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Chronology of Mohammed's Medinan Years

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Chronology of Mohammed's Medinan Years The Life of Mohammed Fact Files for Factphiles Chronology of Mohammed’s Medinan Years Written for TheDefenceofTolerance.wordpress.com Text Key Map Key II Reference in Ibn Ishaq’s The life of Mohammed Settlement with substantial Jewish population IH Reported by another source Settlement with substantial Brown text indicates a place name. Christian population Where an incident is said to be Settlement under Islamic referred to in or be connected rule to a verse of the Quran. Raid on caravan Event in Mohammed’s personal life. Aborted raid on caravan Raid against a community Dates are principally given in the Hijri ordered by Mohammed Calendar (AH) traditionally used by the Islamic community, in which a Major battle year consists of twelve lunar of 30 or 31 days with annual numbers Assassination ordered by commencing with the year of the Mohammed Hijrah. Destruction of idol ordered NB Each AH year has a duration of by Mohammed either 354 or 355 days: approximately 10 days less than the Gregorian calendar. J . J Arabia in the time of Mohammed Traditionally allies of the Dhumat al Jandal () Byzantines Tabouk () Traditionally allies of the Sassanids Kaybar () Wadi al Qura () Yathrib (Medina) () Banu Aws, Banu Khazraj Mecca Ta’if The Adnanites The Addnanites claim descent from Abraham through Ishmael and his great (x6) grandson Adnan. By Mohammed’s time they were a large ethnic group that included many tribes including Mohammed’s own tribe, the Banu (‘sons of ‘) Quraysh of Mecca and many of the other tribes Mohammed fought with including the Banu Ghatafan, Banu Sulaym and Banu Hawazin. It is unclear if the two main tribes in Yathrib, the Banu Aws and Banu Khazraj were also part of this group, but it is thought that they emigrated north from Yemen making it more likely that they were descended from the Qahtanites. Overview of Mohammed’s Medinan Years Mohammed’s military expeditions comprise at least three separate campaigns. Best known is his struggle with the city of Mecca, including three large scale military confrontations, followed by the Treaty of Huddaybiyya and Mohammed’s conquest of Mecca two years after that. Connected with the campaign against Mecca, Mohammed extended his influence over Bedouin tribes in the surrounding area by assassinations and raids, to strangle Mecca’s trade routes, acquire booty for his supporters, attract more fighters and persuade tribes to declare loyalty to Islam. Simultaneously with these expeditions abroad, Mohammed secured unchallenged control over Yathrib, later renamed Medina, through the gradual elimination of the three major Jewish tribes there, one after each of his confrontations with Mecca. The Conflict with the Conflict with Bedouin The Muslim Community Meccans tribes and the wider region in Medina 1 AH Hijrah Raids on Meccan caravans 2 Battle of Badr Expulsion of Banu Qaynuqa First assassinations/ First assassinations raids on Bedouin tribes. 3 (Banu Salim, Ghatafan) Battle of Uhud 40/70 Missionaries killed 4 ‘Second Battle of Badr’ Expulsion of Banu Nadir by Banu Salem Raid on Meccan caravan at 5 al Qarada First raids to NW Arabia Battle of the Trench Skirmish with Banu Mutaliq Massacre of Banu Qurayza 6 Treaty of Hudaybiyya 7 Conquest of Kaybar, Fadak First raids to Yemen 8 Many Bedouin clans submit Conquest of Mecca Battles of Hunayn, Auton 9 Capture of Tabouk Surrender of Ta’if 10 Farewell Raids across Yemen, pilgrimage/sermon Dul Khalassa destroyed Raid ordered to Palestine. 11 Death of Mohammed. 1 AH Muharram The Quran First permission to fight: Safar 22.39-40 2.256 AD Sept. 622 The Hijrah Rabi’ Mohammed migrates from Mecca to Yathrib. al-Awwal II: 324-36 Rabi’ al-Thani Jumada al-Awwal Jumada Al-Akhirah AD 623 Rajab Sha’ban Ramadan Unsuccessful raids on Meccan caravans: Over the nine months beginning with Ramadan 1AH Mohammed led or sent up to six unsuccessful expeditions to rob Meccan caravans. Shawwal st 1 (Waddan) aborted unclear reason. II: 416 2nd (al Ais on Red Sea coast path) aborted when Dhu found caravan had 300 guards. II: 419 Al-Qa’dah [Meccans may have been alerted to Mohammed’s raising of a force] 3rd (Buwat near Radwa) arrows fired but no hand Dhu combat. Al=Hijjah 1 AH 2 AH Muharram Unsuccessful raids on Meccan caravans The Quran (cont.) [see 1AH] Naklah raid (during sacred truce month) Safar retrospectively justified: 2.217 First successful raid on a Meccan caravan: Rabi’ (Naklah, close to Mecca). 8 Muslims attacked a small al-Awwal caravan carrying raisins and leather during Rajab (sacred month). One Meccan killed, 2 taken captive. Rabi’ al-Thani Battle of Badr The Quran Jumada A Meccan caravan led by Abu Sufyan detected a al-Awwal planned Muslim ambush. The caravan avoided All Surah 8 revealed the Muslims and sent to Mecca for help but after Badr Mohammed successfully defended his force Jumada against the Meccan retaliation. Battle of Badr referred to in: Al-Akhirah [317 Muslim fighters suggests a total 3.12, 13, 118, 123-5 Muslim population of c.1000 at this time] 70 Meccans and 14 Muslims killed. Rajab II: 426-539 Some (2?) prisoners later killed. Mohammed ordered the killing of poets: Sha’ban Asma bint Marwan (Yathrib), II: 675-6 Abu Afak (Hijaz) ), II: 675 Ramadan Ka'b bin al-Ashraf (Yathrib), II: 548 Dates for criticising and mocking him in poems not (and in the case of K’ab writing amorous Shawwal known, verses concerning Muslim women II: 550) The Quran but shortly Expulsion of Banu Qaynuqa The expulsion of after Mohammed forced the expulsion of Banu Banu Qaynuqa was Dhu the Qaynuqa from Yathrib, following an incident the occasion of: Al-Qa’dah Battle in which a Muslim woman was stripped. 3.318 and 5.57 of Badr Qaynuqa arms seized. II: 545-7 Mohammed married First raid against Banu Sulaym Dhu Zeynab bint “Pre-emptive” strike against Banu Salim at Al-Hijjah Khuzayma, Qarqarat al-Kudr, north of Yathrib. widowed at Badr The Salim fled; 500 camels captured. 2 AH 3 AH Raid against Banu Muharib and Banu Thalabah (of the Muharram Banu Gatafan) at Dhu Amar, Nejd. Muharib, Thalabah fled as Mohammed approached. One person captured. IH Safar Rabi’ al-Awwal Defensive manoeuvres against Banu Salem Rabi’ No hostilities. IH al-Thani Successful raid on a Meccan caravan at Al Qarada, Nejd Jumada by a Muslim force of 100 lead by Zayd. al-Awwal ‘100,000’ dirhams worth of goods and two captives taken. IH Jumada Battle of Uhud Al-Akhirah The Muslim community was attacked outside Yathrib by a Meccan force of (3000 incl. Bedouin, Abyssinian mercenaries) led by Abu Sufyan in retaliation for the AD 625 The Quran Rajab caravan raids. Muslims said to have had 700 fighters. An early Muslim advantage was lost when their archers Battle of Uhud thought to be left their position to raid the Meccan camp, allowing a referred to in: Sha’ban Meccan cavalry charge. Mohammed was injured and 8.36, lay, believed to be dead, under bodies. Later he held a shouted conversation with Abu Sufyan who did not 3.122 “When two groups attempt to capture him. They agreed to fight again at Badr in a year’s time. among you were Ramadan about to lose 70 Muslims, 20-40 Meccans killed. II: 556-648 heart God was Mohammed pursued returning Meccans to deter attack their protector” on Yathrib, lighting many fires to pretend and Shawwal reinforcements had arrived. Two Meccans captured, 167 (cursing those executed. who did not fight: “closer to disbelief Six Muslim missionaries killed by Banu Lahyan than belief”) Dhu (Six Muslim missionaries invited to preach to two clans Al-Qa’dah of the Banu Hudhad, but Banu Lahyan (also of the Mohammed later Hudhayl) seized them at al Razi: 3 killed outright and 1 married Hind whilst escaping. Remaining 2 handed over to Quraish whose husband had Dhu family members of Meccans killed at Uhud, who killed died from wounds Al=Hijjah them sustained at Uhud 3 AH 4 AH First raid against Banu Asad ibn Khuzaymah Muharram “Pre-emptive” strike against Banu Asad ibn Khuzaymah at Qatan, who flee. 3 captives. IS The Quran Assassination of Khaled bin Sufyan, chief of the Mohammed’s cutting Safar Banu Lahyan in retaliation for the deaths of six down of Banu nadir’s Muslim missionaries 3 months earlier [see 3AH]. palm trees to Muslim assassin tricked Khaled into going for walk persuade them to and killed him (bringing his head back to surrender referred to Rabi’ Mohammed at Yathrib IH). in: al-Awwal 59. 5 40 (70?) Muslim missionaries killed by Banu Salem Death of Zeynab bint Rabi’ at Bir Maoona. One survivor. II: 649-651 al-Thani Khuzayma , Mohammed’s fourth Expulsion of Banu Nadir wife after death of Jumada Mohammed forced the expulsion of Banu Nadir from Khadija al-Awwal Yathrib after they refused to pay a contribution to (Rabi al Thani) compensation for a Bedouin killed by a Muslim, and following the announcement by Mohammed of a Jumada revelation that they were plotting to kill him by Al-Akhirah dropping a stone on his head II: 437-45 Rajab AD 626 Mohammed married Sha’ban Hafsa bin Umar (Shaban) Ramadan Shawwal ‘Second battle of Badr’ Dhu A Meccan force, led by Abu Sufyan, set off to do battle The Quran Al-Qa’dah with Mohammed at Badr, as arranged after the Battle ‘Second Battle of of Uhud [see 3AH] but was forced back by drought Badr’ referred to in: giving prestige to Mohammed 3.173-6 Dhu (Muslim fighting force now said to be 1500#) II: 666-8 Al=Hijjah 4 AH 5 AH Muharram The Quran Second raid against Banu Ghatafan at Dhat al Riqa (60m from Mecca, 180 from Yathrib) 4.101 (on shortening “Pre-emptive” strike upon a Bedouin camp of the Banu prayers) Safar Ghatafan.
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