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TRUTH on the BALLOT Fraudulent News, the Midterm Elections, and Prospects for 2020

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TRUTH on the BALLOT Fraudulent News, the Midterm Elections, and Prospects for 2020 TRUTH ON THE BALLOT Fraudulent News, the Midterm Elections, and Prospects for 2020 pen.org FRAUDULENT NEWS IN MIDTERM ELECTIONS PEN AMERICA Truth on the Ballot: Fraudulent News, the Midterm Elections, and Prospects for 2020 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 INTRODUCTION 5 OVERVIEW 7 WHY FRAUDULENT NEWS IS A FREE EXPRESSION ISSUE 8 FIGHTING FRAUDULENT NEWS: KEY STAKEHOLDER INITIATIVES IN THE RUN-UP TO THE 2018 MIDTERMS 9 TECH COMPANIES 9 FACEBOOK 11 TWITTER 20 GOOGLE AND YOUTUBE 24 MAKING POLITICAL ADS MORE TRANSPARENT 26 AD ARCHIVES 29 TECH COMPANY COLLABORATION WITH U.S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES 34 GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 36 POLITICAL PARTIES 39 RISKS ON THE HORIZON 41 FRAUDULENT NEWS IN THE 2018 MIDTERM ELECTIONS: WHAT IT LOOKED LIKE 41 WHO WAS RESPONSIBLE: FOREIGN VERSUS “DOMESTICATED” DISINFORMATION 41 FRAUDULENT NEWS AND DISINFORMATION IN THE 2018 ELECTION CYCLE 45 CANDIDATE ATTACKS 45 BLURRED BOUNDARIES: DISINFORMATION, SATIRE, AND NEGATIVE ADS 49 POLITICAL MOMENTS AND FRAUDULENT NEWS 50 VOTING AND ELECTION DAY DISINFORMATION 53 RECOMMENDATIONS 55 1 FRAUDULENT NEWS IN MIDTERM ELECTIONS PEN AMERICA EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In this report, PEN America examines the steps taken by technology companies, government actors, and political parties to curb the influence of fraudulent news in the 2018 U.S. midterm elections; examines current legislative proposals to regulate political advertising transparency online; parses the role fraudulent news played in the midterm election cycle; and concludes with recommendations to stakeholders on steps to combat fraudulent news while protecting free expression rights ahead of the 2020 elections. This report builds on PEN America’s October 2017 report, Faking News: Fraudulent News and the Fight for Truth, which examined how fraudulent news is eroding truth-based civic discourse and constitutes a threat to free expression. Then, as now, PEN America defines fraudulent news as demonstrably false information that is being presented as a factual news report with the intention to deceive the public. This report focuses on examples that meet this definition and other forms of disinformation that are presented as truth with the intent to deceive. For the average American, the 2016 election cycle represented the frightening debut of fraudulent news as a malicious contribution to our national politics. Today, our society is still struggling with the implications and consequences of Russia’s 2016 disinformation campaign, as well as the efforts of disinformation actors motivated by profit or ideology. Today, the danger is that fraudulent news and disinformation will become normalized as unsavory but acceptable campaign tactics—just another part of the toolbox of hotly contested modern campaigns. Given this risk, the threat that fraudulent news poses—not only to our political processes, but to our shared foundation of objective truth—has only grown since 2016, and must be taken seriously as the 2020 election cycle begins. KEY CONCLUSIONS • Russian disinformation continues to be a salient threat to our elections, and Russian agents of disinformation are playing a ‘long game’: their focus is not merely on influencing American electoral processes, but on stoking political polarization and sowing distrust in democracy. • In the past two years, experts and observers have noted a worrying increase in instances of domestic disinformation, with American political actors utilizing fraudulent news and disinformation against political opponents. • Today, perhaps the greatest threat that fraudulent news poses is the risk that it will become a normalized part of U.S. political discourse. There is a real danger that fraudulent news may become the new normal: a distasteful, but not disqualifying political tactic. • Technology companies have made significant efforts to reduce the spread of fraudulent news, the results of which are mixed: while important advances have been made, many efforts remain insufficient, while others have caused new problems. Voluntary efforts by technology companies to ensure transparency regarding advertisements on their platforms have so far proven insufficient to prevent their manipulation. • Micro-targeting capabilities on the platforms have weaponized disinformation, so that what might once have passed muster as simply a hard-edged campaign message in the public arena can now move with stealthy, laser-like efficiency to reach sub-segments of voters while remaining invisible to the wider public or opposing campaigns. • While both human and automated content review are subject to bias, some combination of the two is likely the most reasonable approach. It is imperative that the platforms that host such a vast 2 FRAUDULENT NEWS IN MIDTERM ELECTIONS PEN AMERICA portion of our political discourse supplement their current tools with greater numbers of qualified, trained, and sufficiently supported personnel to evaluate content, exercise judgment, and adapt to fast-changing threats. • Fraudulent news and disinformation in the 2018 midterm election cycle tended to have one of a few objectives: attacking individual candidates, dampening turnout or stoking distrust in the voting process, or amplifying a desired narrative about a particular political event. Key examples of the latter included disinformation regarding the confirmation hearing of Supreme Court Justice Brett M. Kavanaugh and the contingent of Central American migrants that moved towards the U.S. in the fall of 2018. • During elections, individual candidates, political parties, and party committees have a critical and fundamental role in protecting the integrity of our civic discourse and the public’s ability to make informed decisions about who will represent them. • Empowered consumers of information are society’s best defense against the scourge of fraudulent news and attempts to undermine the role of truth in our society. Efforts to equip citizens to distinguish truth from falsehoods and make informed political decisions are therefore critical to curbing the impact of fraudulent news. EFFORTS TO COMBAT FRAUDULENT NEWS Since the fallout from the 2016 elections, technology companies have taken a series of steps designed to blunt the impact of fraudulent news. PEN America’s report examines the actions of three major platforms: Facebook (which additionally owns Instagram), Twitter, and Google (of which YouTube is a subsidiary). All the platforms face the seemingly contradictory pressures of removing fraudulent information while also protecting free expression and avoiding the role of unaccountable global censor. Platforms have generally responded with actions including: revisions to their algorithms; partnerships with third-party fact-checkers and other civic initiatives; increased transparency regarding their advertisements and advertising policies; new waves of account shutdowns for non-compliance with Terms and Conditions; and more active collaboration with political campaigns and the government to proactively combat fraudulent news. The question of whether these new efforts have been successful in stemming the tide of fraudulent news remains unanswered. While several studies have encouragingly indicated that these new tactics have had some success, others argue any self- congratulation is premature. One key question involves when and how Facebook, Twitter, or Google chooses to shut down the account of a user disseminating fraudulent news or exhibiting behavior indicating the account is ‘inauthentic’. Account shutdowns are widely seen as the most effective and direct way to stop purveyors of fraudulent information, but as a tactic they also represent the most significant risk to the free speech of a platform’s users. Given these dueling concerns, companies must exercise a remarkable amount of care and consistency in both the formulation and the application of their criteria for shutting down accounts, and must ensure appeal mechanisms are clear and accessible. Additionally, tech company collaboration with government actors offers a proactive means for addressing fraudulent news, but also carries risks to user privacy and free expression. At a minimum, increased transparency around these initiatives is imperative, and social media platforms must be as open as they can with users about what type of information they might share with government bodies and how they decide what to share and when. PEN America’s report examines the issue of ad transparency in depth. Google, Twitter, and Facebook all sell political ads, and in 2016 foreign agents used these platforms’ ad services to spread disinformation, sow dissension, and suppress voter turnout. In response, all three companies have 3 FRAUDULENT NEWS IN MIDTERM ELECTIONS PEN AMERICA created their own searchable ad databases, a major effort at increasing the transparency of advertising on their platforms. Even so, critics argue that this is no substitute for legislative solutions like the Honest Ads Act or the For the People Act. While PEN America views legislative solutions to fraudulent news with caution, there are several elements of such proposals that PEN America believes represent positive steps forward. In particular, increased transparency regarding who funds political ads is a vital step towards enabling users to make informed decisions. Currently, there are a collection of examples where platforms have failed to adequately enforce their existing ad transparency rules, suggesting that current transparency efforts remain insufficient. At the same time, there is the danger of overly aggressive action that
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