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Cochrane Street/Gutzlaff Street Historic Tenement Remains

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Cochrane Street/Gutzlaff Street Historic Tenement Remains Cochrane Street/Gutzlaff Street Historic Tenement Remains - ! History and Cultural! Significance! A report by Central & Western Concern Group and Sai Wan Concern! with recommendations! for conservation! 12 August 2016! ! ! ! !The Site! Nestled between a section of Cochrane Street and Gutzlaff Street in Central - beside the mid- levels escalator - is a site which looks very different from its surrounding. Partly covered by vegetation and overlooked by many as just another vacant plot, the site contains a cluster of ancient house structures with walls made of green-grey bricks with granite stone foundations. Apart from viewing them from Cochrane Street, one can also look at them closely by entering a small !alley beside Nos. 108-110 Wellington Street.! Designated as Inland Lot No. 104, this was one of the sites first sold by public auction in January 1844. The story of this site and the associated tenement houses reflects the rich and intricate history of this area of Central, known as the Middle Bazaar in the 19th century. It was one of the most cosmopolitan areas in Central where people of many races and different social status lived !and interacted. ! On detailed inspection and research, it has been confirmed that the structures are the remains of 10 back-to-back tenement houses which were constructed as early as 1879. Despite more than a century of intensive use and partial demolition, parts of the walls and structures of these tenement houses remain intact until today, serving as the witness of a neighbourhood tinted with a turbulent past.! !Middle Bazaar in the early 19th century! When the British first took control of Hong Kong Island in early 1840s, many Chinese settlers congregated in areas around Sheung Wan and Central. Houses and squatter huts were built by the Chinese along a ravine on the hillside in the area now embraced by Peel, Graham, Gutzlaff and Cochrane Streets. This was the Middle Bazaar of Chung Wan. There were trades of all kinds, as well as brothels and gambling houses. By late 1843, the then governor Sir Henry Pottinger decided to move the Chinese population in the Middle Bazaar to Tai Ping Shan, so that the area could be sold in lots for shops and dwellings of Europeans or “respectable Chinese”. These lots, including Inland Lot 104, were sold at public auction on 22 January, 1844. By September 1844, all the old structures in the Middle Bazaar had been removed, new streets were laid out and the lots were !prepared for occupation for their new owners. ! The parallel Cochrane Street and Gutzlaff Street were laid out at that time. The former was named after Sir Thomas John Cochrane (1789-1872), commander of the British naval force in the Far East. The latter was named after Karl Frederich August Gutzlaff (1803-1851), a Prussian Christian missionary who also worked as the Chinese Secretary for the colonial Hong Kong government.! ! ! Plan of Victoria 1856 showing the subject site - Inland Lot 104 between Gutzlaff Street and Cochrane Street (Public Records Office)! ! !Inland Lot 104 under Lapraik and Endicott! Not long after the initial auction, Inland Lot 104 was transacted and divided into two portions: Section A facing Gutzlaff Street and the Remaining Portion (R.P.) facing Cochrane Street. By 1847 and 1848, the two portions came under the ownership of Douglas Lapraik (1818-1869), a !Scotsman who was an important and influential figure in colonial Hong Kong.! Douglas Lapraik came to Hong Kong in 1842 and established his name in land investment and shipping business. He was a founder of the Hongkong & Whampoa Dock Company (1863) - the first limited company registered in Hong Kong. He was also one of the founders of the Hong Kong Chamber of Commerce. He donated substantially to the building of the Pedder Street Clock Tower which became a landmark of Central from 1862 to 1913. His residence, Douglas Castle in Pokfulam, remains today as the University Hall of HKU. Douglas Street in Central was named after him.! !!! While Inland Lot 104 R.P. (facing Cochrane Street) remained under Douglas Lapraik and his successor until 1900, Inland Lot 104A (facing Gutzlaff Streeet) was sold to an American sea captain James Bridges Endicott in July 1847. James B. Endicott (1815-1870) was a descendant of an early Governor of Massachusetts Colony. He came to China about 1842 and worked for Russell and Company as the commander of the opium hulk the Ruparell. He eventually became one of the largest stockholders and Chairman of of the Hong Kong, Canton and Macao Steamboat !Company. ! In 1842, while he was in Canton, Endicott entered into a relationship with a Tanka boat woman named Ng Akew by whom he had five children. Ng Kew was described by a newspaper article as “a shrewd intelligent woman” and her involvement in opium trading sparked the Cumsingmoon affair (⾦星⾨事件 ). Her name was given as Ng Kew吳嬌 , Ong Akew, Ong Mo Kew, On Mow Kew or Hung Mo Kew 紅⽑嬌 in official documents and newspaper accounts.! ! ! Douglas Lapriak! !!!!!James Bridges Enidcott! ! ! !Ng Akew, the protected woman! In-depth research of the life of Ng Akew had been conducted by renowned Hong Kong historian Carl T. Smith and recorded in a number of academic publications. According to Carl Smith, in his book A Sense of History: “the presence of foreign traders in the China Coast cities of the Nineteenth century gave rise to a distinct class of Chinese women who were euphemistically described as ‘living under the protection of a foreigner’….. at times their ‘protectors’ made provision !for a favourite by the creation of a Trust or the gift of real estate.”! In 1852, Endicott gave Ng Akew, his “protected woman”, Inland Lot 104A before he entered into a formal marriage with an English lady. Two merchants, Douglas Lapraik and William Scott, were named as trustees for the estate. Ng Kew soon moved to Hong Kong and started a new life, engaging in property investment and providing loans to women of her own class. She became a leader of the protected women and gained much prosperity. She resided in Nos. 8 & 10 Gutzlaff !Street.! By 1878, the situation had changed for Ng Akew and she was declared bankrupt in March. She auctioned off her fine furnitures of Nos. 8 & 10 Gutzlaff Street and other properties to pay her debts, but was able to secure her residence in Gutzlaff Street as the trust estate could not be sold. Ng Kew continued to live there until her death in 1914, when the trust on this lot was dissolved and !conferred to Robert Endicott of New York City.! ! Owner particulars of Section A of Inland Lot No.104 (from the Land Registry) showing the property was assigned to Ong Akew in form of a trust in 1852! ! ! ! ! ! (Left)! Auction notice on Hong Kong Daily Press 29 March 1878 re the sale of Ng Akew’s furniture. Her address was shown to be Nos. 8 and 10, Ground Floor and Second Floor, Gutzlaff Street! (Right)! !Bankruptcy notice of Ng Kew in Hong Kong Government Gazette, 2 June 1880! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !The “in between” area! According to Carl Smith, the bazaar area of Cochrane, Gutzlaff, Graham, Peel, Elgin and Staunton Streets was a cosmopolitan area populated by a mixed and polyglot group composed of middle- class or wealthy Chinese, Chinese prostitutes serving non-Chinese, European prostitutes, Indian, Parsee and Muslim merchants and shopkeepers, a few scattered Portuguese and Macanese, and protected women. The area was an “in between” area which had a character quite different from the predominantly Chinese “Tai Ping Shan” and the predominantly European business district in !Central and the European residential area in Caine Road. ! This marginal cosmopolitan neighbourhood provided protection for the protected women and their !Eurasian children who were discriminated against at that time. ! ! ! ! (Left) Carl Smith: Ethnic distribution of population in Central District and premises !occupied by protected women (Rates and Collection Book 1872, HKPRO)! !(Right) Cochrane Street in the early 1870s! ! ! ! !The Great Fire of Christmas 1878! A disaster which occurred on Christmas night of 1878 resulted in a large-scale redevelopment of the area. At 11pm, a fire broke out on the seaward side of Queen’s Road Central (Endicott Lane) and eventually spread to a large area - uphill to Hollywood Road, east to Pottinger Street and west to Staveley Street. Several hundred houses were burnt down. The houses on Cochrane Street and Gutzlaff Street, including those on Inland Lot 104, were entirely destroyed. In the Rates and Valuation Book of 1879, all the houses of Cochrane Street and Gutzlaff Street were recorded as “Burnt 25/26 Dec 1878”. The entire burnt area of Central was exempted from rate payment for the !year 1879.! Reconstruction started in early 1879 - according to a China Mail report, surveyors’ poles were already laid out along the burned-out streets by January 13, 1879. The houses at Nos. 25, 27, 29, 31& 33 Cochrane Street and Nos. 2, 4, 6, 8 & 10 Gutzlaff Street were completely rebuilt by late 1879 as rates were paid again for the first quarter of 1880. Since Inland Lot 104A and R.P were both under the control and management of John Stewart Lapraik (the nephew and successor of Douglas Lapraik) at that time, the ten houses were rebuilt all together back-to-back, with five houses facing Gutzlaff Street and five facing Cochrane Street, the two rows of houses sharing a common back wall. Ng Akew continued to live in the Gutzlaff street house after the fire. The house remains that we find between Cochrane Street and Gutzlaff Street today which show the common back wall and some of the party walls can therefore be traced back to 1879.
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