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Merging Traditional Knowledge and Science

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Merging Traditional Knowledge and Science merging traditional knowledge and science Arguably one of the world’s most endearing and charismatic marine creatures, the dugong has deep cultural value to traditional owners in the State’s north-west. A CSIRO study being carried out in partnership with Indigenous rangers in the Kimberley is merging traditional knowledge with science to gain a better understanding of the ecology of this magnificent species to help guide their future management. by Peter Bayliss, Marlee Hutton, Jo Myers and the Balanggarra, Wunambal Gaambera (Uunguu), Dambimangari and Bardi Jawi North Kimberley ranger groups he dugongs (Dugong dugon) of northern Australia and the Torres T Strait have a well-deserved recognition factor: they are an important species in coastal marine ecosystems; have ‘iconic’ conservation status; and they have high cultural value within Indigenous coastal communities. Despite this, they are listed as ‘vulnerable’ because populations throughout the world and the seagrass habitats on which they depend have declined due to human impacts. SCIENCE MEETS TRADITIONAL Dugongs have important cultural and to remedy this, and to support current KNOWLEDGE social values for Indigenous communities Indigenous management and monitoring ‘Balguja’ – as they’re called by the living in coastal areas of the Kimberley of Indigenous Protected Areas (IPAs) and Wunambal Gaambera saltwater people in and, indeed, right across northern their Healthy Country Planning process, the North Kimberley – are found in shallow Australia and Torres Strait. While dugong a three-year Western Australian Marine coastal waters in protected bays, nearly hunting provides a valuable source of Science Institution (WAMSI) project was always where you find extensive seagrass protein in isolated regions where fresh started in 2013 by CSIRO researchers habitat. All of these suitable dugong areas food is difficult to obtain, its cultural value to form long-term partnerships with in the Kimberley occur in ‘Sea Country’ is beyond bush tucker. Cultural dugong Indigenous rangers in the Kimberley, to and, in the north-west of WA generally, and marine turtle harvests help maintain share knowledge and skills in the gathering within the area that incorporates the North family relations and social structure, and of data on dugong distribution, abundance Kimberley (currently excluding intertidal they have important deep ceremonial, and movements. This information will waters), Lalang-garram / Camden spiritual and community purposes. help guide future conservation and marine Sound, Lalang-garram /Horizontal Falls, The knowledge held by Indigenous planning efforts as development pressures Nagulagun / Roebuck Bay, Eighty Mile communities about dugongs, including in the region inevitably increase. Beach, Montebello Islands, Ningaloo, observations about seasonal changes in and Shark Bay marine parks. In fact, the their distribution, has been gathered over WORKING TOGETHER coastal waters of north-western Australia, many generations. However, until recently, As a first step, CSIRO scientist spanning from the Kimberley, through the limited information on the distribution and Dr Peter Bayliss developed a research Pilbara to Shark Bay, are home to one of abundance of dugongs in the Kimberley and partnership with the Balanggarra, the largest remaining stable populations in their dependent seagrass habitat has been Wunambal Gaambera (Uunguu), the world. documented in modern science. In an effort Dambimangari and Bardi Jawi people in the North Kimberley, who had already articulated their aspirations to better Dugongs manage dugongs through the merger of scientific and traditional knowledge Dugongs are shy in nature but their location is systems as reflected in the following often given away by the plumes of disturbed mud passage from the Wunambal Gaambera and sand they create as they use their horseshoe- shaped mouth to forage for seagrass. They are primarily herbivores, but when seagrass is scarce they Previous page occasionally eat jelly fish and other invertebrates. Main Dugong at Shark Bay. They are light brown with a rotund body. Adults Photo – Jess Hadden can grow up to three metres long and weigh more than 400 kilograms. They have a flattened fluked tail Above Plumes of disturbed mud and sand like a dolphin but, unlike dolphins, they do not have often indicate the presence of foraging dugongs. a fin on the upper back. They also have paddle-like Photo – Kelvin Aitken/MarineThemes.com flippers and a distinctive head shape with a blunt face. Their nostrils are near the front of the head. Left Dugongs can grow to three metres. Photo – Karen Willshaw/OceanwideImages.com 42 LANDSCOPE Figure 1 Dugong abundance ‘hotspots’ in the North Kimberley ● Kalumburu 0 100 200 kilometres Legend ● Derby maps to be created 20m (water depth) ● Broome 1 (low abundance) 2 3 4 (intermediate abundance) 5 6 ● Wallal 7 Above An intensive aerial survey training 8 (high abundance) ● Port Hedland course was held for rangers taking part in the study. Photo – Peter Bayliss, TJ Lawson and Glenn Dunshea/CSIRO Figure 2 Important dugong areas Above right The abundance scale is relative, ranging from zero to the maximum number sighted, with red colours indicating the ● Kalumburu areas with the highest numbers and the blue colours indicating the lowest. Right Identifying important dugong areas in the Kimberley using a ‘Bayesian’ likelihood map of dugong occurrence that combines traditional ecological knowledge (cultural hunting sites), a ‘first pass’ map of seagrass extent derived from Landsat satellite imagery and the results of the 2015 aerial survey. 0 50 100 kilometres Healthy Country Plan– Looking after Legend Wunambal Gaambera Country 2010–2020: WA coastal waters “We need to find out more about > 0 to 0.25 0.25 to 0.50 mangguru (marine turtles), balguja ● Derby 0.50 to 0.75 (dugongs) and other saltwater animals 0.75 to 1.00 including diigu (birds). We need to know more about where they travel, their habitats in our country and how to look after them. Working together with other changes in the distribution and abundance at Garmbemirri ranger station, and was saltwater traditional owner groups across of those wildlife species that can be hosted by Wunambal Gaambera Aboriginal northern Australia using our traditional detected, including marine mammals at Corporation. Then cultural maps of knowledge, doing surveys, tagging and the water’s surface. Aerial surveys were important dugong areas were combined looking after saltwater animals, fish, diigu undertaken with Indigenous rangers with a water depth (bathymetry) map and and their habitats, will help us keep these between September and October 2015, a map of the extent of seagrass derived animals healthy in our country as well as and resulted in the first baseline assessment from satellite images. This sharing of keeping our saltwater traditions strong.” of the distribution and abundance of knowledge enabled the costly survey effort SEARCHING FOR ANSWERS dugongs in the North Kimberley using to be focussed on culturally important standardised survey methods. Before the areas and areas of extensive seagrass most FROM THE AIR start of the survey, an intensive four-day likely to have dugongs. Aerial surveying is the conventional aerial survey training course was run for The results of this survey showed that scientific method used to map and monitor Kimberley rangers on the survey team dugong abundance was very patchy across LANDSCOPE 43 “... the results highlight the importance of this magnificent stretch of coastline to dugongs and other marine wildlife, such as turtles, dolphins, crocodiles and sea snakes.” Above Lalang-garram / Horizontal Falls the North Kimberley, with distinct areas time. Collecting animal observation data Marine Park, Talbot Bay, Dambimangari sea of high (‘hotspots’) and low (‘coldspots’) over a short timeframe, even when using country. abundances (see Figure 1, see page 43). standardised science-based methods, Above right Researchers bring the dugong to The overall density estimates found can still result in uncertainties due to the side of the boat to measure and tag it. were similar to those in other regions of differences in seasonal conditions at the Photos – Jarrad Holmes northern Australia that also have large time and how these may affect how many areas of seagrass habitat in clear shallow animals are seen where and when. As coastal waters, generally less than such, combining Indigenous knowledge Explore 20 metres deep. A very strong relationship of dugong ecology accumulated over was found between estimates of dugong millennial time-scales across all seasonal For more information about conditions with scientific survey data dugongs and other marine abundance and the extent of seagrass, species, download Parks and Wildlife which can be used to assess the future paints a more comprehensive picture. This Service’s Marine Parks WA app. This health of both dugong populations and approach, which is known as a ‘Bayesian’ handy app includes their seagrass habitats. approach, recognises alternative a section on how to With a study like this, it is necessary for knowledge domains and also allows for ‘Explore Marine Parks’ researchers to adjust the results to correct continual knowledge updates necessary to where users can toggle the inevitable underestimation errors that underpin adaptive management programs. between the app and occur by using the best available scientific Figure 2 (see page 43) illustrates a Apple Maps to plan their knowledge obtained over
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