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Intensification of Forest Management and Improvement of Wood Harvesting in Northwest Russia

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Intensification of Forest Management and Improvement of Wood Harvesting in Northwest Russia Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 110 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2009/mwp110.htm ISBN 978-951-40-2149-7 (PDF) ISBN 978-951-40-2150-3 (paperback) ISSN 1795-150X Intensification of forest management and improvement of wood harvesting in Northwest Russia – Final report of the research project Timo Karjalainen, Timo Leinonen, Yuri Gerasimov, Markku Husso and Sari Karvinen (eds.) www.metla.fi Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 110 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2009/mwp110.htm Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute publishes preliminary research results and conference proceedings. The papers published in the series are not peer-reviewed. The papers are published in pdf format on the Internet only. http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/ ISSN 1795-150X Office Post Box 18 FI-01301 Vantaa, Finland tel. +358 10 2111 fax +358 10 211 2101 e-mail [email protected] Publisher Finnish Forest Research Institute Post Box 18 FI-01301 Vantaa, Finland tel. +358 10 2111 fax +358 10 211 2101 e-mail [email protected] http://www.metla.fi/ 2 Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 110 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2009/mwp110.htm Authors Karjalainen, Timo, Leinonen, Timo, Gerasimov, Yuri, Husso, Markku & Karvinen, Sari (eds.) Title Intensification of forest management and improvement of wood harvesting in Northwest Russia – Final report of the research project Year Pages ISBN ISSN 2009 151 978-951-40-2149-7 (PDF) 1795-150X 978-951-40-2150-3 (paperback) Unit / Research programme / Projects Joensuu Research Unit / 338401, Intensification of forest management and improvement of wood harvesting in Northwest Russia, 350401 Impacts of changes in Russian national and regional forest policy on forest use in Russia Accepted by Leena Paavilainen, Director of Research, 29.01.2009 Abstract The project aimed to investigate the accessibility of forest resources in Northwest (NW) Russia, the impacts of both Scandinavian and current Russian forest management and wood harvesting on ecologically, socially and economically sustainable forestry, and to enhance the development of sustainable forest management and wood harvesting methods for NW Russia. The research group found both positive trends, but also development needs in forest management in Northwest Russia. Since 1993, the area of lands without forest vegetation needing forest regeneration has decreased to a half. On the other hand, in 1999-2006 almost every fifth hectare of clear felling was left without active forest regeneration measures. Moreover, the extent of intermediate felling has been insufficient being only about fifth of the annual allowable area and 9% of the total timber harvesting volume. Wood harvesting has been rather stable last 10 years in NW Russia, at the level of about 40 million m3 per year. Less than half of the annual allowable cut is utilised and most of the round wood is produced by large and medium sized logging companies. Traditional full-tree and tree-length harvesting methods and systems are still dominating in most of the regions even though use of cut-to-length method is becoming more common. Several factors hamper development of wood harvesting, including for example weak production infrastructure, weak road network, lack of own turnover means in companies, low quality in harvester and forwarder operator trainging, and increasing variable costs. Scenario analysis indicate that mature and over mature forests in NW Russia are able to secure wood supply at the current levels for the next 50 years, but that intensification of forest management would allow to substantially increase annual fellings. The discrepancy between forest resources and their accessibility has been regarded as one main problem of forest management. Good infrastructure is essential for harvesting operations and thus the economic accessibility of forest resources. Keywords silviculture, felling, forest code, wood procurement, logistics, conservation areas, forest resources, economic accessibility Available at http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2009/mwp110.htm Replaces Is replaced by Contact information Timo Karjalainen, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Joensuu Research Unit, Yliopistokatu 6 (P.O.Box 68), FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland. E-mail [email protected] Other information Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 110 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2009/mwp110.htm Authors Chapter 1 Vladimir Korotkov, Timo Leinonen, Andrey Filipchuk, Maria Palenova, Evgeny Kuznetsov and Yuri Nesterenko Chapter 2 Chapter 2.1 Vladimir Korotkov, Timo Leinonen, Andrey Filipchuk, Maria Palenova, Evgeny Kuznetsov and Yuri Nesterenko Chapter 2.2 Maria Palenova, Andrey Filipchuk, Timo Leinonen, Vladimir Korotkov and Yuri Nesterenko Chapter 2.3 Sergey Chumachenko, Sergey Pochinkov, Ekaterina Kuhkarkina and Anna Yakovleva Chapter 2.4 Timo Leinonen, Maria Palenova, Vladimir Korotkov, Andrey Filipchuk, Yuri Nesterenko, Sergey Chumachenko, Sergey Pochinkov and Evgeny Kuznetsov Chapter 3 Yuri Gerasimov, Vladimir Siounev, Anton Sokolov, Timo Karjalainen and Vitaly Khljustov Chapter 4 Ari Pussinen, Katja Tröltzsch, Markku Husso, Kaija Saramäki, Bruce Michie and Anne Toppinen 4 Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 110 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2009/mwp110.htm Contents Authors ...........................................................................................................................4 Foreword ........................................................................................................................7 Extended abstract .........................................................................................................8 Intensification of forest management ........................................................................................ 8 Improvement of wood harvesting ............................................................................................. 9 Future development and economic accessibility of forest resources in Northwest Russia .... 11 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................13 References ...................................................................................................................... 18 2 Intensification of forest management ...................................................................20 2.1 Principles of forest management....................................................................................... 20 2.2 Development of forest management in Russia ................................................................. 27 2.2.1 Overview to forest management development .................................................... 27 2.2.2 Forest inventory and planning ............................................................................. 31 2.2.3 Final cutting ......................................................................................................... 33 2.2.4 Thinning ............................................................................................................... 38 2.2.5 Forest regeneration ............................................................................................... 39 2.2.6 Especially protected natural areas (EPNA) .......................................................... 42 2.2.7 Tendencies of changes in forest management organization ................................. 44 2.3 Comparison of different forest management regimes in Lyaskelskoe lesnichestvo in the Republic of Karelia ............................................................................................... 46 2.3.1 Background .......................................................................................................... 46 2.3.2 Method ................................................................................................................. 47 2.3.3 Assumptions ......................................................................................................... 48 2.3.4 Results .................................................................................................................. 50 2.3.5 Net income analyse for 10 years period .............................................................. 55 2.3.6 Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 56 2.4 Towards sustainable and intensive forest management ─ some important topics for further development of forest management in Northwest Russia .................................. 57 References ...................................................................................................................... 61 Appendix 2.1 .................................................................................................................. 64 Appendix 2.2 .................................................................................................................. 65 3 Improvement of wood harvesting in Northwest Russia ......................................67 3.1 Development in wood procurement ............................................................................... 67 3.1.1 Analysis of logging companies in the Republic of Karelia ................................... 71 3.1.2 Round wood balance and unreported flows .......................................................... 77 3.2 Development of
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