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Gabriela Cristina Granço Do Amaral a Diplomacia De GABRIELA CRISTINA GRANÇO DO AMARAL A DIPLOMACIA DE "ASCENSÃO PACÍFICA" COMO ESTRATÉGIA DE POLÍTICA EXTERNA DA CHINA: AS RELAÇÕES COM O VIETNÃ E AS DISPUTAS SOBRE AS ILHAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS UNESP, UNICAMP E PUC/SP São Paulo 2013 2 GABRIELA CRISTINA GRANÇO DO AMARAL A DIPLOMACIA DE "ASCENSÃO PACÍFICA" COMO ESTRATÉGIA DE POLÍTICA EXTERNA DA CHINA: AS RELAÇÕES COM O VIETNÃ E AS DISPUTAS SOBRE AS ILHAS Dissertação apresentada à Banca Examinadora da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, como exigência parcial para a obtenção do títlo de MESTRE em Relações Internacionais, sob orientação do Prof. Dr. Carlos Eduardo Ferreira de Carvalho. São Paulo 2013 3 “Grandes coisas fez o Senhor por nós, pelas quais estamos alegres” Salmos 126:3 4 AGRADECIMENTOS Gostaria de agradecer, primeiramente, a Deus, que me capacitou a cada dia e me deu forças para continuar nos momentos mais difíceis. Obrigada por me inspirar e me direcionar em cada etapa nesses dois anos. Obrigada ao Programa San Tiago Dantas por todas as oportunidades que tive ao longo desses anos e por todo o conhecimento que pude obter enquanto fiz parte do corpo discente do Programa. Devo grande parte desse trabalho ao meu orientador, o Prof. Dr. Carlos Eduardo Ferreira de Carvalho. O senhor verdadeiramente honrou o título de orientador e meu trabalho é a maior prova disso. Obrigada pela dedicação e empenho em cada fase que passei durante a construção da presente dissertação. Suas orientações foram imprescindíveis para que eu pudesse chegar até aqui. O senhor é um exemplo de seriedade, comprometimento e competência. Obrigada. Agradeço aos professores Luis Antonio Paulino e Samuel Soares por também me auxiliarem ao longo da caminhada. Obrigada pelas opiniões e reflexões; foram de grande importância. Aos professores do Programa de Pós-Graduação San Tiago Dantas deixo também meus sinceros agradecimentos por todo o conhecimento que adquiri com as disciplinas que cursei com vocês. Obrigada a Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) por incentivar a construção deste trabalho e proporcionar os recursos necessários para sua divulgação. Obrigada pelo incentivo; foi fundamental para o desenvolvimento dessa pesquisa. Agradeço também a Isabela e Giovana, do Dantas, que me ajudaram muito com as mais diversas questões burocráticas ao longo dos anos. Obrigada por me socorrerem, tirarem minhas dúvidas e me ajudarem nas pequenas e grandes coisas. Um agradecimento especial também deve ser dado à minha grande amiga e colega de profissão – até o presente momento, Tainá Dias Vicente. Você teve grande importância na execução desse trabalho, amiga. Talvez você nem saiba disso, mas conversar com você, debater com você foi fundamental para me inspirar. Obrigada por tudo, principalmente por sua amizade. Por fim, mas não menos importante, agradeço ao meu amigo e amor, Cleiton Venijio, que sempre me motivou e incentivou – de seu jeito, é claro – em toda a minha caminhada. Obrigada por tudo! Agradeço aos meus pais, Amarildo e Valeria, e aos meus irmãos, Giuliana, Bárbara e Daniel, por estarem sempre ao meu lado. Vocês fazem parte de todas as minhas conquistas. 5 RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO A rápida ascensão da China e seu crescente poderio vêm ampliando os questionamentos sobre o que fará para atingir a proeminência que julga merecer: se continuará aceitando a ordem internacional a que se ligou e na qual desenvolveu seu caminho de crescimento acelerado, ou se vai preferir contestar essa ordem, ou alguns de seus componentes básicos. A dissertação analisa as relações da China com o Vietnã, em especial o conflito em torno das ilhas do Mar do Sul, para os chineses, ou do Mar do Leste, para os vietnamitas. O objetivo é verificar como se aplica nesse caso a diplomacia de "ascensão pacífica", expressão adotada em 2003, e que quer sinalizar o interesse da China em ascender sem causar danos a outros país e sem abalar a ordem internacional, ou seja, o compormisso da China de promover o desenvolvimento do seu país e dos demais por meio de cooperação e paz. Os dois países têm disputas territoriais antigas em torno de ilhas localizadas em região de grande interesse para a segurança e para a projeção externa da China. A dissertação analisa a política externa o peso do nacionalismo na questão e examina os desdobramentos diplomáticos da dispouta sobre as ilhas. Palavras-chave: Política externa e diplomacia da China; relações China-Vietnã; "ascensão pacífica" da China 6 ABSTRACT The rapid rise of China and its growing power have broadened the questions about what he will do to achieve the prominence that judges deserve: whether to continue accepting international order that is called and in which developed its accelerated growth path, or if you prefer vai contest this order, or some of its basic components. The dissertation examines China's relations with Vietnam, especially the dispute over the islands of the South Sea, to the Chinese, or East Sea, to the Vietnamese. The goal is to see how it applies in this case diplomacy of "peaceful rise", expression adopted in 2003, and wants to signal that China's interest in ascend without causing damage to other country without undermining international order, ie the compormisso China to promote the development of their country and the other through cooperation and peace. Both countries have ancient territorial disputes around islands located in a region of great interest to the security and the external projection of China. The dissertation examines the foreign policy of nationalism in the weight issue and examines the ramifications of diplomatic dispouta on the islands. Key-words: Foreign policy and diplomacy of China, China-Vietnam relations; "peaceful rise" of China 7 LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES Gráfico 1: Exportações e Importações chinesas (em US$ milhões).........................................51 Mapa 1. Zonas Econômicas Especiais da China.......................................................................48 Mapa2. Vietnã ..........................................................................................................................73 Mapa 3. Fronteira Marítima do Golfo de Tonkin...................................................................105 Mapa 4. Mar do Sul da China/Mar do Leste...........................................................................110 Quadro 1.Visita das Delegações de Defesa do Vietnã para a China.........................................90 Quadro 2. Visita das Delegações de Defesa da China para o Vietnã........................................91 8 LISTA DE TABELAS Tabela 1. Número de países com os quais a China estabeleceu laços diplomáticos.................51 Tabela 2. Países vizinhos à China segundo sua estrutura regional de poder............................69 Tabela 3. Importações do Vietnã por origem (%), 1980-2004.................................................87 Tabela 4. Exportações do Vietnã por destino (%), 1980-2004.................................................88 9 SUMÁRIO Introdução.................................................................................................................................11 Capítulo 1: Nacionalismo: conceitos para a análise do caso chinês.........................................16 Capítulo 2: A “ascensão pacífica” na evolução da política externa chinesa nas últimas décadas......................................................................................................................................32 Capítulo 3: Diplomacia posta à prova: as relações da China com o Vietnã.............................72 Considerações Finais...............................................................................................................113 Referências Bibliográficas......................................................................................................117 Anexos...................................................................................................................................122 10 INTRODUÇÃO A ascensão da China coloca desafios consideráveis para a ordem internacional, pelo seu enorme peso demográfico e pelo rápido crescimento do seu peso econômico – fatores suficientes para questionamentos sobre o que China poderá fazer e sobre o que a China vai querer fazer. Um questionamento básico envolve a dúvida sobre como a China irá buscar a proeminência: se vai privilegiar o reforço da ordem internacional a que se ligou nas últimas décadas e dentro da qual desenvolveu seu caminho de desenvolvimento acelerado, ou se vai preferir contestar essa ordem, ou alguns de seus componentes básicos. O presente trabalho se enquadra no grupo que busca questionar os posicionamentos chineses na área de política externa. A perspectiva é analisar aspectos relevantes da política externa chinesa atual, ainda pouco discutidos no Brasil, visando contribuir com o debate sobre a política da ascensão pacífica da China, considerada a principal estratégia do país para o século XXI. A paz e coexistência pacífica são termos que fazem parte do discurso do governo chinês. Para eles, esses termos refletem o que a cultura milenar chinesa já professa há muitos anos. A constante menção desses princípios, inclusive na elaboração dos objetivos primordiais da política externa, levou o país lançar em 2003 a expressão “ascensão pacífica” como norteadora das ações chinesas no plano internacional, de sua diplomacia. Aqui vale a explicação dos diferentes conceitos de diplomacia e política externa, para que não haja confusão ao mencioná-los no decorrer
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