Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11146-2 — the Archaeology of the Bronze Age Levant Raphael Greenberg Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11146-2 — The Archaeology of the Bronze Age Levant Raphael Greenberg Index More Information

INDEX

Abil al-Qamh (Abel Bet Ma‘acah), 217, 232 Azekah, Tel (Tell Zakariya), 326 Abu Hawam, Tell, 330–331, 334 Azor, 26, 28, 34, 50–51, 54, 165 Abu al-Kharaz, Tell, 47–48, 55, 65, 72, 75–76, 94, 225, 263, 277 Bab edh-Dhra‘, 9, 28, 35–36, 40–42, 50, 75, 86, 93, Abu an-Niaj, Tell, 138, 141, 150 96–97, 108, 112, 145–146, 165 Abydos, 45, 58 Badia, 29 Afeq, Tel, 75, 193, 197, 204, 206, 209–212, 302, Balua‘, 326 305–307 Banat, Tell (Syria), 168, 258 Afridar. See Ashqelon Bareqet, Tel, 72, 75, 78, 81, 84, 94 Afula, 117, 151, 197 Barnea. See Ashqelon ‘Ai (et-Tell), 50, 75, 103, 109, 114–115, 145, 176, 238 Barqai, 256 ‘Ain Ghazal, 15 Basta, 15 ‘Ain Samiya, 145, 165, 171, 189, 197, 256 Batash, Tel, 278, 280, 321–323, 326 silver cup, 164, 175–176 Batrawy, Khirbat al-, 96–97, 103, 105, 109 ‘Ain Zurekiya, 219 Battir (Khirbat al-Yahudiya), 242 ‘Ajjul, Tell el-, 8, 144, 165–166, 197, 225, 228, Be’er Resisim, 123, 159–161 245–247, 250, 252, 259–261, 263–264, 276, Beirut, 8, 189, 209, 283 302, 335, 337 Beit Mirsim, Tell, 8, 217, 225, 252, 260–261, 326 Akhziv, Tel, 225, 235 Bet Dagan, 165 Akko, Tel, 189, 208–209, 215, 235, 330, 332 Bet Shean, Tel (Tell el-Husn), 8, 26, 28, 47, 55, 57, Persian Garden, 331, 333, 339 64, 96–97, 117, 141, 145, 165, 193, 225, 256, Alalakh, 234, 272, 317 263, 278–280, 284, 289, 291–297, 300, 302, ‘Alawina, Khirbat (‘Alona), 242 309, 338, 344 Albright, William Foxwell, 1, 10, 117, 137, 174, Bet Shemesh, Tel (‘Ain Shams), 225, 321–323, 326, 217 334 ‘Amal, Tel, 165, 171 Bet Yerah, Tel (Kh. el-Kerak), 34, 36, 42, 46–47, Amarna letters, 274, 288, 300, 323, 329–330 54–56, 65, 71, 74–75, 78, 81–83, 86, 88, 91, 93, Amiran, Ruth, 85, 138 96–97, 100, 102–103, 110–111, 114–121, 126, Amman, 11, 340 139, 144, 156, 170, 194, 196 airport, 321, 326, 328, 335, 339 Bethel (Beitin), 243 Amorite, Amorites, 159, 174, 181, 187–188, 187, 228, biblical archaeology, 1–2, 8, 10, 12 236, 311, 338 Biqa‘, 4, 6, 11, 29, 139, 141, 157–158, 165, 189, 225, anthropoid cofﬁns, 289, 294, 297–299, 304, 325, 338 232, 251, 263, 283, 286, 288, 301, 347 Arabah Valley, 4, 29, 34–35, 38, 56, 90, 123, 142, Bosra, 225, 232, 254 162, 167, 226, 253, 308 bronze Arad, 28, 61, 72, 75, 77, 79–81, 83–85, 88, 90–91, 94 craft, 2, 104, 116, 193, 203, 226, 240, 344 Arqa, Tell, 72, 74, 96, 124–126, 139, 141, 146, 189, cymbals, 322, 331 193, 197, 205, 283, 345 drinking straws, 323 Ashdod, Tel (Isdud), 225, 250, 343 ﬁttings, 248 Asherat, 93 mirrors, 198, 331, 333 Ashqelon, 32, 34, 38, 45 plaques, 193, 310–312, 314, 325, 331 Tel, 208–209, 212–215, 219, 221, 244, 250, 257, statuettes, 201–203, 231, 250, 301, 311–312, 314, 343 316, 322, 329, 332 Assawir, 30, 46, 50–51, 56, 93, 165 tools, 105 Avdon, Tel, 235 tribute, 185, 233

409

410 Index

bronze (cont.) ingots, 153, 160, 163, 167 vessels, 202, 297, 299, 305, 332, 335, 339 pins, 170 weapons, 170, 192, 197–199, 201, 204–205, 207, tools, 30, 35, 38, 47–48, 62, 91, 154, 160, 168 210, 243, 301, 303, 323, 328, 331, 333, 355 weapons, 62, 115, 154, 160, 167, 170, 176, 321 weights, 331 crisis architecture, 317 Bronze Age, deﬁnition, 2–3, 20 cuneiform. See literacy Burak, Tell el-, 183, 189, 217–218, 221, 225 Cyprus, 8, 220–221, 263, 274, 276, 286, 316, 330, Burga, Tel, 209, 215, 225, 234 342, 345 burials, 15, 17 Early Bronze IA, 39–42 Dab‘a, Tell ed-, 181, 183, 197, 199, 213, 221, 245, Early Bronze IB, 50–52 262 Early Bronze II, 93–94 Dalit, Tel, 75, 77 Early Bronze III, 97, 112–113, 123 Dan (Tell el-Qadi), 74, 96, 101, 141, 145, 189, Intermediate Bronze Age, 140, 145, 164–173, 176 208–209, 215, 217, 232, 335, 337–338 Middle Bronze Age warrior burials, 197–200 Dayr ‘Ayn Abata, 254 Middle Bronze I, 190–193, 215, 219, 228 Deir ‘Alla, Tell, 225, 321, 326–327 Middle Bronze II, 233, 240–241, 255–262 Deir el-Balah, 289, 298–300, 302, 309, 338–340 Late Bronze Age, 281, 297–298, 301, 304–305, Dhahr Mirzbaneh. See ‘Ain Samiya 331, 336–341 dolmens, 52, 141, 165, 167, 193, 340 Transitional Bronze-Iron Age, 345 Dominus Flevit. See Jerusalem, Mount of Olives Burna, Tel (Tell Burnat), 326 Dor, Tel, 345 Buto, 58 Dothan, Tel, 96, 225 Byblos, 9, 12, 28, 42, 50, 70, 74, 95–96, 122, 124, drink 126, 137, 141, 145, 147, 186, 189, 198, 200–203, beverage consumption, 88, 156, 168, 190, 202, 209, 220, 222, 225, 259–260, 300, 330 235, 248, 323–324, 332 drinking vessels, 36, 147–148, 151, 155, 157, 172, ceramics 192, 200, 202, 226, 228, 235, 324, 327 Black Wheelmade ware, 155, 157 Chocolate-on-White, 263, 277–278, 282, 347 Ebla, 2, 127, 137, 164, 174, 176, 201, 247 Cypriot, 212, 219, 221, 246, 257, 263, 276–277, Efrata, 165, 172, 189 279–282, 284, 322–324, 329, 332–335, 347 Egypt Early Bronze IA, 35–37 First Dynasty, 72, 88, 91 Early Bronze IB, 52–55 First Intermediate Period, 138, 162 Early Bronze II, 86–93 Hyksos, 180–181, 222, 244, 247, 250, 262, 264 Early Bronze III, 113, 117–120 Middle Kingdom, 182, 185–187, 200, 222, 226, Egyptian, 59–60, 289, 292, 294–298, 306 261 Gray Burnished, 26, 29, 36, 54, 58 New Kingdom empire, 287–289, 299–300, Intermediate Bronze Age, 139, 154–158 309–310 See Bet Shean, Deir el-Balah, Jaffa, Khirbet Kerak ware, 117–121 Tell el-Far‘ah (South), Tell es-Sa‘idiya, Afeq, Late Bronze I, 276, 280, 282, 284 Tell esh-Sharia‘ Late Bronze II, 322, 324, 327, 335, 340, 347–348 Old Kingdom, 91, 124–125, 219 Levantine Metallic ware, 55, 86–88, 91, 124–125 predynastic, 19–21, 25, 43 Levantine Painted ware, 204–205 predynastic colony in SW Canaan, 57–64 Middle Bronze I, 192, 194, 196, 206, 212 ‘Ein el-Hilu, 141, 149–150, 157 Middle Bronze II, 226–228 Ekron, 343 Tell el-Yahudiya ware, 196, 213, 221, 228, 249, ‘En Besor, 45, 60, 65 282 ‘En Hanaziv, 55 Chalcolithic (Ghassulian/Beersheba) period, 15–18, ‘En Shadud, 45, 47 28–29 ‘En Yahav, 163 climate and climate change, 7, 15, 25, 76, 139, 174, ‘En Zippori, 48 183–184, 275 ‘En Ziq, 123, 159–162 collective ethos ‘Enan, 170–171 collective burials, 50, 112, 148, 166, 168–169, 215, Erani, Tel (Sheikh al-‘Areini), 28, 44, 60, 62, 120, 128 258, 339–340 Erani C horizon, 44–45, 52, 58 collective ideology, 19, 26, 52, 94, 113, 154, Eshta’ol Junction, 45 170–171, 188, 285, 341, 347 Execration, 185–187, 397 collective labor, 30, 34, 43–44, 50, 56, 109, 148, Execration Texts, 185–187 154, 209, 211, 236–237, 286, 355 commodities, 3, 35, 56, 60, 70–71, 75, 86, 91, 94, Fadous-Kfarabida, Tell, 74, 96, 104, 116–117, 130, 164, 192, 204, 221, 235, 329, 332, 344, 346, 124–125 354, 356 Far‘ah, Tell el- (North), 26, 50–51, 54, 75, 78, copper, 17, 28, 32, 34, 38, 56, 61, 81, 91, 123, 153, 80–81, 93–94, 225 162–163, 167, 185, 253, 308 Far‘ah, Tell el- (South), 8, 225, 245, 249–250, 256, Cypriot, 221, 309 302, 304, 325, 338–339, 345, 348 ﬁttings, 170, 248 feasting. See food consumption

Index 411

Fifa(cemetery), 41 Jerusalem, 1, 10–11, 151, 189, 225, 228, 236–238, food 242–243, 251, 253, 263, 321, 326, 328, 339 consumption, 20, 82, 84, 88, 107, 118–119, 148, Mount of Olives, 328, 339 162, 190, 194, 203, 242, 248–249, 258, 289, Nahalat Ahim, 328 295–296, 298, 306, 320, 323 Jib, el-, 165, 189, 256 production, 14, 20, 28, 32, 34–35, 55, 75, Jordan Valley 150–151, 161, 215, 240, 354 ceramic traditions, 52, 91, 113, 139, 156–157, 182, 196, 204, 227, 263, 281, 286, 347 Gadot, 40, 93 settlement, 15, 45, 50, 74–75, 118, 122, 140–141, Gat. See Saﬁ, Tell es- 148–150, 188, 190–200, 215, 228, 283–284, Gat-Hefer, Tel, 100 309, 327, 342, 344 Gaza, 59, 288 Gesher, 190–194, 196–197, 199 Kabri, Tel, 46, 183, 189, 193, 225, 228, 233–236, Gezer (Tell el-Jizr), 8, 50, 225, 252, 338, 340 244, 251, 253, 257, 263, 265 Gibeon. See Jib, el- Kamid el-Loz, 12, 225, 232, 251, 288, 300–302, 338 gifts, 3, 17, 35, 58, 61, 85, 88, 91, 116, 203, 220–221, Katarat as-Samra, 328 286, 301, 316, 318, 323, 329, 336, 346–347 Kazel, Tell, 189 Gilgal, 15 Keisan, Tel, 345 Giloh, 328 Kenyon, Kathleen M., 11, 66, 138, 165, 174, 236, Golan (Jaulan), 6, 15, 74, 88, 90, 94, 96, 122, 165, 252 193, 340 Kfar Monash, 61 gold, 200–202, 233, 246, 276, 301, 318, 324–325, Kirmil, 165, 171 328, 331, 335, 340 Kitan, Tel, 47, 51, 53–54, 65, 194, 285 ground stone, 32, 37, 47, 55, 86, 148, 150, 152–153, Kuﬁn, Khirbat, 189, 197 240 Kumidi. See Kamid el-Loz

Hagosherim, 165, 193, 196 Labwe, 74, 80, 141 Halif, Tel, 28, 45, 60, 65, 96, 104 Lachish (Tell ed-Duweir), 8, 144, 146, 165, 225, 252, Hamra Ifdan, Khirbet, 123, 163 256, 263, 278–279, 281, 284, 302, 321, Handaquq, Tell (South), 96, 100 324–327, 335, 340, 345 Haqirya cemetery (Tel Aviv), 50, 189 Lawiyeh (Leviah), 74, 96, 101 Har Haruvim, 91 Leja, 6, 29, 34 Har Yeroham, 152–153, 159, 161–162 Levant Harasim, Tel, 326 connectivity, 3, 7, 174, 222, 224, 272 Haror, 247–249 deﬁnition, 3–4 Haror, Tel (Tell Abu Hureyra), 225, 245, 250–252, geography of, 4–7 284, 302 history of excavations, 8–12 Hauran, 6, 35, 122, 141, 164, 189, 225, 232, 254 trajectories, 12, 15, 96, 124, 136, 144, 200, 262, Hayyat, Tell el-, 141, 183, 193–195, 203 309, 341 Hazor (Tell el-Qedah), 10, 74, 96–97, 117, 141, 145, literacy, 232 189, 225, 228–233, 244, 251, 253, 264, 278, alphabetic inscriptions, 222–224, 324 284, 310–318, 320–321, 328, 334–336, 345, cuneiform tablets, 232–233, 244, 300, 306, 347–348 320–321, 328 Hazorea‘, 150, 168–169, 256 grafﬁti, 60, 72, 324 Hesi, Tell el-, 8–9, 96, 104, 302 hieratic inscriptions, 302, 325, 343 Holyland Hotel (cemetery), 241 linear inscriptions, 327 Horshim, 170 scribes, 306, 342 Hujeyrat el-Ghuzlan, 39 lithics, 37–38, 55 Hula Valley, 29–30, 40, 74–75, 94, 113, 123, 141, Liverani, Mario, 286 158, 189, 232 Lod, 60, 65

Ifshar, Tell el-, 183, 204–205, 220 Ma‘abarot, 50, 165 Iktanu, Tell, 150 Ma‘adi, 20, 58, 128 ‘Illin Tahtit, 46 Madaba, 340 Iskandar, Khirbat, 148, 151–152, 158 Magass, Tell el-, 39 Malha. See Manahat Jaffa, 288, 291–292, 300, 332 Malhata, Tel, 226, 254 Jamous, Tell, 189 Manahat, 241, 243–244, 328 Jawa, 28, 32, 225, 254 Mardikh, Tell. See Ebla Jebel el-Mutawwaq, 32 Mari, 215, 232 Jebel Qa‘aqir, 153, 164–165, 172 maritime trade, 95, 124, 137, 164, 185, 190, 201, 206, Jemmeh, Tell, 8, 225, 249, 302 219–222, 225–226, 329–334, 345 Jericho (Tell es-Sultan), 8, 11, 15, 45, 47, 50, 75, 93, markets, 3, 56, 79, 81–82, 86, 91, 101, 127, 163, 330 96–97, 112, 114, 126, 145, 165, 167, 169, 183, Mash’abei Sadeh, 159, 162 189, 197–198, 225, 228, 252, 256, 259 Masos, Tel (Khirbet el-Mshash), 226, 254

412 Index

Maz‘arib, 150 Rogem Be’erotayim, 161 Me‘ona, Tel, 77 Rukeis, Tell er-, 254 Megadim, 47 Rumeida, Tell er-, 96, 103, 225, 236, 244 Megiddo (Tell el-Mutesellim), 6, 8, 26, 28, 43, 46, 48–50, 55–56, 61, 64, 71, 92, 96–97, 106, 108, Sa‘idiya, Tell es-, 65, 75, 86, 94, 304–305, 338–339 111, 115, 126, 141, 145, 150, 165, 168, 189, 193, Safi, es- (cemetery), 41 209, 216, 225, 251, 253, 256, 260, 278, 284, Safi, Tell es-, 96–97, 100, 116–117, 326, 343, 345 315–318, 334, 337, 340, 344–345, 347 Sakan, Tell es-, 59, 64–65, 96–97, 104, 126, 144 Mevorakh, Tel, 204, 217, 278, 280, 284 Sakka, Tell, 232 Mezudat Har Zayyad,̣ 162 Sarepta, 283, 330, 345 _ Minshat Abu Omar, 45 scarabs. See seals and seal-impressions Miqne, Tel (Tell el-Muqqaneh), 343 seals and seal-impressions, 15, 19–20, 51, 54, 60, 63, Mit Rahina inscription, 185–186, 214 88, 92, 116–117, 124, 198, 202, 212, 219, 222, Mor, Tel, 263, 281, 284, 307 239, 243, 247, 249, 256, 260–262, 281–282, Moza, 28, 170 297, 301, 304–305, 312, 318, 322–323, 331 Murhan, 141, 151 senses and sensory environment, 14, 18, 36, 117, 213, 234, 249, 257, 320, 336 Na‘ama, Tel (Tell en-Na‘ameh), 147, 197, 232 Serabit el-Khadim, 198, 222–223 Nahal Boqer, 162 Sha‘ar Hagolan, 139, 144, 148–149, 156–157 Nahal Nizzana, 160 Shalem, Tel, 48, 64 Nahal Refa’im, 149, 151, 238–244 Sharaya, 34, 225, 254 Nahal Rimmonim, 141 Sharia‘, Tell esh- (Tel Sera‘), 245, 249, 302, 307, 325 Nahal Tavor (cemetery), 93 Sharuhen, 180, 244, 247 Nahal Tillah. See Halif, Tel Shechem (Tell Balata), 8, 189, 225, 236, 243, 285, Nahariya, 202–203 335, 345, 347 Nahr el-Kalb, 300 Sheikh Sa‘ad, 300 Najila, Tell el-(Tel Nagila), 120, 225, 246, 249–250, Shihab, Tell esh-, 300 252 Shiloh (Tell Seilun), 225, 236, 243, 251, 321, 326, Nami, Tel, 220, 225, 330, 332, 339 328 Narmer, 58, 60, 62 Shimron, Tel, 189 Negev Highlands, 6, 75, 94, 113, 139, 142, 152, 159, shrines and temples 162, 164–165, 167, 226 Chalcolithic, 17 Neolithic period, 14–15 Early Bronze, 43, 45, 48–49, 56–57, 61, 70, Netiv Hagdud, 15 79–80, 85, 107–110, 115, 124, 127, 130, 154, 176 Nimrin, Tell, 225 Intermediate Bronze, 154 Nizzanim, 28 Late Bronze, 278–279, 281–282, 284–285, 291, Numayra, Tell and Wadi, 56, 96–97, 100 293, 297, 301–302, 307–308, 310–318, 324–326, 331–332, 336, 342, 344, 346–347 palaces and manor houses Middle Bronze, 180, 193–194, 200–203, 213–214, Early Bronze Age, 79, 85, 99, 105–107 226, 230–232, 236, 238–239, 241, 243, Late Bronze Age, 278, 286, 301, 305–306, 247–249, 251–253, 258 311–312, 317–321, 323, 334, 346 Shuna, Tell esh-, 46–47, 56, 64, 117 Middle Bronze Age, 209, 211, 217, 230, 234–235, Shuni, 189, 193, 204 243, 251–252 Sidon, 28, 30, 32, 42, 93, 96, 116, 124, 189, 193, 197, Palmahim Quarry, 47, 56 206, 220, 225, 261, 330, 340 Pella, 9, 11, 48, 72, 194, 209, 215–216, 251, 278, 281, silver, 51, 174–175, 185, 200–204, 231, 233, 243, 276, 284, 292, 339 301, 312, 320, 331, 335 Petrie, W.M. Flinders, 8, 222, 245–246, 276, 302 Sinai, 39, 95, 142, 158, 174 Petura, 45 alphabetic inscriptions, 222–223 Poleg, Tel, 219, 225 northern, 35, 45, 58, 62–63, 129, 142, 159, 190, 245, 289 Qashish, Tel (Tell Qasis), 47, 75, 77, 81, 96, 219 southern, 75, 80, 88, 90, 94 Qasile West, 189 Site H, 26 Qatna, 214, 234, 258, 317 Small Tel Malhata, 61 Qedesh cave, 172 social debts and obligations, 14, 18, 56, 155, 168, Qiryat Ata, 45, 47, 74, 76, 81–82, 94 172, 188, 203, 207, 236, 265, 286 Qiryat Shemona, 215, 217, 232 subsistence. See food production Qishron, Horbat, 151 Qishyon, Tel, 117 Ta‘anakh (Tell Ta‘anek), 8, 225, 318, 320 Qubur al-Walaydah, 302 Taur Ikhbeineh, 28, 35 Tel ‘Ashir, 154 Rafid, 141 Tel Halif Terrace. See Halif, Tel Ramat Hanadiv, 167 Te‘o, Tel, 28, 30 Rehov, Tel, 193, 197, 256, 321, 344 textiles, 81, 100, 127, 137, 150, 164, 174, 180, 232, Rishon Le-Zion (cemetery), 189, 256, 262 234, 259, 287, 295, 330, 336

Index 413

Thera, 234, 276 Intermediate Bronze Age, 140, 148–154, 172, 175 pumice, 264, 276–277 Late Bronze Age, 284, 326, 328, 343 volcanic eruption, 184, 234, 264, 275–276 Middle Bronze I, 189–190, 193–194, 206 Three-Age system, 1–2 Middle Bronze II, 225, 235, 238–244, 251, 256, Timna, 38, 56, 308–309 264 Timnian culture, 25, 75, 132, 153, 158, 161, 255 Transitional Bronze-Iron, 343–345 Tiwal ash-Sharqi, 141, 150, 165–166 traction complex, 34–35, 42, 76, 122, 240, 354 Wadi Feinan, 38, 56, 90–91, 123, 163 Tur‘an, 228 Wadi al-Hammah (cemetery), 141, 165 Tura, at-, 300 Wadi Makukh cave, 39 Tyre, 74, 141, 283, 300, 330, 345 Wadi Zimra, 242 Walajeh, 241–243 Ugarit (Ras Shamra), 272, 306, 329, 331–332, warfare, 99, 187–188, 198, 286, 346, 355 334 Uluburun shipwreck, 329, 334–335 Yadin, Yigael, 10, 62, 176, 278, 314, 328 Um Hammad, Tell, 46, 52, 141, 147, 149 Yaqush, Tel, 97, 117 Umbashi, Khirbat, 116, 141, 225 Yarmuth, Tel, 72, 75, 78, 96–97, 99–100, 104–106, Umeiri, Tell el-, 9, 96 111, 114, 116, 126, 144, 146 Umm ed-Dananir, 340 Yavneh-Yam, 209, 215 Umm el-Marra, 258 Yehud, 165 urbanism and urbanization, 2, 18, 20, 25, 37, 44, Yiftah’el, 28, 30, 32, 34 70–71, 79–83, 95, 111, 113, 123, 127–131, 221, Yin‘am, Tel, 348 226, 229–230, 236–238, 244–245, 251–253, Yoqne‘am, Tel, 189, 209, 219, 225, 263, 278–279, 257–258, 264, 284, 311, 343, 354, 356 344 Uruk Mesopotamia, 18–19, 25, 29, 43 Zahrat adh-Dhra‘, 226, 254–255 villages, 15, 17, 24, 28, 95, 128–129, 180, 286, 354 Zeraqun, Khirbet ez-, 74, 77, 86, 96–97, 101–102, Early Bronze IA, 29–35 105, 107, 116, 127 Early Bronze IB, 43, 46–47, 55–58, 64–65 Zeror, Tel, 209 Early Bronze II, 72–76, 94 Zohar ascent, 91 Early Bronze III, 97, 121 Zuckerman, Sharon, 230, 278, 316–317