub-Group Sub-Group Name Active Ingredients 1A Carbamates Carbaryl, Bendiocarb, 1B Organophosphates Acephate, Diazinon 2A Organochlorines Endosulfan, Chlordane 3A Pyrethroids Bifenthrin Esfenvalerate 4A Neonicotinoids Imidacloprid (foliar) Why? Ryan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol Broad-spectrum insecticides can destroy beneficials. Ryan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol Broad-spectrum insecticides can destroy beneficials. Ryan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol Chemical Control • Two general categories: Broad-spectrum & Selective Cyper TC Conserve SC Cypermethrin Kills 47 pests from: Spinosad kills 77 pests from: Coleoptera Hymenoptera Acari Coleoptera Blattaria Heteroptera Dermaptera Hymenoptera Diplopoda Acari Lepidoptera Siphonaptera Orthoptera Isoptera Thysanoptera Dermaptera Thysanura Siphonaptera Diptera Ryan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol Lepidoptera Aranae But… Chemical Control • Two general categories: Broad-spectrum & Selective Beneficial Species Spinosad LC 50 Cypermethrin LC 50 Honeybee 11.5 ppm 1.2 ppm Whitefly parasitoid 29.1 ppm 1.9 ppm Minute pirate bug 200 ppm 0.2 ppm Lady beetle >200 ppm 0.2 ppm Lacewing >200 ppm <0.2 ppm Predaceous mite >200 ppm <0.2 ppm Ryan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol Chemical control Broad-spectrum with selective formulations Imidacloprid Carbaryl Neonicotinoid Carbamate very toxic, but… very toxic, but… Ryan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol Systemic Bait Chemical control “Reduced risk” pesticides Qualities of a reduced risk insecticide – Selective – Short residual – Systemic Examples – microbial (bacteria, nematode, fungi, viruses) – soap, oil, dust – botanical (pyrethrum, nicotine, neem) Ryan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol Selective Chemistries Main Sub-Groups Main Groups Sub-Groups Groups 14 Nereistoxin analogues 1 Carbamates/ 15 Benzoylureas Organophosphates 16 Buprofezin 2 Cyclodiene/organochlorines Phenylpyrazoles (Fiproles) 17 Cyromazine 3 Pyrethroids/pyrethrins 18 Diacylhydrazines DDT/Methoxychlor 19 Amitraz 4 Neonicotinoids/Nicotine 20 Hydramethylnon/ 5 Spinosyns Acequinocyl/ Fluacrypyrim 6 Avermectins/Milbemycins 21 METI acaracides/ 7 Juvenile hormone analogues Rotenone Fenoxycarb/pyrproxyfen 22 Indoxacarb/ 8 Methyl bromide/Chloropicrin/ metaflumizone Sulfuryl fluoride/borax/tartar emetic 23 Tetronic and tetramic acid derivatives 9 Pymetrozine/Flonicamid 24 Phospine/Cyanide 10 Clofentezine/Hexythiazox Etoxazole 25 Vacant 11 Bacillus thuringiensis 26 Vacant 12 Diafenthiuron/organotin 27 Vacant miticides/Propargite/tetradifon 13 Chlorfenapyr Ryan S. Davis IPM 28and Biocontrol Diamides Planting to Promote Beneficials Plant selection and application methods depend on your system: 1) Identify crop you want to plant. 2) What pests affect this crop? 3) What beneficials “prey” upon those pests? 4) What type of plants and habitat do those beneficials prefer?Ryan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol Planting to Promote Beneficials Plants must provide… Food Shelter Ryan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol (primary or secondary) (favorable microenvironment) Planting to Promote Beneficials Plant Characteristics - Floral structure - Small, shallow flowers (umbels) - Extrafloral nectaries - Greater nectar and pollen production - Trichomes Ryan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol Attractive Flowers Good plants to use: Carrot Family (Umbelliferae) - Queen Anne’s Lace, dill, fennel parsley, coriander, bishop’s weed Queen Anne’s Lace Ryan S. Davis IPMDill and Biocontrol Coriander Attractive Flowers Good plants to use: Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) - coreopsis, Gloriosa daisy, yarrow, cosmos, sunflower, marigolds Ryan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol Gloriosa Daisy Yarrow Cosmos Attractive Flowers Good plants to use: Mustard Family (Brassicaceae) - Sweet alyssum, twinpod, whitlow grass, sweet rocket, wall flower, rock cress Twinpod Ryan S. DavisSweet IPM and Alyssum Biocontrol Sweet Rocket Using Plants in the Field or Landscape Tactics: - Companion planting - Strip cropping - Intercropping - Cover crops - Shelterbelts/hedgerows - Permanent border Ryan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol Bloom calendar Common Name Genus/sp. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Willow Salix spp. CA lilac Ceanothus spp. Coffeeberry Rhamnus californica Yarrow Achillea millefolium Silverlace Vine Polygonum aubertii Plant according to blooming succession Ryan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol Caveats to Preservation and Enhancement - Can be difficult/expensive to implement on a large scale. - Some “beneficial” plantings can increase pest arthropods. - Not proven to work in all systems. - Eliminating/reducing use of broad-spectrum insecticides may result in production loss. - Must take valuable land out of production for attractive plants. Ryan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol Identifying the good bugs! Ryan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol Lacewings: Chrysopidae and Embiodiidae Ryan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol Lacewings: Chrysopidae and Embiodiidae Plants to attract and Prey upon conserve - aphid - Carrot family - thrips - sunflower family - mealybug - buckwheat - scale - holly leaf cherry - caterpillar - corn - mite *provide water during dry spells Ryan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol Parasitoid Wasps: Aphidius spp. (Braconidae) Preys upon - aphid - armyworm - cabbageworm - codling moth - beetle larvae - flies - caterpillars - etc. Plants to attract and conserve - nectar plants w/ small flowers - caraway - dill - parsley - fennel - Queen Anne’s - white clover lace - mustard - tansy - yarrow - sunflower - hairy vetch - buckwheat Ryan S. Davis IPM and -Biocontrol cowpea - common knotweed - crocuses - spearmint Other Wasps: Ichneumonidae Ryan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol Other Wasps: Bembix, Sphecius Sphecius spp. Bembix spp. Ryan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol Other Wasps: Pompillidae Ryan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol Ladybird Beetles: Coccinellidae Prey upon - aphid - mealybug Plants to attract and - spider mite conserve - soft scales - nectar plants w/ small flowers - caraway - dill - parsley - fennel - Queen Anne’s - white lace clover - angelica - goldenrod - mustard - tansy - yarrow - sunflower - hairy vetch - buckwheat - cowpea - common - native grasses knotweed - crocuses - spearmint - grains - buckthorn - black locust - saltbush Ryan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol Ladybird Beetles: Coccinellidae Scymnus spp. Hippodamia parenthesis Hippodamia convergens Axion plagiatum Chilocorus bipustulatus PEST SPECIES Harmonia axyridis Coccinella novemnotata Ryan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol Epilachna varivestis Predaceous Ground Beetles: Carabidae, Tenebrionidae Prey upon - slug - snail - cutrworm - tent caterpillar - cabbage-root maggot - Colorado potato beetle - gypsy moth Plants to attract and conserve - permanent plantings - amaranth - white clover Ryan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol - mulch Predaceous Ground Beetles: Cantharidae, Staphylinidae Prey upon - aphid - springtail - nematode - flies - some are parasites of cabbage-root maggot Plants to attract and conserve - permanent plantings - stone or plant pathways - rye - grains - mulchRyan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol Predaceous Ground Beetles: Cicindelinae Prey upon - many things Plants to attract and conserve - permanent plantings - exposed dirt or sand areas Ryan S. Davis IPM and Biocontrol Predaceous True Bugs: Anthochoridae: Orius spp., Lygaeidae: Geocorinae Prey upon - thrips - leafhopper - spider mite - caterpillars - many others Plants to attract and conserve - Queen Anne’s lace - tansy - coriander - bishop’s weed - chervil - cosmos - tidy tips - goldenrod - daisies - yarrow - baby-blue-eyes - hairy vetch - alfalfa - corn Ryan S. Davis - crimson IPM and cloverBiocontrol - buckwheat - willows - shrubs (permanent) Predaceous True Bugs: Anthochoridae: Orius spp., Lygaeidae: Geocorinae Plants to attract and conserve - cool season cover crops - berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrium) - subterranean
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