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Nobel Prize Laureates in Physics for 1995-1999

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Nobel Prize Laureates in Physics for 1995-1999 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE Electrical Engineering. Great Events. Famous Names UDC 621.3: 537.8: 910.4 doi: 10.20998/2074-272X.2017.1.01 M.I. Baranov AN ANTHOLOGY OF THE DISTINGUISHED ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUE. PART 36: NOBEL PRIZE LAUREATES IN PHYSICS FOR 1995-1999 Purpose. Implementation of brief analytical review of the distinguished scientific achievements of the world scientists-physicists, awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for period 1995-1999. Methodology. Scientific methods of collection, analysis and analytical treatment of scientific and technical information of world level in area of modern theoretical and experimental physics. Results. The brief analytical review of the scientific openings and distinguished achievements of scientists-physicists is resulted in area of modern physical and technical problems which were marked the Nobel bonuses on physics for period 1995-1999. Originality. Systematization is executed with exposition in the short concentrated form of the known scientific and technical materials, devoted opening of tau-lepton, experimental discovery of electronic neutrino, opening of superfluidity of liquid helium-3, creation of methods of cooling and «capture» of atoms by a laser ray, opening of new form of quantum liquid with excitations of fractional electric charge and clearing up of quantum structure of electroweak interactions of elementary particles scientists-physicists. Practical value. Popularization and deepening of scientific and technical knowledges for students, engineer and technical specialists and research workers in area of modern theoretical and experimental physics, extending their scientific range of interests and further development of scientific and technical progress in human society. References 25, figures 13. Key words: modern physics, achievements, tаu-lepton, electronic neutrino, superfluidity of liquid helium-3, cooling and «capture» of atoms, quantum liquid with excitations of fractional electric charge, quantum structure of electroweak interactions of elementary particles, review. Приведен краткий аналитический обзор выдающихся научных достижений ученых мира, отмеченных Нобелевской премией по физике за период 1995-1999 гг. В число таких достижений вошли открытие тау-лептона, экспериментальное обнаружение электронного нейтрино, открытие сверхтекучести жидкого гелия-3, создание методов охлаждения и «пленения» атомов с помощью лазерного света, открытие новой формы квантовой жидкости с возбуждениями дробного электрического заряда и прояснение квантовой структуры электрослабых взаимодействий элементарных частиц. Библ. 25, рис. 13. Ключевые слова: современная физика, достижения, тау-лептон, электронное нейтрино, сверхтекучесть жидкого гелия-3, охлаждение и «пленение» атомов, квантовая жидкость с возбуждениями дробного электрического заряда, квантовая структура электрослабых взаимодействий элементарных частиц, обзор. Introduction. The Nobel Prize has been more than a particles tau-leptons are the third generation of century is one of the most prestigious international awards microparticles [1, 2]. American experimental physicist in the world. It is awarded by the Nobel Committee of the Martin Lewis Perl (Fig. 1) working at Stanford heavy Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for outstanding duty linear electron accelerator at energies up to 21 GeV scientific research, revolutionary invention, a major with the length of the accelerator «tube» in 3200 m (USA) contribution to culture and the development of human [3] in 1975 opened a new elementary particle tau-lepton society [1]. Nobel Prize in physics, chemistry, (in other words, a «heavy» electron) [4]. This is an physiology, medicine, literature and peace were important discovery in high-energy physics and established in accordance with the will-known Swedish elementary particles confirmed the theory of «Big Bang» engineer and inventor of dynamite Alfred Nobel (1833- in the creation of the Universe [1, 5]. 1896) according to which for these purposes, and the financial support of Nobel laureates was created fund Nobel. They are handed to 1901 in the capital of Sweden – Stockholm (except for the Nobel Peace Prize award ceremony which takes place in the capital of Norway – Oslo). Traditionally, the annual awards ceremony for the winners of this prestigious award is held on the day of the death of A. Nobel – December 10th. Note that in 1968 by the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economics in memory of A. Nobel (Nobel Prize in Economics) was established [1]. The size of remuneration of the Nobel Prize, for example, in 2012, amounted to 8 million SEK (1.2 millon USD). Until 2012, this amount was considered the award of 10 million SEK. The Board of Directors of the Nobel Foundation in the summer of 2012 was forced to take a decision on the «cuts» monetary reward laureates for 20 % due to the need to «preserve the fund's capital in the Fig. 1. Prominent American experimental physicist long term» [1]. Martin Lewis Perl (1927-2014), 1. The discovery of the tau-lepton. According to Nobel Prize Laureate in physics for 1995 the classification adopted in the physics of elementary © M.I. Baranov ISSN 2074-272X. Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics. 2017. no.1 3 For this fundamental scientific result M. Pearl in the phenomenon of superfluidity in the isotope helium 4 1995 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics [4, 5]. 2 He − liquid helium-II [10]. For the «basic inventions This award he shared with other prominent American and discoveries in the field of low-temperature» physicist Frederick Reines (Fig. 2) who discovered the Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR neutrino [4, 6]. P.L. Kapitsa was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for 1978 [4, 10]. Taking into account the fundamental nature of obtained by D.M. Li, R.C. Richardson, and D.D. Osheroff scientific results, in 1996 they were awarded the Nobel Prize in physics [4, 7-9]. The discovery of superfluidity of liquid helium-3 promoted promising fundamental and applied research in many fields of physics [4, 7]. Fig. 2. Prominent American experimental physicist Frederick Reines (1918-1998), Nobel Prize Laureate in physics for 1995 2. The discovery of the neutrino. In 1930, an outstanding Austrian theoretical physicist Wolfgang Pauli (1900-1958) advanced the hypothesis of the existence of Fig. 3. Prominent American experimental physicist David such «light» of elementary particles like the electron Morris Lee, born in 1931, neutrino v according to the relevant [2] to the absolutely Nobel Prize Laureate in physics for 1996 e stable particles with no charge and rest mass [4 6]. Working in creative tandem with the renowned American experimental physicist at Los Alamos National Laboratory (New Mexico, United States) Clyde Cowan (1919-1974), F. Reines in 1956 to reverse the radioactive beta decay of atomic nuclei (β+ − decay) on the experimental nuclear reactor found in the decay products of the electron neutrino ve [6]. By the time of the award of F. Reines said Prize for 1995 K. Cowan was no longer alive. Therefore his name was not on the list of Nobel Prize winners (according to the current position of this award is only awarded to applicants living this prestigious award). 3. The discovery of superfluidity of liquid helium-3. In 1972, American physicist David Morris Lee (Fig. 3), working in the US as Professor at Cornell University, in collaboration with another Professor of this University Robert Coleman Richardson (Fig. 4) and graduate student Douglas Dean Osheroff (Fig. 5) have published research results opening at a temperature of 3 about 0.001 K of superfluidity in the isotope helium 2 He − liquid helium-3 [7-9]. Recall that in 1937 the Fig. 4. Prominent American physicist outstanding Soviet experimental physicist Peter Kapitsa Robert Coleman Richardson, (1937-2013), (1894-1984), Head of the Institute for Physical Problems Nobel Prize Laureate in physics for 1996 (IPhP) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (Moscow), with the absolute temperatures below 2.19 K was discovered a unique physical effect in the material – 4 ISSN 2074-272X. Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics. 2017. no.1 Fig. 5. Prominent American experimental physicist Douglas Dean Osheroff, born in 1945, Fig. 7. Prominent American physicist William Daniel Phillips, Nobel Prize Laureate in physics for 1996 born in 1948, Nobel Prize Laureate in physics for 1997 4. Creation of methods to cool and «capture» of matter atoms. American Research Center of Bell Laboratories in the number of Nobel Prize winners take on today's leading position in the world [11]. In this well- known scientific centers in 1983 as head of the Department of quantum electronics future Nobel Laureate Steven Chu worked (Fig. 6). While addressing the supercooling and the «capture» of atoms using laser technology, in 1985. S. Chu and his colleagues William Daniel Phillips (Fig. 7), and Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (Fig. 8) achieved great success [11-15]. Fig. 8. Prominent French physicist Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, born in 1933, Nobel Prize Laureate in physics for 1997 It is well known that in the microcosm of the atom of matter the temperature measure (molecules) or particles their kinetic energy [2, 11]. A great contribution to this energy and, respectively, in the temperature gives the translational velocity of said microscopic objects. A smaller contribution of this indicator makes the frequency of natural oscillations [2, 11]. Therefore, the faster moving and more micro-object vary, so
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