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A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF THE CANINE POPULATION IN A RURAL TOWN IN SOUTHERN AFRICA

G H RAUTENBACH*, J BOOMKER** and I L DE VILLIERS**

ABSTRACT Bophuthatswana. An attempt was made to obtain a The health status of a popUlation of dogs (n=220) from a rural southern African . complete history on the dogs included in town is described. A cross sectional survey was done to collect the necessary the survey. The dogs were weighed and information. All animals examined were mongrels with a mean condition score of their condition was established by a 22 1,93. The oldest dog found in the population was 8 years old. Rhipicephalus san­ condition scoring procedure • With this guineus was the dominant tick species encountered on the dogs, Echidnophaga procedure a score of 0 indicates extreme gallinacea the dominant flea species, while Cordylobia anthropophaga and emaciation, while 5 indicates obesity. Demodex canis also affected the health status of the population. Fourty five per The age of the dogs were obtained by cent of the population were found to have nematode eggs in the faeces. On clinical taking the history or alternately by dental examination, 5% of the population were judged to be acutely ill and 27% to be examination. chronically ill. Based on the clinical examination, bloodsmears and laboratory A full physical examination was performed on each animal and animals results, 51 % of the population had one or more serious clinical conditions at the were graded as either healthy, acutely ill, time of examination. The conditions with the highest point prevalence rate in the chronically ill or weak and disabled. community were canine ehrlichiosis (17,2%), transmissible veneral tumour Blood was <:ollected from all cases and (6,8%), canine distemper (5%), Cordylobia infestation (5,5%), trauma (4,1 %), and a number of haeinatological and severe malnutrition (4,1 %). It was concluded that a Significant section of this chemical pathology tests were population was in a chronic state of starvation and malnutrition. There was also a performed. The methodology used and I213 heavy infestation of internal and external parasites and the prevalence of serious results obtained have been described • diseases in this population was high. The final diagnosis was based on the results of clinical findings and laboratory results. The disease rate was calculated

) Key words: Canine, disease prevalence, black rural area.

1 within the following parameters: , 1

0 a. Where cases had more than one J.; I.L. 2 Rautenbach G.H.; Boomker De Villiers A descriptive study of the canine

distinct clinical condition, all were d population in a rural town in southern Africa. Journal of the South African e counted - for example a dog with t Veterinary Association (1991) 62 No.4, 158-162 (En.) Department of Production a babesiosis that suffered from a d Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Medical University of Southern ( concurrent genital neoplasia would

r Mrica, 0204 Medunsa, Republic of South Africa.

e add 2 conditions to the disease rate. h

s b, In a case where one condition was i l judged to be a sequel to the primary b INTRODUCTION on the results of a cross-sectional survey u The Faculty of Veterinary Science of the undertaken in Maboloka. disease, only the primary dise'ase P

would be counted - for example in a e Medical University of Southern Africa h .MATERIALS AND METHODS case with ehrlichiosis with secondary t established a clinic in the rural village of

y Maboloka in the district of Odi, Bophut­ The town Maboloka (25 0 26'S; 27 0 51'E) emaciation, only the ehrlichiosis b

would be added to the disease rate

d hatswana. The housing in the town is of in the district of Odi, Bophuthatswana list. e t a moderate to low standard with tin was divided into 11 sections of more or External parasites were collected from 6 n a shanty houses predominating, There are less equal size. Every fourth house body areas for later identification. These r

g no formal sanitary services available in

within each section was visited. If the body areas were the eylids and one cm of e the town. Subjective observations c owner consented, one of the dogs of the skin area around the eyes; the ears, n suggest that the occurrence or pattern of

e household was included in the study. including the base of the ear, the external c i diseases in dogs in this area is different Dogs under 3 months of age or with a and internal pinnae and the ear canal; a l

r from that found in more affluent mass of less than 2,5 kg were excluded rectangular area of 10 x 10 cm on the e

d societies. No previous data on mortality, from the study, as it was considered lateral thoracic wall; the 4 feet of the n morbidity or disease occurrence in dogs deleterious to their general health to animal from the carpus and tarsus down u

y existed for the area. This paper reports collect the amount of blood required for to the toes; a rectangular area of 10 x 10 a the various diagnostic tests. A total of cm on the tail-root of the dog, extending w e 220 dogs were sampled, 20 from each from the tail root cranially; and an area t "'Department of Production Animal Medicine, a section. The size of the dog popUlation of 2 cm on either side of each groin. All

G Faculty of Veterinary Science, Medical University was estimated on the results of a mini the parasites present in these areas were t of Southern Africa, 0204 Medunsa, Republic of e census which was carried out by collected except for fleas, of which only n South Africa i counting the dogs of a randomly selected a representative sample was taken. b "Department of Pathology a sample of families. The size of the Faecal samples were collected during S Received: Apri11991 Accepted: August 1991 human population was based on the rectal examination and nematode egg y b

1985 census results of the Republic of counts were done using the modified d e 158- 0038-2809 JI S.Afr.vet.Ass. (l991) 62(4}:158-162 c u d o r p e R McMaster technique'14. The faecal the period was 7 398. Of these, 7 337 collected from 209 of the 220 dogs exa­ examination also included a macroscopic (99%) were Rhipicephalus sanguineus mined. Of these, 95 or 45,5% were examination for cestode proglottids. while Rhipicephalus appendiculatus positive for nematode ova with the The mean and standard deviations (0,08%), Amblyomma species (0,54%) heaviest infestation being 7 500 eggs per were determined for the recorded and Rhipicephalus simus (0,2%) were gram. Proglottids of Taenia species were parameters and where applicable, the also present. found in 4 faecal samples, while egg data were tested for normal distribution. Fleas collected consisted of mixed capsules or segments of Dipylidium infestations of Ctenocephalides felis caninum were present in 7 samples. RESULTS (28,4%), Ctenocephalides canis (1,9%) Coccidia oocysts were found in one At the time of the study, the human and Echidnophaga gallinacea (70,2%). faecal sample with a count of 900 population of Maboloka was 25 800, the A total of 299 fleas were collected. It oocysts 'per gram. number of houses were 3 583 and there must be stressed that no attempt was were an estimated 2 329 dogs present in made to collect all fleas seen and only DISCUSSION the town. The human to dog ratio was representive samples were taken. E. The human/dog ratio is often used as an 11,1 to 1 and there were 0,68 dogs per gallinacea was especially plentiful and indicator of canine over-popUlation. The dwelling. some animals had massive infestations Maboloka human/dog ratio suggests a All the animals were mongrels of a on the ears and around the eyes. relatively low population density when mixed genetic background. The sex Other external parasites identified compared to ratios in developed distribution was 56,4% male, 43,6% female, giving a sex ratio of 1,29 to 1. None of the bitches sampled had been Table 1: Clinical conditions observed in a canine population in a rural town in sterilised and only 4 males had been southern Africa expressed as the number affected and the point castrated. The mean estimated age of the prevalence rate(PPR) per 100 of the population dogs was 30,8 months with a range of 3 to 96 months. The mean mass of the dogs sampled was 13,2 kg with a range Conditions No PPR of 2,5 to 45 kg and a standard deviation of 7,19 kg. These data were tested for Canine ehrlichiosis 38 17,2 normal distribution and the test values Genital neoplasia 1'5 6,8 conformed to a Gaussian distribution by Cordylobia infestation 12 5,5 93,2%. Of the 220 dogs sampled 57,7% Distemper 12 5,5 were unrestrained, 15,5% were chained Trauma 9 4,1 for certain periods of time, 25,5% were Emaciation through malnutrition 9 4,1 permanently chained and 1,4% were Canine babesiosis 6 2,7 kept permanently in cages. Infectious cyclic thrombocytopaenia 5 2,3 It was extremely difficult to obtain any Demodectic mange 3 1,4 ) history from the owners or relatives 1 Lameness 3 1,4 1 present. Elementary questions about age, 0 Pyoderma 3 1,4

2 appetite and habitus were often an­ Abscessations 2 0,9 d swered in vague and inaccurate terms e Keratitis and blindness 2 0,9 t and persistent cross examination would a Cryptorchidism 2 0,9 d elicit completely different answers to the (

Flea-bite dermatitis 2 0,9 r same question. Even with the unreliable e Acute moist dermatitis 2 0,9

h history, it became apparent that only a s Canine hepatozoonosis 2 0,9 i l small proportion of the popUlation had Phymosis and paraphymosis 2 0,9 b been vaccinated for rabies or distemper. u Chronic renal disease 2 0,9

P The mean condition score was 1,93 Valvular insufficiency 2 0,9 e with a range of 0,5 to 3,5 and a standard h Tick toxicosis 1 0,45 t

deviation of 0,82. Eighteen dogs attained y Stomoxys wounds (extensive) 1 0,45

b a score of 3,5 which was the highest Sinusitis 1 0,45 d Score awarded, and 16 attained a score of e Solar dermatitis 1 0,45 t 0,5 which was the lowest score awarded. n Seborrhea sicca 1 0,45 a On clinical examination alone, 148 r Interdigital granuloma 1 0,45 g ~ogs (67,3%) were judged to be rela­ Femur fracture 1 0,45 e tively healthy, 11 (5%) were acutely ill, c Conjunctivitis (primary) 1 0,45 n 60 (27,5%) were chronically ill and one e Cellulitis 1 0,45 c i dog was judged to be weak and l Anal gland impaction 1 0,45 r debilitated due to starvation. 0,9 e Other 2

d On analysis of the final diagnoses, n based on the clinical examination, u Total 146 bloodsmear and laboratory results, 51 % y a (13) of the animals were found to suffer w

e from one or more clinical conditions that t

a Were deemed serious enough to require

G veterinary intervention. A list of the 146 were the lice Heterodoxus spiniger (4 countries which vary between 6,3/1 in t France, 9,4/1 in the United Kingdom and e Conditions that were diagnosed' are dogs) and Trichodectes canis (one dog), 7 n 18. i presented in Table 1. Parasitic conditions and the larvae of Cordylobia anthropop­ 7,3/1 in the USN In communities b with a higher socio-economic level,

a w:re only included in this list if it was haga on 12 dogs. Three dogs were infes- S

o viously the cause of a state of disease. ted with Demodex canis. canine overpopUlation is usually due to y 'an oversupply of pUpS17. The relative b The total number of ticks collected over Samples of faeces were successfully d e 0038-22809 Tydskr.S.Afr. vet. Ver. (1991) 62(4):158-162 c 159 u d o r p e R T,able,2: Internal parasites identified in a canine population in a rural town in The dogs that were diagnosed as southern Africa suffering from extreme emaciation were Species Stools Stools % Mean free from clinically detectable diseases examined positive eggs per gram and it is therefore presumed that malnutrition and verminosis were the Ancylostoma spp. 209 84 40,2 296,6 main reasons for their debilitated condition. The high prevalence of Toxocara leonina 209 10 4,8 28,7 clinical distemper is to be expected in 4 1,9 13,4 Toxocara canis 209 the Maboloka population because of a Taenia spp. 209 4 1,9 rapid turnover of population, Dipylidium caninum 209 7 3,3 unrestrained movement, concomitant diseases and because dogs are rarely underpopulation that seemed to exist in eliminating frame size and mass as vaccinated. Maboloka, may be due to the high death variables and is reputed to be highly Of the 6 cases with Babesia positive 22 rate of especially young puppies in the repeatable in production animals • The blood smears, 2 had low parasitaemias area. It is obvious, in the light of the generally poor body condition of the with a relatively normalhaematocrit and freedom of movement and the low sample population was clearly caused by red cell count. These cases were sterilisation rate, that it is not due to a number of factors. An insufficient and assessed to be in a premune carrier state. breeding control. imbalanced diet, heavy infestations of The other 4 cases had low to moderate The fact that 100% of the sample internal and external parasites and parasitaemias with low haematocrits and pop'ulation were of mixed genetic chronic wasting disease probably all red cell counts and were regarded as background is probably a reflection of played a role. acutely ill. In chronic conditions, the socio-economic background of the The observed disease prevalence was surveys of this nature detect not only owners. Robinsonl6 reported that the high, even when compared to that of a cases of diseases acquired fairly proportion of purebred dogs in 4 population of caged, intensively kept recently, but also those of relatively long I213 American states varied from a high dogs • Canine ehrlichiosis was the duration. Conversely, acute diseases 71,4% to a low 36,8%. In a southern disease with the highest suspected such as babesiosis have less chance of African study, 70% of the dogs were prevalence, but not one diagnosis could detection and therefore a prevalence rate found to be purebred 1o . Breed be substantiated by the demonstration of of 4 case) out of a population of 220 is predisposition may well be disregarded morulae in a blood smear. The diagnosis high. The fact that acute babesiosis is as a variant in epidemiological research of ehrlichiosis in this study was based on usually fatal if not treated, is an in this study as this is an exclusive the clinical signs of the disease and the indication that this population probably mongrel popUlation. presence of leukopaenia, anaemia and has a high mortality rate overall. This The sex distribution found in this po­ hypergammaglobulinaemia. high mortality rate may have practical pulation is not unlike the findings of The prevalence of genital neoplasia implications for animal health officers other surveys. Robinsonl6 surveyed was very high. The tumours seen varied working in the area. If 220 dogs were to

) populations with a male to female from ulcerating masses of 100 mm in be vaccinated for rabies, for instance, 1

1 distribution of 51,8 to 48,2%, 51,1 to diameter to smaller cauliflower-like and 4 dogs were to die during the 0

2 48,9%, 52,70/6 to 47,3% and 63,6 to growths of 20 mm or more. Most of the following few days, it is clear that the

d 36,4% with the male population more tumours resembled the clinical programme would be discredited. In this e t numerous in all the groups. Odendaapo appearance of transmissible venereal

a respect, vaccinating large numbers of 7 d reported a ratio of 52% males to 48% tumours (TVT) as described elsewhere • ( dogs at a central vaccination point would

r females in a survey of 600 dogs in South As 5 of the 7 biopsy samples were also need to be re-evaluated in view of e h Africa. diagnosed histologically as TVT, it is the high prevalence of contagious s i l The assessment of age in this survey is probable that most of the others that ' diseases within the dog popUlation. b l6 u in most cases an estimate. Robinson were not biopsied were indeed also TVT Harvey described a thrombocyte­ P reported a mean age of 56,4 months in lesions. In' a survey to establish the specific rickettsial micro-organism e h the popUlations he surveyed, with 10,1 % incidence of neoplasms, it was found isolated from a dog which was readily t

y of the population over 10 years old. In a that TVT was the eighteenth most transmitted experimentally to adult dogs b southern African survey it was found frequent type of tumour encountered and by intravenous inoculation of infected d e that 13% of the canine population was its morbidity in the female genital tract bloodS. He could not establish the natural t n over 10 years of agelO. In Maboloka, no was 15 of a total of 322 neoplasms mode of transmission, but did establish a 3 r dogs were found to be over 8 years of examined • These observations contrast that the dog from which the organism g

e age and the estimated mean age of 30,8 with those in the present study. Factors had been isolated, had a heavy tick c

n months compares poorly with the 56,4 that may have played a role'in the high infestation. A cyclic parasitaemia with a e c months of dpgs in North America. The prevalence of TYT in Maboloka, could concomitant thrombocytopaenia was i l apparent lack of longevity in this dog include the relativelY closed popUlation seen in infected dogs which gave rise to r e population may be due to the poor health and a high popUlation turnover rate, the the name infectious cyclic thrombocyto­ d n status and high disease rate. transmissible nature of TVT and its paenia. The micro-organisms were u Dogs under 2,5 kg were excluded from potential of becoming endemic in an ultrastructurally very similar to Ehrlichia y a the study, therefore the average mass of area, the strong demand for puppies and canis. In the present survey, the blood w e 13,2 kg cannot be regarded as the fact that mating is therefore smears of 4 animals had similar t a representative of the population. encouraged. the fact that hardly any dogs organisms in their thrombocytes, while a G The difficulty in obtaining a history, is in this population are sterilised, and further one case was suspicious. All t e mainly ascribed to language difficulties, lastly, immunodeficiency caused by these cases had ticks collected fr01l1 n i but disinterest of the owners in the endemic parasitism, malnutrition and them, but none could be described as b a animals as individual pets probably ehrlichiosis. It has been reported that a heavily infested if compared to the mean S

y played a role. possible familial immunodeficiency to number of ticks (33,4 per animal) b The method of condition scoring TVT may playa role in the incidence of collected. Clinically, one of these cases d e proved to be an eff~ctive way, of this condition20. was diagnosed as suffering from chronic c u 160 0038-2809 JI S.Afr.vet.Ass. (1991) 62(4):158-162 d o r p e R ehrlichiosis while another had a Pretoria area and 24,3% found in a infestation of external and internal para­ concomitant infection of Babesia canis. national survey2l. Female Ancylostoma sites, a high prevalence of infectious The other positive cases did not show spp. lay large numbers of eggs and in diseases, starvation, malnutrition and a appreciable signs of ill-health. this survey egg burdens of up to 7 500 high mortality rate. If the situation in this The high prevalence of R. sanguineus eggs per gram were found. Due to a town is typical of many southern African corresponds well with results obtained number of factors, however, this study rural· towns, the findings of this survey by Horak9. The absence of may underestimate the real thread of are a cause for concern. There appears to Haemaphysalis lea chi in this survey ancylostomiasis. It has been proven that be a lack of veterinary involvement in corresponds with a previous finding that· as high as 65% of the Ancylostoma the less priviledged communities in this species may be considered to be rare worm burden may be retarded as L 3, southern Africa which certainly affects in the central and .north-western and faecal examination fails to reveal the ·health status of the canine Transvaal l9. their presence in a hostls. This may have popUlation, but may also have an impact The frequency distribution of the flea an appreciable influence on the detec­ on the health status of the human popu­ species identified in the present study table prevalence. This survey was also lation. differs appreciably from that of other undertaken during an exceptionally dry surveys. In an extensive survey in Egypt, year. Hookworm larvae are highly REFERENCES Ctenocephalides felis feli~ was the most susceptible to dessiccation and therefore 1. Amin 0 M 1966 The fleas (Siphonaptera) of frequently encountered flea species on it is possible that the prevalence of Egypt: Distribution and seasonal dynamics of fleas infesting dogs in the Nile valley and dogs, followed by Pulex irritans and Ancylostoma spp. may be even higher Delta. Journal of Medical Entomoloy 3: 293- Ctenocephalides canis with only a few after a good rainy season. 298 Echidnophaga gallinacea being It is probable that Ancylostoma infes­ 2. Baker K P, Hatch C 1972 The species of fleas encounteredl. In an Irish study no E. gal- tation has a significant influence on the found on Dublin dogs. The Veterinary Record linacea were found on dogs in the general health and well-being of the 91: 151-152 3. Bastianello Stella S 1983 A survey on neoplasill Dublin area and C. canis was the domi- canine population of Maboloka and that in domestic species over a 40 year period from nant species encountered2. Guzman6 also it seriously affects the survival rate of 1935 to 1974 in the Republic of South Africa. found C. canis to be the most frequently puppies. Collins4 stressed the possible VI Tumours occurring in dogs. Onderstepoort encountered flea on dogs in New Zea- effect of nematodes on human health. It Journal of Veterinary Research 50: 199-220 4. Collins T F B 1976 Control of pet animals. land, followed by C. felis felis and P. is probable that Ancylostoma larvae South African Medical Journal 50: 1054-1057 irritans. would have an adverse effect on the 5. Gordon H MeL, Whitlock H V 1939 A new Although only token samples of fleas health of the human inhabitants of technique for counting nematode eggs in sheep were collected, it was clear that E. Maboloka in view of the unsanitary faeces. Journal of the Council of Scientific and gallinacea presented a major problem in living conditions prevailing there. Industrial Research of Australia 12: 50-52 l 6. Guzman R F 1984 A survey of cats and dogs the area, clustering together in large Verster reported a prevalence of 5,5% for fleas: with particular reference to their role groups around the eyes and on the ears for Toxascaris leonina in dogs examined as.inter-mediate hosts of Dipylidium caninum of dogs. The preponderance of this by her and a prevalence of 3,7% where New Zealand Veterinary Journal 32: 71-73 species is probably due to the close only stool samples were examined. 7. Harvey C E, O'Brien J A 1975 Diseases of the dog and cat. In: Ettinger S J (ed) Textbook of contact between free-ranging poultry and These results compare well with the ) Veterinary Internal Medicine Volume 2 W B 1 dogs. Although the burdens of E. findings in this study. The prevalence of Saunders Company, Philadelphia pp: 1

0 gallinacea were very large, they did not Toxocara canis was appreciably lower in 8. Harvey J W, Simpson C F, Gaskin J M 1978 2 seem to cause much damage other than the present study than the 12,5% Cyclic thrombocytopaenia induced by a d e 2l Rickettsia-like agent. The Journal of Infectious t superficial wounds. It is known that prevalence previously reported . It is Diseases 137: 182-188 a young chicks are easily killed by these possible that the prevalence of Toxocara d 9. Horak I G 1982 Parasites of domestic and wild ( fleas and that even adult birds may spp. was underestimated in the present animals in South Africa-XIV. The seasonal r e succumb to heavy infestations. It is thus study, because dogs under 3 months of prevalence of Rhipicephalus sanguineus ilDd h s Ctenocephalides spp. on keimelled dogs in i probably that these fleas have a delete- age were excluded. l Pretoria North. Onderstepoort Journal of b rious effect on their canine Qosts as well, Centrifugal flotation with a sugar

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e animals. determining the presence of most hond-verhoudings - 'n dekade later. Journal of h t the South African Veterinary Association 59: Infestation with Cordylobia nematodes. Spirocerca lupi is the y 145-148 b anthropophaga had a high prevalence exception, with poor egg recovery in a II.Pappaioanou M, Schwabe C W, Polydorou K d for a parasite that usually remains on a sugar solution 15. Flotation is also

e 1984 Epidemiological analysis of the Cyprus t host for only 8 - 15 d. Some of the dogs unsatisfactory for the detection of anti-echinococcosis campaign I. The prevalence n a had heavy infestations in excess of 50 cestode infestation. The use of arecoline of Echinococcus granulosus in Cypriot village r

g dogs, the fIrst dog-test period of the campaign,

larvae. Severe infestation seemed to hydrobromide has been advocated for e June - December 1972. Preventive Veterinary c have a deleterious effect on the health of the collection of faecal samples to Medicine 3: 159-180 n ll e young and small dogs in particular. It is identify cestodes • This method is, 12. Rautenbach G H, Booth C, Hohn E W 1987 A c i l Possible that the cause for the high however, not without risk to the patient comparison of health parameters in two diffe­

r rent canine populations. Part I: Haernatological

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