Mohammed Code
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Supreme Court of the United States
No. 17-7220 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES rl PETER CARL BORMUTH, Petitioner, V. COUNTY OF JACKSON, MICHIGAN Respondent. ------. ON PETITION FOR A WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT -. SUPPLEMENTAL BRIEF OF PETITIONER PETER CARL BORMUTH Druid In Pro Per 142 West Pearl Street Jackson, Michigan 49201 (517) 787-8097 [email protected] RECEIVED JUN -72018 FICE OF THE CLERK [UPREME COURT U.S. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TABLE OF CONTENTS .i TABLE OF CITED AUTHORITIES .........................................................ii SUPPLEMENTAL BRIEF OF PETITIONER ...........................................1 CONCLUSION.....................................................................................3 TABLE OF CITED AUTHORITIES Cases Page Encino Motorcars, LLC v. Navarro, 584 U. S. ____ (2018) .............................1 Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Assn., 584 U. S. ____ (2018) ...............1 Town of Greece v. Galloway, 134 S. Ct. 1811 (2014) ....................................passim U SUPPLEMENTAL BRIEF OF PETITIONER Petitioner Peter Carl Bormuth respectfully files this supplemental brief under Supreme Court Rule 15.8 to bring to the Court's attention developments since the filing of the Petition that further demonstrate why certiorari should be granted. The petitioner argued in District Court that the plain language of the 1797 Treaty of Tripoli, Article 11 ("As the Government of the United States of America is not in any sense founded on the Christian religion;") prohibited government officials from representing our government as Christian, as the Jackson County Commissioners have deliberately chosen to do. After this Court's decision in Town of Greece, the petitioner also argued that the language of Article 11 was significant under the historical tradition test adopted by this Court. -
Barbary Pirates Peace Treaty
Barbary Pirates Peace Treaty AllenIs Hernando still hinged vulval secondly when Alden while highlightpromissory lividly? Davidde When enraptures Emilio quirk that his exposes. mayoralties buffeted not deprecatingly enough, is Matthew null? Shortly after president now colombia, and mutual respect to be safe passage for all or supplies and crew sailed a fight? Free school at peace upon terms of barbary pirates peace treaty did peace. Also missing features; pirates in barbary powers wars. European states in peace treaty of pirates on and adams feared that his men managed to. Mediterranean sea to build a decade before he knew. From the treaty eliminating tribute? Decatur also meant to treaty with the american sailors held captive during the terms apply to the limited physical violence. As means of a lucrative trade also has been under the. Not pirates had treaties by barbary states had already knew it will sometimes wise man git close to peace treaty between their shipping free. The barbary powers wars gave jefferson refused to learn how should continue payment of inquiry into the settlers were still needs you. Perhaps above may have javascript disabled or less that peace. Tunis and gagged and at each one sent a hotbed of a similar treaties not? Yet to pirates and passengers held captive american squadron passed an ebrybody een judea. President ordered to. Only with barbary pirates peace treaty with their promises cast a hunt, have detected unusual traffic activity from. Independent foreign ships, treaty was peace with my thanks to end of washington to the harbor narrow and defense policy against american. -
A 3585-Year Ring-Width Dating Chronology of Qilian Juniper from the Northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
IAWA Journal, Vol. 30 (4), 2009: 379–394 A 3585-YEAR RING-WIDTH DATING CHRONOLOGY OF QILIAN JUNIPER FROM THE NORTHEASTERN QINGHAI-TIBETAN PLATEAU Xuemei Shao1 *, Shuzhi Wang2, Haifeng Zhu1, Yan Xu1, Eryuan Liang3, Zhi-Yong Yin4, Xinguo Xu5 and Yongming Xiao5 SUMMARY This article documents the development of a precisely dated and well- replicated long regional tree-ring width dating chronology for Qilian juniper (Juniperus przewalskii Kom.) from the northeastern Qinghai- Tibetan Plateau. It involves specimens from 22 archeological sites, 24 living tree sites, and 5 standing snags sites in the eastern and northeastern Qaidam Basin, northwestern China. The specimens were cross-dated suc- cessfully among different groups of samples and among different sites. Based on a total of 1438 series from 713 trees, the chronology covers 3585 years and is the longest chronology by far in China. Comparisons with chronologies of the same tree species about 200 km apart suggest that this chronology can serve for dating purposes in a region larger than the study area. This study demonstrates the great potential of Qilian juniper for dendrochronological research. Key words: Northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau; Qilian juniper; den- drochronology; cross-dating; 3585-year chronology; archeological wood. INTRODUCTION One of the aims of dendrochronology is to construct long-term chronologies covering hundreds to thousands of years. These chronologies have major applications to climatic interpretations, radiocarbon analysis, and dating of past events (Lara & Villalba 1993; Scuderi 1993; Hughes & Graumlich 1996; Stahle et al. 1998, 2007; Grudd et al. 2002; Helama et al. 2002; Naurzbaev et al. 2002; Friedrich et al. 2004; Bhattacharyya & Shah 2009; Fang et al. -
History and Art
Mediterranean, Knowledge, Culture and Heritage 6 Erminio FONZO – Hilary A. HAAKENSON Editors MEDITERRANEAN MOSAIC: HISTORY AND ART 0 - 8 0 - 99662 - 88 - 978 ISBN Online: ISBN Online: Mediterranean, Knowledge, Culture and Heritage 6 Mediterranean, Knowledge, Culture and Heritage Book Series edited by Giuseppe D’Angelo and Emiliana Mangone This Book Series, published in an electronic open access format, serves as a permanent platform for discussion and comparison, experimentation and dissemination, promoting the achievement of research goals related to three key topics: Mediterranean: The study of southern Europe and the Mediterranean world offers a historical perspective that can inform our understanding of the region today. The findings collected in this series speak to the myriad policy debates and challenges – from immigration to economic disparity – facing contemporary societies across the Great Sea. Knowledge: At its core, this series is committed to the social production of knowledge through the cooperation and collaboration between international scholars across geographical, cultural, and disciplinary boundaries. Culture and Heritage: This series respects and encourages sharing multiple perspectives on cultural heritage. It promotes investigating the full scope of the complexity, hybridity, and morphology of cultural heritage within the Mediterranean world. Each manuscript will be submitted to double-blind peer reviewing. Scientific Board Ines Amorin (UP – Portugal), Paolo Buchignani (UNISTRADA – Italy), Rosaria Caldarone (UNIPA -
Islamic Civilization in Spain
Psychiatria Danubina, 2017; Vol. 29, Suppl. 1, pp 64-72 Conference paper © Medicinska naklada - Zagreb, Croatia ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION IN SPAIN – A MAGNIFICIENT EXAMPLE OF INTERACTION AND UNITY OF RELIGION AND SCIENCE Safvet Halilović Faculty of Islamic Education of the University in Zenica, Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina SUMMARY Islam and its followers had created a civilization that played very important role on the world stage for more than a thousand years. One of the most important specific qualities of the Islamic civilization is that it is a well-balanced civilization that brought together science and faith, struck a balance between spirit and matter and did not separate this world from the Hereafter. This is what distinguishes the Islamic civilization from other civilizations which attach primary importance to the material aspect of life, physical needs and human instincts, and attach greater attention to this world by striving to instantly satisfy desires of the flesh, without finding a proper place for God and the Hereafter in their philosophies and education systems. The Islamic civilization drew humankind closer to God, connected the earth and heavens, subordinated this world to the Hereafter, connected spirit and matter, struck a balance between mind and heart, and created a link between science and faith by elevating the importance of moral development to the level of importance of material progress. It is owing to this that the Islamic civilization gave an immense contribution to the development of global civilization. Another specific characteristic of the Islamic civilization is that it spread the spirit of justice, impartiality and tolerance among people. -
Muslims in Spain, 1492–1814 Mediterranean Reconfigurations Intercultural Trade, Commercial Litigation, and Legal Pluralism
Muslims in Spain, 1492– 1814 Mediterranean Reconfigurations Intercultural Trade, Commercial Litigation, and Legal Pluralism Series Editors Wolfgang Kaiser (Université Paris I, Panthéon- Sorbonne) Guillaume Calafat (Université Paris I, Panthéon- Sorbonne) volume 3 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ cmed Muslims in Spain, 1492– 1814 Living and Negotiating in the Land of the Infidel By Eloy Martín Corrales Translated by Consuelo López- Morillas LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. Cover illustration: “El embajador de Marruecos” (Catalog Number: G002789) Museo del Prado. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Martín Corrales, E. (Eloy), author. | Lopez-Morillas, Consuelo, translator. Title: Muslims in Spain, 1492-1814 : living and negotiating in the land of the infidel / by Eloy Martín-Corrales ; translated by Consuelo López-Morillas. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, [2021] | Series: Mediterranean reconfigurations ; volume 3 | Original title unknown. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020046144 (print) | LCCN 2020046145 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004381476 (hardback) | ISBN 9789004443761 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Muslims—Spain—History. | Spain—Ethnic relations—History. -
What Every Christian High School Student Should Know About Islam - an Introduction to Islamic History and Theology
WHAT EVERY CHRISTIAN HIGH SCHOOL STUDENT SHOULD KNOW ABOUT ISLAM - AN INTRODUCTION TO ISLAMIC HISTORY AND THEOLOGY __________________ A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the School of Theology Liberty University __________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Ministry __________________ by Bruce K. Forrest May 2010 Copyright © 2010 Bruce K. Forrest All rights reserved. Liberty University has permission to reproduce and disseminate this document in any form by any means for purposes chosen by the Seminary, including, without limitation, preservation or instruction. APPROVAL SHEET WHAT EVERY CHRISTIAN HIGH SCHOOL STUDENT SHOULD KNOW ABOUT ISLAM - AN INTRODUCTION TO ISLAMIC HISTORY AND THEOLOGY Bruce K. Forrest ______________________________________________________ "[Click and enter committee chairman name, 'Supervisor', official title]" ______________________________________________________ "[Click here and type committee member name, official title]" ______________________________________________________ "[Click here and type committee member name, official title]" ______________________________________________________ "[Click here and type committee member name, official title]" Date ______________________________ ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to acknowledge all my courageous brothers and sisters in Christ who have come out of the Islamic faith and have shared their knowledge and experiences of Islam with us. The body of Christ is stronger and healthier today because of them. I would like to acknowledge my debt to Ergun Mehmet Caner, Ph.D. who has been an inspiration and an encouragement for this task, without holding him responsible for any of the shortcomings of this effort. I would also like to thank my wife for all she has done to make this task possible. Most of all, I would like to thank the Lord for putting this desire in my heart and then, in His timing, allowing me the opportunity to fulfill it. -
Edizione Scaricabile
Mediterranea n. 34 (cop)_Copertina n. 34 21/07/15 19:19 Pagina 1 0Prime_1 06/08/15 18:51 Pagina 255 0Prime_1 06/08/15 18:51 Pagina 256 0Prime_1 06/08/15 18:51 Pagina 257 n° 34 Agosto 2015 Anno XII 0Prime_1 06/08/15 18:51 Pagina 258 Direttore: Orazio Cancila Responsabile: Antonino Giuffrida Comitato scientifico: Bülent Arı, Maurice Aymard, Franco Benigno, Henri Bresc, Rossella Cancila, Federico Cresti, Antonino De Francesco, Gérard Delille, Salvatore Fodale, Enrico Iachello, Olga Katsiardi-Hering, Salvatore Lupo, María Ángeles Pérez Samper, Guido Pescosolido, Paolo Preto, Luis Ribot Garcia, Mustafa Soykut, Marcello Verga, Bartolomé Yun Casalilla Segreteria di Redazione: Amelia Crisantino, Nicola Cusumano, Fabrizio D'Avenia, Matteo Di Figlia, Valentina Favarò, Daniele Palermo, Lavinia Pinzarrone Direzione, Redazione e Amministrazione: Cattedra di Storia Moderna Dipartimento Culture e Società Viale delle Scienze, ed. 12 - 90128 Palermo Tel. 091 23899308 [email protected] online sul sito www.mediterranearicerchestoriche.it Il presente numero a cura di Maria Pia Pedani è pubblicato con il contributo dell'Associazione di Studi Storici 'Muda di Levante' Mediterranea - ricerche storiche ISSN: 1824-3010 (stampa) ISSN: 1828-230X (online) Registrazione n. 37, 2/12/2003, della Cancelleria del Tribunale di Palermo Iscrizione n. 15707 del Registro degli Operatori di Comunicazione Copyright © Associazione no profit “Mediterranea” - Palermo I fascicoli a stampa di "Mediterranea - ricerche storiche" sono disponibili presso la NDF (www.newdigitalfrontiers.com), che ne cura la distribuzione: selezionare la voce "Mediterranea" nella sezione "Collaborazioni Editoriali". In formato digitale sono reperibili sul sito www.mediterranearicerchestoriche.it. I testi sono sottoposti a referaggio in doppio cieco. -
Educación, Política Y Valores
1 Revista Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores. Http://www.dilemascontemporaneoseducacionpoliticayvalores.com/ Año: VII Número: 2 Artículo no.:119 Período: 1ro de enero al 30 de abril del 2020. TÍTULO: Un análisis empírico de la cerámica esmaltada del sitio de Mansurah. AUTORES: 1. Assist. Prof. Muhammad Hanif Laghari. 2. Dr. Mastoor Fatima Bukhari. RESUMEN: Mansurah fue la primera ciudad árabe establecida en el subcontinente indio entre 712–1025 dC por el gobernador omeya Amr Thaqafi Construido en el Shahdadpur del distrito de Sanghar, Sindh. Durante este período, los gobernantes árabes extendieron el comercio nacional e internacional desde Sindh. La espectroscopia fue utilizada para examinar el material de cultivo excavado y para encontrar el origen de la cerámica esmaltada. Las evidencias empíricas extraídas del material cultural resaltan la composición de la pasta de color utilizada en estos vasos rotos y se preparan utilizando la arena de dos tipos diferentes de rocas como la volcánica y la metamórfica. Este estudio resalta las relaciones árabe-sindh y otros aspectos culturales de esta fase específica de la historia de Sindh, Pakistán. PALABRAS CLAVES: Arqueología, Historia, Geografía, cerámica esmaltada, relación y comercio. TITLE: An empirical analysis of glazed pottery from the site of Mansurah. 2 AUTHORS: 1. Assist. Prof. Muhammad Hanif Laghari. 2. Dr. Mastoor Fatima Bukhari. ABSTRACT: Mansurah was the first Arab city established in the Indian sub-continent between 712–1025 AD by the Umayyad governor ‘Amr Thaqafi Built in the Shahdadpur of District Sanghar, Sindh. During this period, the Arab rulers extended national and international trade from Sindh. The spectroscopy was used to examine the excavated culture material and to find the origin of the glazed pottery. -
PERSONS • of the YEAR • Muslimthe 500 the WORLD’S 500 MOST INFLUENTIAL MUSLIMS • 2018 •
PERSONS • OF THE YEAR • MuslimThe 500 THE WORLD’S 500 MOST INFLUENTIAL MUSLIMS • 2018 • MuslimThe 500 THE WORLD’S 500 MOST INFLUENTIAL MUSLIMS • 2018 • C The Muslim 500: 2018 Chief Editor: Prof S Abdallah Schleifer The World’s 500 Most Influential Muslims, 2018 Deputy Chief Editor: Ms Farah El-Sharif ISBN: 978-9957-635-14-5 Contributing Editor: Dr Tarek Elgawhary Editor-at-Large: Mr Aftab Ahmed Jordan National Library Deposit No: 2017/10/5597 Editorial Board: Dr Minwer Al-Meheid, Mr Moustafa Elqabbany, and Ms Zeinab Asfour © 2017 The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre 20 Sa’ed Bino Road, Dabuq Researchers: Lamya Al-Khraisha, Moustafa Elqabbany, PO BOX 950361 Zeinab Asfour, and M AbdulJaleal Nasreddin Amman 11195, JORDAN http://www.rissc.jo Consultant: Simon Hart All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced Typeset by: M AbdulJaleal Nasreddin or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or me- chanic, including photocopying or recording or by any in- formation storage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Views expressed in The Muslim 500 do not necessarily re- flect those of RISSC or its advisory board. Set in Garamond Premiere Pro Printed in The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Calligraphy used throughout the book provided courtesy of www.FreeIslamicCalligraphy.com Title page Bismilla by Mothana Al-Obaydi • Contents • page 1 Introduction 5 Persons of the Year—2018 7 Influence and The Muslim 500 9 The House of Islam 21 The Top 50 89 Honourable Mentions 97 The 450 Lists 99 Scholarly -
Manuscript at All Stages
1 Rogation ceremonies: key to understand past drought variability 2 in northeastern Spain since 1650 3 *Tejedor E1,2, de Luis M 1,2, Barriendos M3, Cuadrat JM1,2, Luterbacher J4,5, Saz MA1,2 4 1Dept. of Geography and Regional Planning. University of Zaragoza. Zaragoza. (Spain). 5 2Environmental Sciences Institute of the University of Zaragoza. Zaragoza. (Spain). 6 3Department of History. University of Barcelona (Spain). 7 4Department of Geography, Climatology, Climate Dynamics and Climate Change, Justus Liebig University 8 Giessen, Germany 9 5Centre for International Development and Environmental Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 10 Germany 11 *Correspondence to: Miguel Ángel Saz; [email protected] 12 13 ABSTRACT 14 In the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula, drought recurrence, intensity, persistence and 15 spatial variability have been mainly studied by using instrumental data covering the past 16 ca. 60 years. Fewer studies have reconstructed drought occurrence and variability for 17 the preinstrumental period using documentary evidence and natural proxies. In this 18 study, we compiled a unique dataset of rogation ceremonies, religious acts to ask god 19 for rain, from 13 cities in the northeast of Spain and investigated the annual drought 20 variability from 1650 to 1899 AD. We converted the qualitative information into three 21 regionally different coherent areas (Mediterranean, Ebro Valley and Mountain) with 22 semiquantitative, annually resolved (December to August) drought indices according to 23 the type of religious act. Both the Barcelona and the regional Mediterranean Drought 24 Indices were compared with the instrumental series of Barcelona for the overlapping 25 period (1787-1899) and we discovered a highly significant and stable correlation with 26 the Standard Precipitation Drought Index of May with a 4 months lag (r=-0.46 and r=- 27 0.53; p<0.001, respectively), asserting the validity of the local and regional Drought 28 Indices derived from the historical documents as drought proxies. -
2. the Treaty of Tripoli and the Myth of a Christian Nation
HECTOR AVALOS 2. THE TREATY OF TRIPOLI AND THE MYTH OF A CHRISTIAN NATION Debates about Christian privilege today often center on whether the United States was founded as a Christian nation. On one side of the argument are writers such as Terry Eastland, David Barton, and also Roy Stewart Moore, the chief justice of the Alabama Supreme Court, who believe that the United States was founded, whether officially or unofficially, as a Christian nation. As Terry Eastland (1984) phrases it in his defense of a specifically Protestant Christian privilege: Let me therefore start with these propositions: that there was a principal religion in American life from 1620 until roughly 1920; that this religion was Protestant Christianity; and that Protestant Christianity has been our established religion in almost every sense of the phrase (p. 50). Therefore, Eastland concludes that maintaining or restoring Christian privilege is a foundational and legitimate pursuit in our current history. On the other side are historians such as Mark A. Noll, Nathan O. Hatch, and George Marsden. Although these historians, as evangelical Christians, might be expected to subscribe to the “Christian nation” thesis, their study of history leads them to an opposite conclusion (Noll, Hatch, and Marsden, 1983): We feel that a careful study of the facts of history shows that early America does not deserve to be considered uniquely, distinctly, or even predominantly Christian, if we mean by the word “Christian” a state of society reflecting the ideals presented in Scripture (p. 17). For these historians, early U.S.-America was a cauldron of competing religions and ideologies, and Christianity, as envisioned in the New Testament, was not well represented.1 This chapter focuses on the Treaty of Tripoli, an agreement made between the United States and Tripoli, one of the so-called Barbary powers on the African coast of the Mediterranean.