Problem Solving with Programming Course Material
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Technical Report TR-2020-10
Simulation-Based Engineering Lab University of Wisconsin-Madison Technical Report TR-2020-10 CryptoEmu: An Instruction Set Emulator for Computation Over Ciphers Xiaoyang Gong and Dan Negrut December 28, 2020 Abstract Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) allows computations over encrypted data. This technique makes privacy-preserving cloud computing a reality. Users can send their encrypted sensitive data to a cloud server, get encrypted results returned and decrypt them, without worrying about data breaches. This project report presents a homomorphic instruction set emulator, CryptoEmu, that enables fully homomorphic computation over encrypted data. The software-based instruction set emulator is built upon an open-source, state-of-the-art homomorphic encryption library that supports gate-level homomorphic evaluation. The instruction set architecture supports multiple instructions that belong to the subset of ARMv8 instruction set architecture. The instruction set emulator utilizes parallel computing techniques to emulate every functional unit for minimum latency. This project re- port includes details on design considerations, instruction set emulator architecture, and datapath and control unit implementation. We evaluated and demonstrated the instruction set emulator's performance and scalability on a 48-core workstation. Cryp- toEmu shown a significant speed up in homomorphic computation performance when compared with HELib, a state-of-the-art homomorphic encryption library. Keywords: Fully Homomorphic Encryption, Parallel Computing, Homomorphic Instruction Set, Homomorphic Processor, Computer Architecture 1 Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 Background 4 3 TFHE Library 5 4 CryptoEmu Architecture Overview 7 4.1 Data Processing . .8 4.2 Branch and Control Flow . .9 5 Data Processing Units 9 5.1 Load/Store Unit . .9 5.2 Adder . -
Lecture Notes on Types for Part II of the Computer Science Tripos
Q Lecture Notes on Types for Part II of the Computer Science Tripos Prof. Andrew M. Pitts University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory c 2016 A. M. Pitts Contents Learning Guide i 1 Introduction 1 2 ML Polymorphism 6 2.1 Mini-ML type system . 6 2.2 Examples of type inference, by hand . 14 2.3 Principal type schemes . 16 2.4 A type inference algorithm . 18 3 Polymorphic Reference Types 25 3.1 The problem . 25 3.2 Restoring type soundness . 30 4 Polymorphic Lambda Calculus 33 4.1 From type schemes to polymorphic types . 33 4.2 The Polymorphic Lambda Calculus (PLC) type system . 37 4.3 PLC type inference . 42 4.4 Datatypes in PLC . 43 4.5 Existential types . 50 5 Dependent Types 53 5.1 Dependent functions . 53 5.2 Pure Type Systems . 57 5.3 System Fw .............................................. 63 6 Propositions as Types 67 6.1 Intuitionistic logics . 67 6.2 Curry-Howard correspondence . 69 6.3 Calculus of Constructions, lC ................................... 73 6.4 Inductive types . 76 7 Further Topics 81 References 84 Learning Guide These notes and slides are designed to accompany 12 lectures on type systems for Part II of the Cambridge University Computer Science Tripos. The course builds on the techniques intro- duced in the Part IB course on Semantics of Programming Languages for specifying type systems for programming languages and reasoning about their properties. The emphasis here is on type systems for functional languages and their connection to constructive logic. We pay par- ticular attention to the notion of parametric polymorphism (also known as generics), both because it has proven useful in practice and because its theory is quite subtle. -
Open C++ Tutorial∗
Open C++ Tutorial∗ Shigeru Chiba Institute of Information Science and Electronics University of Tsukuba [email protected] Copyright c 1998 by Shigeru Chiba. All Rights Reserved. 1 Introduction OpenC++ is an extensible language based on C++. The extended features of OpenC++ are specified by a meta-level program given at compile time. For dis- tinction, regular programs written in OpenC++ are called base-level programs. If no meta-level program is given, OpenC++ is identical to regular C++. The meta-level program extends OpenC++ through the interface called the OpenC++ MOP. The OpenC++ compiler consists of three stages: preprocessor, source-to-source translator from OpenC++ to C++, and the back-end C++ com- piler. The OpenC++ MOP is an interface to control the translator at the second stage. It allows to specify how an extended feature of OpenC++ is translated into regular C++ code. An extended feature of OpenC++ is supplied as an add-on software for the compiler. The add-on software consists of not only the meta-level program but also runtime support code. The runtime support code provides classes and functions used by the base-level program translated into C++. The base-level program in OpenC++ is first translated into C++ according to the meta-level program. Then it is linked with the runtime support code to be executable code. This flow is illustrated by Figure 1. The meta-level program is also written in OpenC++ since OpenC++ is a self- reflective language. It defines new metaobjects to control source-to-source transla- tion. The metaobjects are the meta-level representation of the base-level program and they perform the translation. -
X86 Assembly Language Syllabus for Subject: Assembly (Machine) Language
VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava Department of Computer Science, FEECS x86 Assembly Language Syllabus for Subject: Assembly (Machine) Language Ing. Petr Olivka, Ph.D. 2021 e-mail: [email protected] http://poli.cs.vsb.cz Contents 1 Processor Intel i486 and Higher – 32-bit Mode3 1.1 Registers of i486.........................3 1.2 Addressing............................6 1.3 Assembly Language, Machine Code...............6 1.4 Data Types............................6 2 Linking Assembly and C Language Programs7 2.1 Linking C and C Module....................7 2.2 Linking C and ASM Module................... 10 2.3 Variables in Assembly Language................ 11 3 Instruction Set 14 3.1 Moving Instruction........................ 14 3.2 Logical and Bitwise Instruction................. 16 3.3 Arithmetical Instruction..................... 18 3.4 Jump Instructions........................ 20 3.5 String Instructions........................ 21 3.6 Control and Auxiliary Instructions............... 23 3.7 Multiplication and Division Instructions............ 24 4 32-bit Interfacing to C Language 25 4.1 Return Values from Functions.................. 25 4.2 Rules of Registers Usage..................... 25 4.3 Calling Function with Arguments................ 26 4.3.1 Order of Passed Arguments............... 26 4.3.2 Calling the Function and Set Register EBP...... 27 4.3.3 Access to Arguments and Local Variables....... 28 4.3.4 Return from Function, the Stack Cleanup....... 28 4.3.5 Function Example.................... 29 4.4 Typical Examples of Arguments Passed to Functions..... 30 4.5 The Example of Using String Instructions........... 34 5 AMD and Intel x86 Processors – 64-bit Mode 36 5.1 Registers.............................. 36 5.2 Addressing in 64-bit Mode.................... 37 6 64-bit Interfacing to C Language 37 6.1 Return Values.......................... -
Bitwise Operators in C Examples
Bitwise Operators In C Examples Alphonse misworships discommodiously. Epigastric Thorvald perishes changefully while Oliver always intercut accusatively.his anthology plumps bravely, he shown so cheerlessly. Baillie argufying her lashkar coweringly, she mass it Find the program below table which is c operators associate from star from the positive Left shift shifts each bit in its left operand to the left. Tying up some Arduino loose ends before moving on. The next example shows you how to do this. We can understand this better using the following Example. These operators move each bit either left or right a specified number of times. Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon. Binary form of these values are given below. Shifting the bits of the string of bitwise operators in c examples and does not show the result of this means the truth table for making. Mommy, security and web. When integers are divided, it shifts the bits to the right. Operators are the basic concept of any programming language, subtraction, we are going to see how to use bitwise operators for counting number of trailing zeros in the binary representation of an integer? Adding a negative and positive number together never means the overflow indicates an exception! Not valid for string or complex operands. Les cookies essentiels sont absolument necessaires au bon fonctionnement du site. Like the assembly in C language, unlike other magazines, you may treat this as true. Bitwise OR operator is used to turn bits ON. To me this looks clearer as is. We will talk more about operator overloading in a future section, and the second specifies the number of bit positions by which the first operand is to be shifted. -
Let's Get Functional
5 LET’S GET FUNCTIONAL I’ve mentioned several times that F# is a functional language, but as you’ve learned from previous chapters you can build rich applications in F# without using any functional techniques. Does that mean that F# isn’t really a functional language? No. F# is a general-purpose, multi paradigm language that allows you to program in the style most suited to your task. It is considered a functional-first lan- guage, meaning that its constructs encourage a functional style. In other words, when developing in F# you should favor functional approaches whenever possible and switch to other styles as appropriate. In this chapter, we’ll see what functional programming really is and how functions in F# differ from those in other languages. Once we’ve estab- lished that foundation, we’ll explore several data types commonly used with functional programming and take a brief side trip into lazy evaluation. The Book of F# © 2014 by Dave Fancher What Is Functional Programming? Functional programming takes a fundamentally different approach toward developing software than object-oriented programming. While object-oriented programming is primarily concerned with managing an ever-changing system state, functional programming emphasizes immutability and the application of deterministic functions. This difference drastically changes the way you build software, because in object-oriented programming you’re mostly concerned with defining classes (or structs), whereas in functional programming your focus is on defining functions with particular emphasis on their input and output. F# is an impure functional language where data is immutable by default, though you can still define mutable data or cause other side effects in your functions. -
Run-Time Type Information and Incremental Loading in C++
Run-time Type Information and Incremental Loading in C++ Murali Vemulapati Sriram Duvvuru Amar Gupta WP #3772 September 1993 PROFIT #93-11 Productivity From Information Technology "PROFIT" Research Initiative Sloan School of Management Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139 USA (617)253-8584 Fax: (617)258-7579 Copyright Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1993. The research described herein has been supported (in whole or in part) by the Productivity From Information Technology (PROFIT) Research Initiative at MIT. This copy is for the exclusive use of PROFIT sponsor firms. Productivity From Information Technology (PROFIT) The Productivity From Information Technology (PROFIT) Initiative was established on October 23, 1992 by MIT President Charles Vest and Provost Mark Wrighton "to study the use of information technology in both the private and public sectors and to enhance productivity in areas ranging from finance to transportation, and from manufacturing to telecommunications." At the time of its inception, PROFIT took over the Composite Information Systems Laboratory and Handwritten Character Recognition Laboratory. These two laboratories are now involved in research re- lated to context mediation and imaging respectively. LABORATORY FOR ELEC RONICS A CENTERCFORENTER COORDINATION LABORATORY ) INFORMATION S RESEARCH RESE CH E53-310, MITAL"Room Cambridge, MA 02M142-1247 Tel: (617) 253-8584 E-Mail: [email protected] Run-time Type Information and Incremental Loading in C++ September 13, 1993 Abstract We present the design and implementation strategy for an integrated programming environment which facilitates specification, implementation and execution of persistent C++ programs. Our system is implemented in E, a persistent programming language based on C++. The environment provides type identity and type persistence, i.e., each user-defined class has a unique identity and persistence across compilations. -
Kodak Color Control Patches Kodak Gray
Kodak Color Control Patches 0 - - _,...,...,. Blue Green Yellow Red White 3/Color . Black Kodak Gray Scale A 1 2 a 4 s -- - --- - -- - -- - -- -- - A Study of Compile-time Metaobject Protocol :J/1\'-(Jt.-S~..)(:$/;:t::;i':_;·I'i f-.· 7 •[:]f-. :::JJl. (:~9 ~~Jf'?E By Shigeru Chiba chiba~is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp November 1996 A Dissertation Submitted to Department of Information Science Graduate School of Science The Un iversity of Tokyo In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Science. Copyright @1996 by Shigeru Chiba. All Rights Reserved. - - - ---- - ~-- -- -~ - - - ii A Metaobject Protocol for Enabling Better C++ Libraries Shigeru Chiba Department of Information Science The University of Tokyo chiba~is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp Copyrighl @ 1996 by Shi geru Chiba. All Ri ghts Reserved. iii iv Abstract C++ cannot be used to implement control/data abstractions as a library if their implementations require specialized code for each user code. This problem limits programmers to write libraries in two ways: it makes some kinds of useful abstractions that inherently require such facilities impossi ble to implement, and it makes other abstractions difficult to implement efficiently. T he OpenC++ MOP addresses this problem by providing li braries the ability to pre-process a program in a context-sensitive and non-local way. That is, libraries can instantiate specialized code depending on how the library is used and, if needed, substitute it for the original user code. The basic protocol structure of the Open C++ MOP is based on that of the CLOS MOP, but the Open C++ MOP runs metaobjects only at compile time. -
1 Simply-Typed Lambda Calculus
CS 4110 – Programming Languages and Logics Lecture #18: Simply Typed λ-calculus A type is a collection of computational entities that share some common property. For example, the type int represents all expressions that evaluate to an integer, and the type int ! int represents all functions from integers to integers. The Pascal subrange type [1..100] represents all integers between 1 and 100. You can see types as a static approximation of the dynamic behaviors of terms and programs. Type systems are a lightweight formal method for reasoning about behavior of a program. Uses of type systems include: naming and organizing useful concepts; providing information (to the compiler or programmer) about data manipulated by a program; and ensuring that the run-time behavior of programs meet certain criteria. In this lecture, we’ll consider a type system for the lambda calculus that ensures that values are used correctly; for example, that a program never tries to add an integer to a function. The resulting language (lambda calculus plus the type system) is called the simply-typed lambda calculus (STLC). 1 Simply-typed lambda calculus The syntax of the simply-typed lambda calculus is similar to that of untyped lambda calculus, with the exception of abstractions. Since abstractions define functions tht take an argument, in the simply-typed lambda calculus, we explicitly state what the type of the argument is. That is, in an abstraction λx : τ: e, the τ is the expected type of the argument. The syntax of the simply-typed lambda calculus is as follows. It includes integer literals n, addition e1 + e2, and the unit value ¹º. -
Query Rewriting Using Views in a Typed Mediator
Язык СИНТЕЗ как ядро канонической информационной модели Л. А. Калиниченко ([email protected]) C. А. Ступников ([email protected]) Lecture outline Objectives of the language Frame language: semi-structured capabilities Type system of SYNTHESIS Classes and metaclasses Assertions Processes, workflows Formulae facilities of the language 2 History of the language . Preliminary draft version published in 1991 . First version published in 1993 . English version prepared in 1995 and extended in 1997 . Current version in English published in 2007 3 The SYNTHESIS is a multipurpose language The language is oriented on the following basic kinds of application: . serving as a kernel of the canonical information model; . providing facilities for unifying representation of heterogeneous information models of different kinds (of data, services, processes, ontologies); . providing sufficient modeling facilities for formalized definitions of mediators for various subject domains; . supporting mediation-based design of information systems; . providing modeling facilities for mediator and resource specifications for the mediation architecture; . serving for semantic reconciliation of the mediator and resource specifications to form compositions of resources refining mediator specifications; . serving as an interface for users during problem formulation and solving in various applications 4 Mediation orientation . Two different approaches to the problem of integrated representation of multiple information resources for an IS are distinguished: 1. moving from resources to problems (resource driven approach) 2. moving from an application to resources (application driven approach) The SYNTHESIS language is oriented on support of application-driven approach for mediation-based IS development. The mediator's layer is introduced to provide the users with the metainformation uniformly characterizing subject definitions in the canonical information model – providing application domain conceptual schema . -
Fractal Surfaces from Simple Arithmetic Operations
Fractal surfaces from simple arithmetic operations Vladimir Garc´ıa-Morales Departament de Termodin`amica,Universitat de Val`encia, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain [email protected] Fractal surfaces ('patchwork quilts') are shown to arise under most general circumstances involving simple bitwise operations between real numbers. A theory is presented for all deterministic bitwise operations on a finite alphabet. It is shown that these models give rise to a roughness exponent H that shapes the resulting spatial patterns, larger values of the exponent leading to coarser surfaces. keywords: fractals; self-affinity; free energy landscapes; coarse graining arXiv:1507.01444v3 [cs.OH] 10 Jan 2016 1 I. INTRODUCTION Fractal surfaces [1, 2] are ubiquitously found in biological and physical systems at all scales, ranging from atoms to galaxies [3{6]. Mathematically, fractals arise from iterated function systems [7, 8], strange attractors [9], critical phenomena [10], cellular automata [11, 12], substitution systems [11, 13] and any context where some hierarchical structure is present [14, 15]. Because of these connections, fractals are also important in some recent approaches to nonequilibrium statistical mechanics of steady states [16{19]. Fractality is intimately connected to power laws, real-valued dimensions and exponential growth of details as resulting from an increase in the resolution of a geometric object [20]. Although the rigorous definition of a fractal requires that the Hausdorff-Besicovitch dimension DF is strictly greater than the Euclidean dimension D of the space in which the fractal object is embedded, there are cases in which surfaces are sufficiently broken at all length scales so as to deserve being named `fractals' [1, 20, 21]. -
X86 Intrinsics Cheat Sheet Jan Finis [email protected]
x86 Intrinsics Cheat Sheet Jan Finis [email protected] Bit Operations Conversions Boolean Logic Bit Shifting & Rotation Packed Conversions Convert all elements in a packed SSE register Reinterpet Casts Rounding Arithmetic Logic Shift Convert Float See also: Conversion to int Rotate Left/ Pack With S/D/I32 performs rounding implicitly Bool XOR Bool AND Bool NOT AND Bool OR Right Sign Extend Zero Extend 128bit Cast Shift Right Left/Right ≤64 16bit ↔ 32bit Saturation Conversion 128 SSE SSE SSE SSE Round up SSE2 xor SSE2 and SSE2 andnot SSE2 or SSE2 sra[i] SSE2 sl/rl[i] x86 _[l]rot[w]l/r CVT16 cvtX_Y SSE4.1 cvtX_Y SSE4.1 cvtX_Y SSE2 castX_Y si128,ps[SSE],pd si128,ps[SSE],pd si128,ps[SSE],pd si128,ps[SSE],pd epi16-64 epi16-64 (u16-64) ph ↔ ps SSE2 pack[u]s epi8-32 epu8-32 → epi8-32 SSE2 cvt[t]X_Y si128,ps/d (ceiling) mi xor_si128(mi a,mi b) mi and_si128(mi a,mi b) mi andnot_si128(mi a,mi b) mi or_si128(mi a,mi b) NOTE: Shifts elements right NOTE: Shifts elements left/ NOTE: Rotates bits in a left/ NOTE: Converts between 4x epi16,epi32 NOTE: Sign extends each NOTE: Zero extends each epi32,ps/d NOTE: Reinterpret casts !a & b while shifting in sign bits. right while shifting in zeros. right by a number of bits 16 bit floats and 4x 32 bit element from X to Y. Y must element from X to Y. Y must from X to Y. No operation is SSE4.1 ceil NOTE: Packs ints from two NOTE: Converts packed generated.