Taking the Bull by the Horns: Representing Gender Through Animals in Franco's Spain Irene López-Rodríguez Thesis Submitted T

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Taking the Bull by the Horns: Representing Gender Through Animals in Franco's Spain Irene López-Rodríguez Thesis Submitted T Taking the Bull by the Horns: Representing Gender through Animals in Franco’s Spain Irene López-Rodríguez Thesis submitted to the University of Ottawa in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctorate in Philosophy degree in Spanish Department of Modern Languages and Literatures Faculty of Arts University of Ottawa © Irene López-Rodríguez, Ottawa, Canada, 2021 ii Table of Contents Taking the Bull by the Horns: Representing Gender through Animals in Franco’s Spain Table of contents ……………………………………………………………………...….……ii Abstract/Résumé/Resumen ……………………………………………………………….......iv Acknowledgments …………………………………………………………………………...vii Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………............1 1. The Bestiary in Franco’s Spain ……………………………………………………1 2. Aims of the Dissertation, Corpus and Methodology ………………………………3 3. A Bird’s Eye View of the Chapters ……………………………………………....12 Chapter 1. The Rhetoric of Animality: The Bestial Masculine and Feminine……………….20 Chapter 2. Animal Metaphors: Shaping Nation and Gender in Franco’s Spain……………...29 Chapter 3. Animals and Masculinities………………………………………………...…...…34 3.1. The Bull of Francoism……………………………………………………………34 3.1.1. The Dictator and the Bull ……………………………………………...34 3.1.2. Bull-like Women and Oxen-like Men………………….….…………...49 3.1.3. From the Bull Ring to the Big Screen: The Macho Ibérico as a Bull in National Cinema………………………………………………………55 3.2. Eagles and Capons.................................................................................................89 3.2.1. The Predatory Bird and Its Domestic Prey………………………….….89 3.2.2. On the Hunt for the Homosexual………………………………...........103 3.2.3. A Dog’s Life: Animal Metaphors and Filmic Representations of Non-Heteronormative Masculinities in the Comedia de Mariquitas (Sissy Comedies) ……………………………………………………...…….108 Chapter 4. Animals and Femininities …………………………………………………….….116 4.1. From Wild Beasts to Domestic Hens: Women’s Transition from the Second Republic to the Dictatorship. ……………………………………………….116 4.2. Dissecting the Female Body: The Animal Nature of Women in Pseudo-Scientific Writings…………………………………………………………..132 4.3. The Taming of Women: Animal Metaphors in The Discourse of Female Education…………………………………………………….....................................137 Chapter 5. Hitting the Bull’s Eye: Deconstructing Gender and Nation through Animal Metaphors………………………………………………………………………….. 154 5.1. Letting the Cat out of the Bag: Revealing a Woman’s True Nature in the Movie La Gata (1956)………………………………………………………………………154 5.2. Keeping the Wolves at Bay. The Marginalized She-Wolf in the Song “La Loba” (1960)………………………………………………………………………………..170 iii 5.3. Horsing around in Francoist Times: A Centaur Woman in Ana María Moix’s Novel Walter, ¿por qué te fuiste? (1973).………………………...…………………197 Chapter 6. There is Something Fishy: The Resurgence of the Francoist Bestiary in Spain’s Present-Day Politics…………………………………………………………………………210 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….…225 Works Cited…………………………………………………………………………………231 iv Abstract This dissertation analyzes the (de)construction of gender and nation through animal symbols in Franco’s Spain. The project explores, first, a web of miscellaneous discourses articulated around the official bestiary rhetoric that serve in the composition of uniform gender models tailor-made for the virile totalitarian state. The selection of texts presented is eclectic, both in its nature and form. It encompasses a wide repertoire of multi-media discourses (i.e., scientific, religious, legal, educational, political, commercial, humorous and popular) presented visually (movies, posters, comics, cartoons, flags, advertisements, logotypes), aurally (songs, harangues, sermons, speeches, radio programs) and in the written form (literary excerpts, newspapers, magazines, medical and religious treatises, conduct manuals, epistles), and whose aim is, ultimately, to illustrate the dissemination and scope of zoomorphic images in the representation of nation and gender during the Francoist dictatorship. Apart from providing a panoramic view of the gendered fauna, these historical documents will also serve as the unifying thread to unravel the complexities of several censored artistic productions that cunningly resort to the prevailing bestial iconography to attack the androcentric state. By focusing on the animalized portrayals of the female characters of la Gata [the She-Cat] in Margarita Alexandre and Rafael María Torrecilla’s movie La gata (1956), la Loba [the She-wolf] in Rafael de León, Andrés Moles and Manuel López Quiroga’s copla “La Loba” (1960), and the surrealistic centaur woman Albina in Ana María Moix’s novel Walter, ¿por qué te fuiste? (1973), this work attempts to illustrate the co-existence of a counter discourse able to re-define the monolithic pillars of gender and nation upon which the Francoist regime was constructed. Finally, to highlight the relevance of animal symbolism in the formation of concepts of gender and nation, this dissertation notes a similar deployment of the Francoist bestiary rhetoric in the nationalist discourse of the far-right Spanish political party VOX (2013-present). v Résumé Cette thèse analyse la (dé)construction de la nation et du genre à travers les symboles animaux de l'Espagne sous Franco. En premier lieu, le projet explore une constellation de discours variés qui s'articulent autour de la réthorique du bestiaire servant à la composition sur mesure de modes uniformes et genrés au service de l'État viril totalitaire. La sélection de textes présentés est éclectique de par sa nature et sa forme. Elle comprend un vaste répertoire de discours présentés sur de multiples médias (i.e. scientifiques, religieux, légaux, éducatifs, politiques, commerciaux, humoristiques et populaires) présentés visuellement (films, affiches, bandes dessinées, drapeaux, publicités, logotypes), oralement (chansons, harangues, sermons, discours, programmes radios), et sous forme écrite (extraits littéraires, journaux, magazines, traités médicaux et religieux, manuels de bonnes manières, épitres), et dont le but ultimement est d'illustrer l'étendue des images zoomorphiques dans la représentation des notions de la nation et du genre pendant la dictature franquiste. En plus d’offrir un panorama d'une faune genrée, ces documents historiques serviront également de fil conducteur qui servira à éclairer les complexités de plusieurs productions artistiques faisant savamment appel à l’iconographie animale prédominante pour s'attaquer à l’État androcentrique. En se penchant sur les représentations animalisés de la Gata (la Chatte) dans le film La Gata (1956) de Margarita Alexandre et Rafael María Torrecilla, la Loba (la Louve), dans La loba, copla de Rafael de León, Andrés Moles et Manuel López Quiroga (1960), et Albina, la femme centaure surréaliste dans Walter, ¿por qué te fuiste? (1973), roman d'Ana María Moix, ce travail tente d'illustre la co-existence d'un contre-discours qui traverse la haute culture ainsi que la culture populaire, et qui fut capable de redéfinir les notions monolithiques du genre et de la nation construite sur la réthorique du bestiaire au sein de la censure du régime franquiste. Enfin, pour souligner la pertinence du symbolisme animal dans la formation des concepts de genre et de nation, cette thèse note un déploiement similaire de la rétorique bestiaire franquiste dans le discours nationaliste du parti politique espagnol d'extrême droite récemment fondé VOX (2013-présent). vi Resumen La presente tesis doctoral analiza la (de)construcción de género y nación a través del simbolismo animal en la España de Franco. Primero, el proyecto explora una serie de discursos misceláneos que, articulados en torno a la retórica oficial del bestiario, sirvieron para la composición de un modelo único de género hecho a la medida del régimen totalitario. Los textos seleccionados en este trabajo son eclécticos, tanto en su forma como contenido. Se trata de un repertorio de discursos multimedia (científicos, religiosos, legales, educativos, políticos, comerciales, humorísticos y populares) presentados de manera visual (películas, pósters, cómics, dibujos, banderas, anuncios, logotipos), acústica (canciones, arengas, sermones, discursos, programas de radio) y escrita (extractos literarios, periódicos y revistas, tratados médicos y religiosos, manuales de conducta, epístolas) cuya finalidad es ilustrar la diseminación y alcance de las imágenes zoomórficas en la representación del género y la nación durante la dictadura franquista. Además de ofrecer una visión panorámica del zoo humano que poblaba la Nueva España, estos documentos históricos sirven de hilo conductor para desenmarañar el complejo entramado de varias producciones artísticas que recurren a la iconografía oficial para atacar al estado patriarcal. Por medio del estudio del simbolismo animal que caracteriza a los personajes femeninos de la Gata, la Loba y la mujer centauro Albina en la película La Gata (Margarita Alexandre y Rafael María Torrecilla 1956), la copla “La Loba” (Rafael de León, Andrés Moles y Manuel López Quiroga 1960) y la novela Walter, ¿por qué te fuiste? (Ana María Moix 1973), respectivamente, este trabajo ilustra la coexistencia de un discurso subversivo capaz de redefinir los pilares monolíticos de género y nación sobre los que se cimentó el régimen franquista. Por último, para recalcar la relevancia que el simbolismo animal tiene en la formación de los conceptos de género y nación de un país, este trabajo detecta un empleo similar del bestiario franquista en el discurso
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