sign in sign up
<<
Home , Abbas Raza, Khalid Hasan, Khamosh Pani, Saadat Hasan Manto, Thanda Gosht

Appendix

Other Resources

Films Th e Birth of (1990) On August 15, 1947, Pakistan was born. As the former Indian provinces debated whether to be part of India or Pakistan, religious diff erences fl ared into full-scaled rioting, which led to large- scale migration; millions moved from India to Pakistan, and vice versa. Th is program documents the birth of the new country; the death of Mohammed Ali Jinnah, leader of the Moslem League; the economics and political problems of the new country; the Indus Water Treaty; the war in Kashmir; the independence of Bangladesh and the resulting war with India; the rise and fall of Zulfi kar Ali Bhutt o; Zia’s assumption of power and adoption of strict Islamic rule; the impact of the war in Afghanistan the death of Zia and the election of Zulfi kar Ali Bhutt o’s daughter, Benazir. (20 minutes)

Division of Hearts (1987) Th e 1947 British subdivision of colonial India into Pakistan and the independent Indian nation caused the loss of 500,000 lives and the relocation of millions-one of the most extensive movement of peoples ever. Aft er centuries of coexistence, Hindus, , and Muslims became victims of mutual suspicion as violence swept through the countryside. Th e resulting mass relocations of these groups transformed village populations overnight. In Division of Hearts ordinary people from Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh— cart drivers, laborers, trades people, farmers— tell this history and recount their own tumultuous experiences. Th eir memories, combined with archival news fi lm, bear witness to the traumatic birth of two independent nations. (57 minutes)

Th e Dynasty: Th e Nehru - Gandhi Story (1997) A 2-part PBS program. Unravel the ties of blood, power, and sacrifi ce that sustained spiritual and political independence in post-imperial India. Although they forged the destiny of their nation, the Nehru family paid a terrible price: partition, civil strife and assassination. Witness the irony and agony of a family that liberated a nation but could not unite it. (3 hours)

Earth (1998) Directed by Deepa Mehta, Earth, an India/Canada co-production, is a thoughtful examination of a circle of friends and acquaintances aff ected by the Partition. A scoundrel uses communal violence as an excuse for retaliation against a romantic rival. Th e fi lm is based on Bapsi Sidhwa’s novel Cracking India; Sidhwa co-wrote the screenplay with Mehta. Contains brutal scenes of communal carnage. (110 minutes)

For a Place Under the Heavens (2003) Acclaimed director , recent winner of the at the Locarno International Film Festival for her feature Khamosh Pani (Th e Silent Waters), off ers an insightful perspective on Pakistan in this fi nely craft ed personal fi lm. Beginning with the creation of Pakistan in 1947, Sumar traces the relationship of Islam to the state in an eff ort to understand how women are coping with and surviving the increasing religiosity of civil and political life in her country. Raised in a more secular time, she struggles to comprehend how religious schools

Sec4:123 Appendix

have expanded at once unthinkable rates and presents chilling footage of a mother encouraging her toddler to be a martyr when he grows up. Mixing political analysis with interviews with activist colleagues, noted Islamic scholars and Pakistani women who have chosen to embrace fundamentalism, Sumar’s provocative questions dramatically capture the tension between liberal and fundamentalist forces that are shaping life in contemporary Pakistan. (53 mins.)

Gandhi (1982) Sir Richard Att enborough’s multiple-Oscar winner (including Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Actor for Ben Kingsley) is an engrossing, reverential look at the life of Mohandas K. Gandhi, who introduced the doctrine of nonviolent resistance to the colonized people of India and who ultimately gained the nation its independence. Kingsley is magnifi cent as Gandhi as he changes over the course of the three-hour fi lm from an insignifi cant lawyer to an international leader and symbol. Strong on history (the historic division between India and Pakistan, still a huge problem today, can be seen in its formative stages here) as well as character and ideas, this is a fi ne fi lm. (3 hours)

Garam Hawa (1973) Th e story of 1947, India’s Independence. It is a story of how families on both sides of the border suff ered emotionally, and how their dreams and values were shatt ered to pieces aft er the partition. English Subtitles. (150 mins)

Khamosh Paani: Th e Silent Waters (2003) Ayesha is a seemingly well-adjusted middle-aged woman whose life centers around her son Saleem - a gentle, dreamy 18 year old, in love with Zubeida. Th ey live in the village of Charkhi, in Pakistani . Ayesha’s husband is dead and she manages a living from his pension and by giving lessons to young girls. Th e story begins in 1979, in a Pakistan under President General Zia-ul-Haq’s martial law. In a few months the country will become a state ruled by Islamic law. Saleem becomes intensely involved with a group of Islamic fundamentalists and leaves Zubeida. Ayesha is saddened to see her son change radically. Events escalate when Sikh pilgrims from India pour into the village. Later, a pilgrim looks for his sister Veero who was abducted in 1947. Th is awakens heart-rending memories. (105 minutes)

Lagaan (2002) Queen Victoria’s India. Th e Year is 1893. Champaner…a village in Central India. On the outskirts of the village stands a British cantonment, commanded by Russell- an arrogant capricious man who wields the power of life and death over the villages under his jurisdiction. LAGAAN – a story of batt le without bloodshed. Fought by a group of unlikely heroes led by Bhuvan and energetic farmer with courage born of conviction- and a dream in his heart. Helped by Elizabeth, an English rose who came to India and lost her heart, and Bhuvan’s pillar of strength, Gauri, the young and perky village girl who dreams of a home with the man she loves. (225 mins.)

Sec4:124 Appendix

Web Sites

“.” S, Keen. Emory University. 1998. htt p://www.emory.edu/ENGLISH/Bahri/Part.html (Has brief introduction, maps, timeline, before/during/aft er article, links to more info.)

“Confl ict between India, Pakistan runs deep.” Author Not Given. CNN Interactive. 1997. htt p://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9708/India97/shared/sibling.rivalry/#1 (A short article that outlines the main points to this confl ict.)

“Th e Partition of India.” V. ,Lal. Manas. 2002. htt p://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Independent/partition.html (A point-of-view article that discusses narrative history of partition.)

“Pakistan Towards Partition.” P. Coutsoukis. Geographic.org. 2002. htt p://www.workmall.com/wfb 2001/pakistan/pakistan_history_toward_partition.html (Library of Congress Country Study. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Pakistan Toward Partition information.)

“India-Pakistan Dispute.” Author Not Given. Online NewsHour. 2004. htt p://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/india-pakistan/timeline_sec1.html (Short introduction to the history underpinnings of the partition.)

“Partition memories.” BBC News. 2007. htt p://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6939997.stm (People share memories of partition to mark the 60th anniversary of the partition of India in 1947 and the birth of Pakistan. Links at right of page also includes audio and video footage of English language speeches by Mountbatt en, Nehru and Jinnah.)

“Partition of 1947 - India - Pakistan: Some scatt ered resources.” Harsh Kapoor for the South Asia Citizens Web. 2007. htt p://www.sacw.net/partition/ (A collection of online articles and other resources.)

“Aft er partition: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh” BBC News. 2007. htt p://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/629/629/6922293.stm (Find out more about how India, Pakistan and, since 1971 Bangladesh, have developed since partition.)

Fiction and Literary Studies Bhalla, Alok. Stories about the Partition of India. 3 vols. New Delhi: HarperCollins, 1994.

Bhalla, Alok. Th e Life and Works of . Simla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study, 1997.

Cowasjee, S. and Duggal, K. S., eds. Orphans of the Storm: Stories on the Partition of India. New Delhi: UBS Publishers, 1995. Collins, Larry and Dominique Lapierre. Freedom at Midnight. London: HarperCollins,

Sec4:125 Appendix

1997. Hasan, Murhirul, ed. India Partitioned: Th e Other Face of Freedom. 2 vols. New Delhi: Roli Books, 1995.

Husain, Intizar. Basti. Trans. Francis Pritchett . New Delhi: INDUS/an imprint of HarperCollins PublishersIndia, 1995.

Manto, Saadat Hasan. Kingdom’s End and Other Stories. Trans. . Delhi: Penguin, 1987. Th e majority of stories by this writer from Punjab revolve around the end of the Raj, Partition and communalism. His stories include “Th anda Gosht,” “Khol Do,” “,” “Iss Manjdhar Mein,” “Mozalle,” “Babu Gopi Nath” etc. Some of his characters became legendary.

Manto, Saadat Hasan. Partition Sketches and Stories. New Delhi: Viking, 1991.

Manto, Saadat Hasan. Black Milk: A Collection of Short Stories. Trans. Hamid Jalal. : Sang- e-Meel Publications, 1997.

Memon, M. U. An Epic Unwritt en: Th e Penguin Book of Partition Stories. New Delhi: Penguin, 1998.

Rushdie, Salman. Midnight’s Children. New York: Knopf, 1981. Salman Rushdie wrote this famous surrealistic fi ction full of satirical references to the event of partition and independence. Th e “midnight” alluded to in the title is the moment at which partition and independence became offi cial.

Singh, Khushwant. Train to Pakistan. New Delhi: Roli Books, 2006. Th is saga by Khushwant Singh was fi rst published in 1956. Singh’s version of the Partition is a social one, providing human accounts in a diverse, detailed character base where each person has unique points of view, pointing out that everyone is equally at fault and that placing blame was irrelevant. Interwoven with this point are the subtle questions of morality that Singh asks through his characters, such as whether or not the bad needs to be recognized to promote the good, and what constitutes a good deed. Th is edition contains addition photos by Margaret Bourke-White, some of which are extremely graphic.

Lahiri, Jhumpa. Interpreter of Maladies. Mariner Books/Houghton Miffl in, 1999. Jhumpa Lahiri was awarded the 2000 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for Interpreter of Maladies, a collection of short stories some of which involved the aft ermath of the partition.

Sec4:126 Appendix

Bibliography

Ahmad, Jamiluddin ed. Jinnah: Speeches and Writings Vol. II. Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 1947.

Anand, Som. Lahore: Portrait of a Lost City. Lahore: Vanguard Books Pvt. Ltd., 1998.

Ansari, Nasim. Choosing To Stay: Memoirs of and Indian Muslim, trans. Ralph Russell. New Delhi: City Press, 1999.

Butalia, Urvashi. Th e Other Side of Silence: Voices fr om the Partition of India. Durham: Duke University Press, 2000.

Butalia, Urvashi. “An Archive with a Diff erence: Partition Lett ers.” In Th e Partitions of Memory: Th e Aft erlife of the Division of India, ed. Suvir Kaul. Delhi: Permanent Black, 2001.

Anand, Som. Lahore: Portrait of a Lost City. Lahore: Vanguard Books Pvt. Ltd., 1998.

Campbell-Johnson, Alan. Mission with Mountbatt en. New York: E.P. Dutt on, 1953.

Chandar, Krishan. “: Azadi se Pahle.” In Fasadat ke Afsane, ed. Hasan Abbas Raza, 13-18. : Dost Publications, 1999.

______. “Amritsar: Azadi ke Bad.” In Fasadat ke Afsane, ed. Hasan Abbas Raza, 19-31. Islamabad: Dost Publications, 1999.

Chowdhry, B.A. “What We Lost to Taste Freedom.” In Lahore: 1947, ed. Ahmad Salim, 63-71. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2003.

Chughtai, Ismat. “Jaren.” In Fasadat ke Afsane, ed. Hasan Abbas Raza, 63-72. Islamabad: Dost Publications, 1999.

Collins, Larry and Dominique Lapierre. Freedom at Midnight. London: HarperCollins, 1997.

Das, Veena. “Specifi cities: Oral Narratives, Rumour, and the Social Production of Hate.” Social Identities Vol. 4, Issue 1 (Feb. 1998): 109-130.

Faiz, Ahmad Faiz. “Freedom’s Dawn.” In Nuskh ha-e-Vafa. Lahaur: Maktabah-yi Karvan, 1984. Gandhi, Mohandas K. Th e Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi LXXXIX: August 1, 1947- November 10, 1947. New Delhi: Th e Publications Div. Government of India, 1983. Gilmartin, David. “Partition, Pakistan, and South Asian History: In Search of a Narrative.” Th e Journal of Asian Studies Vol. 57, No. 4 (Nov., 1998): 1068-1095.

Gopal, S., and Uma Iyengar. Th e Essential Writings of Vol. I. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Sec4:127 Appendix

Hasan, Mushirul, ed. India Partitioned. Vol. 2. New Delhi: Lotus Collection, 1995.

Hasan, Mushirul.. Legacy of a Divided Nation: India’s Muslims Since Independence. Boulder: Westview Press, 1997.

Husain, Intizar. Basti. Translated by Frances W. Pritchett . New Delhi: Indus, 1995.

Jafri, Ali Sardar. My Journey: Selected Poems of Ali Sardar Jafr i, Urdu Poems with English Translation. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1999.

Jalal, Ayesha. Th e Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

______. “Conjuring Pakistan: History as Offi cial Imagining.” International Journal of Middle East Studies Vol. 27, No. 1 (Feb. 1995): 73-89.

______. Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia: A Comparative and Historical Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

______. Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850. London: Routledge, 2000.

Jalal, Ayesha, and Sugata Bose. Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy. London: Routledge, 1997.

Kamra, Sukeshi. Bearing Witness: Partition, Independence, End of the Raj. Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2002.

Kashmiri, S. “Humiliated and Harassed Th ey Left .” In India Partitioned, ed. Mushirul Hasan, 2:154- 166. New Delhi: Lotus Collection, 1995.

Khan, Yasmin. Th e Great Partition: Th e Making of India and Pakistan. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007. Kumar, Krishna. Prejudice and Pride: School Histories of the Freedom Struggle in India and Pakistan. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2002. Manto, Saadat Hasan. “Khol Do.” In Fasadat ke Afsane, ed. Hasan Abbas Raza, 9-12. Islamabad: Dost Publications, 1999.

Manto, Saadat Hasan. A Wet Aft ernoon: Stories, Sketches, Reminiscences. Trans. Khalid Hasan. Islamabad: Alhamra Publishing, 2001.

Menon, Ritu and Kamla Bhasin. Borders and Boundaries: Women in India’s Partition. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1998.

Neal, Arthur G. National Trauma and Collective Memory: Major Events in the American Century. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1998.

Sec4:128 Appendix

Pandey, Gyanendra. Remembering Partition: Violence, Nationalism and History in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Phillips, C.H., H.L. Singh and B.N. Pandey. Th e Evolution of India and Pakistan 1858-1947: Select Documents. London: Oxford University Press, 1962. Portelli, Alessandro. The Death of Luigi Trastulli and Other Stories: Form and Meaning in Oral History. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991.

Rizvi, Hasa-Askari. Military, State and Society in Pakistan. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel, 2003.

Robinson, Francis. Separatism Among Indian Muslims: Th e Politics of the United Provinces’ Muslims, 1860-1923. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974.

Seal, Anil. Th e Emergence of Indian Nationalism: Competition and Collaboration in the Later Nineteenth Century. London: Cambridge University Press, 1968.

Singh, Khushwant. Train to Pakistan with Photographs by Margaret Bourke-White. New Delhi: Roli Books Pvt. Ltd., 2006.

Tan, Tai Yong and Gyanesh Kudaisya. Th e Aft ermath of Partition in South Asia. London: Routledge, 2000. Th ompson, Paul. Th e Voice of the Past: Oral History. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History. Boston: Beacon Press, 1995.

Von Tunzelmann, Alex. Indian Summer: Th e Secret History of the End of an Empire. New York: Henry Holt and Company, LLC., 2007.

Zamindar, Wazira Fazila-Yacoobali. Th e Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.

Historic Newspapers Th e Dawn, New Delhi, India. Th e Dawn, , Pakistan. Th e Pioneer, Lucknow, India. Civil and Military Gazett e, Lahore, Pakistan.

Websites Consulted 2007 British Broadcasting Corporation htt p://www.bbc.co.uk/ Government of India, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation

Sec4:129 Appendix

htt p://mospi.nic.in/ , Statistics Division htt p://www.statpak.gov.pk/ Th e World aB nk: India htt p://www.worldbank.org.in Th e World Bank: Pakistan htt p://www.worldbank.org.pk Wikipedia htt p://www.wikipedia.org/

Sec4:130

Partition and War

Mohandas K. Gandhi Jawaharlal Nehru Mohammad Ali Jinnah Golden Temple of the Sikhs Viceroy Mountbatten Cyril Radcliffe

The Badshahi Mosque and Old City of Lahore

The Lahore Museum Map of Amritsar

Sikh Man New Delhi, India Lahore to Amritsar is 28 miles

Lahore to New Delhi is 265 miles Dallas to Houston Is 239 miles

Austin to San Marcos is 30 miles Approximately 15 million people migrated during the Partition of India in 1947-- 7.2 million people in each direction. That is the equivalent to a total migration that is double the combined populations of Houston and Austin.

In the first two weeks after Hurricane Katrina in 2005, 375,000 people migrated. This was the largest migration in America in the last 150 years.

Partition in the Classroom:

Partition in the Classroom:

Partition in the Classroom: Introduction to Oral History “Oral History… tells us less about events than about their meaning.”

Alessandro Portelli, The Death of Luigi Trastulli and Other Stories: Form and Meaning in Oral History, 50. What are we looking for?

Stories What might we find?

Trauma Stereotypes Histories Trauma

• What we feel when our lives are turned upside down • Can come from war, rape, assault • Can come from humiliation, loss, rejection • Shock to the system - soul damage Stereotypes

• Does the narrator make assumptions based on stereotypes?

• After so many years, the stories even become stereotypes -- is this a real memory or stock story?

• In some of the stories you will read, the current tensions between India and Pakistan mean that people have stereotypes of the other. How might that affect the story they tell? Histories

• People and groups have histories

• What can a group / individual history tell us about the narrator’s experience?

• In these histories, some people dig deep to prove that the Hindu-Muslim tension was always there. Others look to recent events. Still others might say that Hindus and Muslims are eternal brothers. How does their history affect their story? Are Oral Histories Reliable?

• If people are talking about themselves, and they have all this trauma, stereotypes and history, can we believe them? Two Histories in One

AA: Why was Pakistan AA: Why was Pakistan created? created?

GW: The founder of the AS: The founder wanted nation wanted to create Muslims to be able to live in peace, to live according to the a progressive, tenets of Islam without fear. democratic, secular state in which the Muslim cultural community would have the opportunity for advancement. Think about this question as you read your narrative:

Was the Partition of the Indian Subcontinent a good idea or a bad idea?

• What does your narrator think? • What do you think?

Identify three reasons why you came your decision and three pieces of evidence from your narrative to support each reason.