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Sikkim University Gender Discourse in News Media: A Study of Leading Indian News Magazines A Thesis Submitted To Sikkim University In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Sarda Adhikari Department of Mass Communication School of Professional Studies July 2019 Date : 29/07/2019 DECLARATION I, SARDA ADHIKARI, hereby declare that the research work embodied in the dissertation titled “Gender Discourse in News Media: A Study of Leading Indian News Magazines” submitted to Sikkim University for the award degree of Doctor of Philosophy, is my original work. The thesis has not been submitted for any other degree of this University or any other University. (Sarda Adhikari) PhD Registration: 14/PhD/MCM/01 Department of Mass Communication School of Professional Studies ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This Doctoral of Philosophy (Ph.D) programme from the Department of Mass Communication, Sikkim University, has been a remarkable journey full of knowledge and insights. It has been a humbling experience, and first and foremost, I thank the Almighty for making it possible. I am grateful to my previous research supervisor, Prof Silajit Guha, for giving me a direction in this work. My heartfelt thanks goes to my present supervisor, Dr Pooja Basnett, who extended her support during a crucial period of my Ph.D work, when I had almost lost hope. She encouraged me and kept my spirits high. Her enthusiasm was contagious and I soon found a sound footing. I can’t thank her enough. I express my gratitude to Dr Yodida Bhutia from the Department of Education and Dr Krishnendu, who were present at my Pre-Submission seminar as external experts, and who provided me with invaluable suggestions for my research work. Similarly, my sincere thanks goes to Dr Manoj Kumar Das, my internal expert, whose inputs were insightful and helpful. I am also grateful to the other faculty members of the Department – Dr Jasmine Yimchunger, Ms Niharika Buragohain and Ms Asha Kiran ma’am for lending me support and encouraging me in every step of my research work. My sincerest thanks to Mr Dorjee Sherpa, Technical assistant in the Mass Communication department, who has lent a helping hand in every step of my journey as a research scholar. My sincerest thanks goes to Prof A.S. Chandel (Librarian) who extended his kindness and generosity despite his busy schedule. I also take this opportunity to thank the Vice Chancellor of Sikkim University, Prof Avinash Khare and the Registrar, Mr T.K. Kaul, for their unstinting support. Mr Dawa Lepcha and Mr Nima Lepcha, research scholars from the Botany department, hold a special place in my heart for their unconditional support and help. Thank you so much. I remain indebted to you. This research work would not have been possible without the support of my husband, Dr Dhani Raj Chhetri. He has been my mentor and the moving spirit behind this arduous task. His patience, kindness and motivation see me through even in the darkest hours. I remain forever indebted to him and thank him from the bottom of my heart. My two children, Aditya and Tushita, have always been my cheerleaders and I thank them sincerely. Last, but not the least, I would like to thank my parents, Mr Rudra Kumar Adhikari and Mrs Meena Adhikari, who have been my pillars of support and ocean of love. This research work has been undertaken at their behest, and in its success I see their achievement and blessings. I dedicate this thesis to my parents with deepest gratitude and love. Sarda Adhikari Gangtok CONTENTS PAGE NO CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 – 33 1.1 GENDER DISCOURSE IN NEWS MEDIA 1 1.2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 4 1.2.1 Defining Gender 5 1.2.2 Generating Gender Stereotypes in News Media 8 1.2.3 Discursive Practices and Gender Studies 10 1.2.4 Media and Cultural Hegemony 12 1.2.5 The Construction of Gender Identity in the Media 13 1.3 OBJECTIVES 16 1.3.1 Specific Objectives 16 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 17 1.5 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 17 1.6 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 19 1.6.1 Encoding /Decoding 19 1.6. 2 Framing Theory 21 1.6.2.a Frames in Communication 23 1.6. 2.b Frames and Media Effects 24 1.6.3 Cultivation Theory 25 1.6.4 Social Significance 28 1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 30 1.8 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS 31 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 34- 58 2.1 THE PURPOSE OF REVIEW OF LITERATURE 34 2.2 LITERATURE ON GENDER DISCOURSE IN THE MEDIA 35 2.3 POLITICS AND GENDER REPRESENTATION 54 2.4 PORTRAYAL OF SPORTSWOMEN IN PRINT MEDIA 56 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 59 - 75 3.1 CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS 60 3.2 SAMPLING 64 3.2.1 Sampling Technique 67 3.3 DATA ANALYSIS 69 3.4 PROFILE OF THE NEWS MAGAZINES 73 3.4.1 Outlook 73 3.4.2 India Today 74 3.4.3 The Week 74 CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS OF THE TEXT 76 – 196 4.1 ANALYZING THE TEXT 76 4.1.1 Article 1 76 4.1.1a. Language Used in the News Story 77 4.1.1b. Anaphoric/ Cataphoric References 77 4.1.1c. Macrostructure 81 4.1.1d. Discoursal Nature of the News Story 84 4.1.2 Article 2 85 4.1.2a. Language Used in the News Story 85 4.1.2b. Anaphoric/ Cataphoric References 86 4.1.2c. Macrostructure 91 4.1.2d. Discoursal Nature of the News Story 92 4.1.3 Article 3 94 4.1.3a. Language Used in the News Story 94 4.1.3b. Anaphoric/ Cataphoric References 95 4.1.3c. Macrostructure 97 4.1.3d. Discoursal Nature of the News Story 99 4.1.4 Article 4 100 4.1.4a. Language Used in the News Story 100 4.1.4b. Anaphoric/ Cataphoric References 101 4.1.4c.Macrostructure 104 4.1.4d. Discoursal Nature of the News Story 105 4.1.5 Article 5 107 4.1.5a. Language Used in the News Story 107 4.1.5b. Anaphoric/ Cataphoric References 108 4.1.5c. Macrostructure 109 4.1.5d. Discoursal Nature of the News Story 111 4.1.6 Article 6 112 4.1.6a. Language Used in the News Story 113 4.1.6b. Anaphoric/ Cataphoric References 114 4.1.6c. Macrostructure 116 4.1.6d. Discoursal Nature of the News Story 118 4.1.7 Article 7 119 4.1.7a. Language Used in the News Story 120 4.1.7b. Anaphoric/ Cataphoric References 120 4.1.7c. Macrostructure 122 4.1.7d. Discoursal Nature of the News Story 124 4.1.8 Article 8 125 4.1.8a. Language Used in the News Story 126 4.1.8b. Anaphoric/ Cataphoric References 127 4.1.8c. Macrostructure 128 4.1.8d. Discoursal Nature of the News Story 129 4.1.9 Article 9 131 4.1.9a. Language Used in the News Story 131 4.1.9b. Anaphoric/ Cataphoric References 132 4.1.9c. Macrostructure 134 4.1.9d. Discoursal Nature of the News Story 136 4.1.10 Article 10 136 4.1.10a. Language Used in the News Story 137 4.1.10b. Anaphoric/ Cataphoric References 137 4.1.10c. Macrostructure 139 4.1.10d. Discoursal Nature of the News Story 141 4.1.11 Article 11 142 4.1.11a. Language Used in the Select Story 143 4.1.11b. Anaphoric/ Cataphoric References 143 4.1.11c. Macrostructure 144 4.1.11d. Discoursal Nature of the News Story 146 4.1.12 Article 12 146 4.1.12a. Language Used in the Select Story 147 4.1.12b. Anaphoric/ Cataphoric References 147 4.1.12c. Macrostructure 150 4.1.12d. Discoursal Nature of the News Story 153 4.1.13 Article 13 153 4.1.13a. Language Used in the News Story 154 4.1.13b. Anaphoric/ Cataphoric References 154 4.1.13c. Macrostructure 156 4.1.13d. Discoursal Nature of the News Story 158 4.1.14 Article 14 158 4.1.14a. Language Used in the News Story 159 4.1.14b. Anaphoric/ Cataphoric References 159 4.1.14c. Macrostructure 161 4.1.14d. Discoursal Nature of the News Story 163 4.1.15 Article 15 163 4.1.15a. Language Used in the News Story 164 4.1.15b. Anaphoric/ Cataphoric References 164 4.1.15c. Macrostructure 166 4.1.15d. Discoursal Nature of the News Story 167 4.1.16 Article 16 168 4.1.16a. Language Used in the News Story 169 4.1.16b. Anaphoric/ Cataphoric References 169 4.1.16c. Macrostructure 173 4.1.16d. Discoursal Nature of the News Story 175 4.1.17 Article 17 176 4.1.17a. Language Used in the News Story 176 4.1.17b. Anaphoric/ Cataphoric References 177 4.1.17c. Macrostructure 179 4.1.17d. Discoursal Nature of the News Story 181 4.1.18 Article 18 182 4.1.18a. Language Used in the News Story 182 4.1.18b. Anaphoric/ Cataphoric References 183 4.1.18c. Macrostructure 186 4.1.18d. Discoursal Nature of the News Story 187 4.1.19 Article 19 188 4.1.19a. Language Used in the News Story 189 4.1.19b. Anaphoric/ Cataphoric References 189 4.1.19c. Macrostructure 191 4.1.19d. Discoursal Nature of the News Story 192 4.1.20 Article 20 193 4.1.20a. Language Used in the Select Story 193 4.1.20b. Anaphoric/ Cataphoric References 194 4.1.20c. Macrostructure 195 4.1.20d. Discoursal Nature of the News Story 196 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 197 – 224 5.1 MAJOR FINDINGS 199 5.2 RELATED DISCUSSION 201 5.2.1 Gender Representation in Print Media 201 5.2.2 Discursive Knots and Patterns of Gender Discourse 204 5.2.3 Framing of Women 206 5.2.4 Cultivating the Stereotype 208 5.2.5 Talking Points 211 5.2.6 Absence/Presence of Rural Women 213 5.2.7 Focus of the Women Related Coverage 215 5.2.8 Symbolic Annihilation of Women 216 5.3 CONCLUSION 219 5.4 SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDIES 224 REFERENCES 225 APPENDIX-I: List of publications APPENDIX-II: List of conferences / seminars attended CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENDER DISCOURSE IN NEWS MEDIA “We teach girls to shrink themselves, to make themselves smaller.
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