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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83861-0 — The First Writing Edited by Stephen D. Houston Index More Information Index Page numbers in italics indicate a reference to an illustration. Abaj Takalik, Guatemala 301, 304 Latin 266, 267 abstraction 298 Manchu 59 AbuSalabikh, Iraq 73 Mongolian 59, 65 Abydos, Egypt 154, 155, 156, 159, 160, 162, NorthItalic 265 167, 168, 173, 174 Ogam 58, 67 acrophony 16, 30, 31, 29–31, 36 Roman 55, 57, 58, 59, 66, 264, 265, 266, adjectives 91 267 administration 72, 80, 84, 91, 95, 117, 147, 151, Semitic 94 171, 184, 185, 223, 224, 228, 234, 270, Turkish 54, 59, 60, 61, 65, 66 300 alphasyllabary 54, 59, 60, 61, 65, 66 accounting in service of 73, 89, 100, 103, Alster, Bendt 97 105, 106, 108, 112, 139, 140, 148, 151, Alvarado Stela 1 296 161, 349, 352 Amuco, Guerrero, Mexico 290 Archaic Babylonian bookkeeping for 108 ancestors 291, 294 adverbs 53 speech of 291, 292 Aegean 184 Andes 93 Bronze Age 184 Anglo-Saxon 270 scripts 176 anthropology 314 settlements 184 Antonsen, Elmer 273 age grade 84 apprenticeship 6 Akkad 94 Arabic 33, 45, 56, 57, 59, 65 Akkadian 52, 53, 63, 64, 142, 143 consonantary 55 language 91, 92, 188, 233 Judaeo- 57 Old 52, 53, 104, 141, 143, 144 script 45, 66 scribes 53 Aramaic 45, 57, 59, 64 writing 91, 92 consonantary 56, 57, 60, 61, 65 Algaze, Guillermo 96 Aratta 84 alphabet 16, 36, 37, 40, 41, 42, 43, 46, 49, 50, archaeology 237 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 58, 59, 60, 61, 64, 65, of Anyang (China) 195, 201, 203, 207, 215, 94, 179, 262, 264, 265, 266 217, 218, 237 Archaic Greek 57 cultural-historical 39, 63 Armenian 58, 67 of pre-Anyang (China) 237 Cyrillic 58, 66 postprocessual 39 Georgian 58, 67 archaeologists 222, 236 Gothic 58 archives 72 Greco-Roman 264 Arnheim, Rudolf 318, 319 Greek 265 art history 314 Ionic Greek 59, 60 Aryanpeoples 42 Italic 58 Ashton, Alan 14 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83861-0 — The First Writing Edited by Stephen D. Houston Index More Information 396 Index Asia Minor 57 Bhartrhari 18 languages of (Carian, Lycian, Lydian, bibliography Pamphylian, Phrygian, Sidetic) 57 biochemistry 333 Asian Art Museum of San Francisco 208 biscripts 10 Avery Brundage Collection in 208 Bisutun carving 59, 60 Assmann, Jan 96, 98 trilingual in 59 Assyria 86, 87, 94 Black, Jeremy 185 Ashurnasirpal II of 87, 88 Bolivia 99 “hieroglyphs” of 98 Boltz, William 7, 14, 24, 26, 37, 38, 50, 89, 96, language of 52, 53 98, 237, 243, 245, 247, 253, 254, 258, Aston, Barbara 187 304, 351 atoms 324, 325, 325 monosyllabic theory of 7, 177, 181, 185, 187, Australopithecines 280 247 Aymara 97 books 315, 317 Aztec(Mexican) 47, 94, 294, 295, 315, 317, as biographies 317 342, 344 as cosmogonies 317 calendar priests 346 as divinatory almanacs 338, 339, 340, 341, days 337, 340, 341, 342, 343 343, 344 divinatory calendar 335 as genealogies 317 god of divination 344 as maps 317 Mexican precursors of the 315 as tribute lists 317 months 346 for taxation purposes 317 painter 344 painted 315 pictography 96, 315, 316, 317, 335, 336, 338, Boone, Elizabeth 13, 14, 37, 80, 93, 99, 163, 339, 340, 341, 343, 344 164, 174, 313 views of cosmos 344 Bottero,´ Franc¸oise 14, 95, 98, 227, 238, 247, 250 Babylonia 71, 72, 76, 83, 84, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, boustrophedon 339 101, 102, 103, 108, 117, 119, 122, 124, Brice, William 144 138, 139, 140, 141, 144, 147 Brigham Young University 4, 5, 273 civilization of 119 Bright, William 4 cuneiform in 85, 145, 148 Brink, Stefan 271, 273 hinterland of 119 British Isles 58, 286, 287, 291, 299, 300, 303, language of 52, 64 305, 308 plunder in 119 British Museum 4, 5 river plains of 119 Broodberg, Peter 253, 254, 260 scribes of 126, 139 Buddhism 66 trade in 119 bullae 74, 75, 100, 101, 120, 120, 121, 123, Bæksted, Anders 270, 272 175 Baghdad, Iraq 94 bureaucracy 72–80, 151, 152 Bagley, Robert 14, 185, 187, 190, 237, 242, Byrhtferth’s diagram 345, 345 244 Baines, John 11, 14, 48, 95, 96, 97, 98, 150, 186, Cacaxtla, Tlaxcala, Mexico 277, 278 187, 236, 239, 244, 245, 246, 350 Calakmul, Campeche 303 barbarism 40 calendar dates 47 Barber, Christy 273 calligraphy 89, 298, 301, 308 Baxter, William 253, 254, 260 captions 290, 295, 308 Beale, Thomas 147 captives 277, 289, 290, 292, 293, 295, 295, 299, Belize 303 302, 302, 306 Berlo, Janet 276 Cardona, Giorgio 152, 174, 177 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83861-0 — The First Writing Edited by Stephen D. Houston Index More Information Index 397 Caroline Islands 55 modern Mandarin 51 Woleaian language of 55 relation of orthography to 233 Caso, Alfonso 294 spoken 259, 260 Celts 264, 286, 287 syllables in 51, 247 celts (adzes) 284, 286, 287 verbs in 260 Central Asia 57, 65 Liangzhu culture 229, 229 non-Semitic languages of (Bactrian, Neolithic 229, 250, 258 Parthian, Persian, Sogdian, Uyghur carpenters 234 Turkic) 57 jades 229 Cerro de las Mesas Stela 8 276 jadeworkers 246 Chalcatzingo, Morelos, Mexico Monument 31 marks 245, 258, 261 285 pots 229 Chalchuapa, El Salvador 301 writing 247 chaos theory 333 NorthAmerican scholars of 253, 254 characters 51 Northern 42 charts 328, 329, 330, 333, 335 pottery 217, 218, 258 flow 330 Shang 79, 83, 151, 250, 253, 254, 260 Charvat,´ Petr 101 period as mosaic of small states 224 chemists 324 Western Zhou dynasty 210, 211, 242, 260 Chen Mengjia 242 Shang prototypes of 210 Chen Zhida 243 writing of 237, 244, 245, 247 Chiapas, Mexico 297, 301 Yangshao culture 50 Chichen Itza, Yucatan, Mexico 277, potteryof50 278 Zhou 237, 240, 242, 244 Childe V. Gordon 275 Chinese writing 3, 4, 7, 10, 20, 24, 26, 34, 37, childhood development 314 41, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 59, 63, 64, 78, iconic representation in 314 84, 88, 89, 92, 96, 98, 172, 177, 178, use of symbols in 314 181, 182, 190, 191, 211, 226, 235, 238, China 40, 53, 59, 61, 65, 66, 71, 72, 78, 88, 89, 245, 246, 247, 250, 254, 256, 258, 259, 91, 95, 98, 190, 191, 202, 207, 208, 226, 284–293, 298, 308, 350, 352 227, 230, 231, 234, 236, 237, 241, 244, abstract signs in 251–252 247, 250, 258, 259 animals in 252, 253, 254, 260 archaeologists of 222, 236 clan emblems in 78, 229, 251, 261 Bronze Age 244 compound graphs in 252, 253, 254, 260 Chinese scholars of 251, 253 divinatory function of 78, 79, 250, 255 Dawenkou culture 50, 187, 229 diviners in 255 emblems 229 evolution of 256 dialects in 51 grammatical particles in 251 Erligang culture 50, 207, 227, 228, 230, 234, coordinating conjunction 251 236, 241, 244 copula 251 bronzes 228 homorganic 253, 254, 258 diviners 234 modal 251 state 236, 244 grapheme combination in 252–255 type site of Zhengzhou 241 graphemes in 252, 253, 254 Erlitou period 50 graph formation in 257 Han period 51, 243 graphic variants of 255–258, 260 administration 243 invention of 190, 259 history of 190 independent 259 language of 51, 53, 63, 233, 250, 255, 258 numbers in 252 inflections in 233 on bamboo 286, 287 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83861-0 — The First Writing Edited by Stephen D. Houston Index More Information 398 Index Chinese writing (cont.) civilization 40, 41, 42, 66, 93, 94, 99, 153, 160, on bronze vessels 78, 187, 201, 203, 205, 206, 175, 185, 207, 223, 226, 241, 262 207, 208, 209, 210, 212 bronze-using 224, 244 on oracle bones 78, 79, 96, 151, 187, 351 in China 227, 245 on turtle shells 78, 79, 195 New World 275 oracle bone inscriptions (OBI) 250, 251, Clark, John 309 254, 255, 256, 257, 258 class interests 67 oracles in 254, 255, 259 Codex Borgia 337, 338, 339, 340, 341 patronyms in 251 Codex Fejerv´ ary-Mayer´ 316, 342, 343, 344, phonetic elements in 257 346 phonophoric elements in 252, 253, 254, Codex Mendoza 294 260 as tribute document 294 pictographic origins of 250, 253 Codex Mexicanus 336 pictographs in 251, 253, 260, 261 Codex Xolotl 279 pronunciation of 252, 253, 254, 260 codices 278 rebus in 251 Coe, Michael 14, 239, 302, 309 relation of spoken language to 255 cognition 318 river names in 253, 254 Collier, Mark 185 sacrifices mentioned in 251, 254 Collon, Dominique 95 sacrificial names in 251, 255 commodities 77 scribes of 253, 254, 255 communication 40, 65, 67, 119, 151, 152, 175, semantic elements in 257, 260 181, 224, 279 sheep in 254, 260 display as 78, 97 space notations in 252 of royal ideology 78 stimulus diffusion as origin of 190, 191, 198, utilitarian 151 199, 200, 202, 207, 213, 214, 216, 217, complexity 94, 166, 188 220, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226–227, 229, computers 65, 333 230, 235, 236, 240, 241, 242, 259 consonantary 42, 50, 54, 55, 56, 59, 64, 65 synchronic variants in 253, 254 Arabic 59, 65 texts of 83 Aramaic 56, 57, 60, 61, 65 time notations in 252 linear 56 days 252 northern linear 56 years 252 Phoenician 57 toponyms in 251, 255 southern linear 56, 57 turtle plastrons with 192, 193, 194, 195, unpointed 57 256 West Semitic 42, 64, 65 women’s names in 252, 253, 254, 260 consonants 41, 44, 45, 50, 54, 57, 59, 60, 61, 63, Lady Jing 253, 254 65, 98, 163, 164, 178, 179, 180 Women’s script of 305 clusters 60 words in 251 contingency 6 Choga Mish, Iran 119 Cooper, Jerrold 14, 23, 71, 96, 98, 99, 142, 148, Ch’olti’ (Maya) 33 176, 188, 228, 236, 239, 240, 245, 246, Chomsky, Noam 45 349, 352, 353 Christenson, Allen 14 Coulmas, Florian 95 Christianity 270 covenants 10 missionaries of 58 Cretan Hieroglyphic 52, 55 Orthodox tradition of 58, 291 Crick, Francis 328, 329, 329, 330, 333, 335 Roman Catholic 58 cryptography 186, 189 world view of 345, 346 culture Civil, Miguel 243, 244 change 67 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83861-0 — The First Writing Edited by Stephen D.
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  • Pre-Columbian Resources Potentials : a Comparison of Old World And

    Pre-Columbian Resources Potentials : a Comparison of Old World And

    BLM LIBRARY 88001010 PRE-COLUMBIAN RESOURCES POTENTIALS: A COMPARISON OF OLD WORLD AND NEW WORLD PETROGLYPHS By: Margaretta S. Handke for the Bureau of Land Management under the WICHE Intern Program September, 1978 GN 799 .P4 H23 *7*0 3 . ^ODiO\0 2bI Pre-Columbian Resources Potentials: A Comparison of Old World and New World Petroglyphs Written and Illustrated by Margaretta S. Handke eure8u M. " nagemen, ft*Library Denver Service Center BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT LIBRARY Denver, Colorado 88061010 Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explore the possibilities for Pre-Columbian contact in the western United States by studying the petroglyphs for possible Old World scripts. It is intended to be a survey of the literature on Pre-Columbian contact and to give examples of the types of petroglyphs and scripts that BLM surveyors in the field may encounter. While the paper remains neutral on the question of pre- Columbian contact from the Old World, the findings do suggest that the abstract symbols often found in Indian petroglyphs do occur in patterns that suggest the definite possibility that they have meaning and may someday with further study be decipherable. The paper is divided into five units. The first gives a brief history of the diffusion controversy. The second covers the problems of rock art as a source and the difficulties of rock art research. The third describes the correspondences that can be found between American petroglyphs and Old World petroglyphs and scripts. The fourth gives a brief history of the European written sources which support contact. The final section makes recommenda- tions for further research and for the protection of the petroglyphs The appendix contains examples of the rock art discussed in the third section.
  • Languages of the Post-Diluvian World

    Languages of the Post-Diluvian World

    JOURNAL OF CREATION 30(1) 2016 || PAPERS Languages of the post-Diluvian World Murray R. Adamthwaite Evolutionary theory, when applied to origins of language, fails utterly to explain the phenomena of original complexity, subsequent loss and degeneration, and the array of unrelated languages in antiquity that even now are only partially understood due to that complexity. It is here contended that only a biblical approach can explain the complicated grammar, morphology, phonetics and syntax found in ancient texts. From what we in fact find from these texts, and because these phenomena could not arise spontaneously or gradually, a supernatural interruption near the beginning of post-diluvian history is the only explanation. The supernatural interruption which created these many complex languages is precisely what is related in Genesis 11:1–9. he origin of languages poses a major problem for There are indeed several problems with this ‘grunts-to- Tevolutionists, and in the wake of Darwin’s The Origin grammar’ evolutionary scenario. One such issue is that the of Species, published 1859, speculation became rife—and further back one goes in the history of language in general, ridiculous—as to this matter. So outlandish were these and of any language in particular, the more complex it speculations that the Société de Linguistique de Paris placed becomes. Case endings appear at the end of nouns; prefixes, a ban on all discussion of the subject, which prevailed for infixes, and affixes are added to verbs to modify or to expand more than a century.1