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Synoptic Survey of Septic Indicators in Streams and Springs at Monte Sano Mountain, Madison County, Alabama, January 29-31,1998

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Synoptic Survey of Septic Indicators in Streams and Springs at Monte Sano Mountain, Madison County, Alabama, January 29-31,1998 science usesfor a changing world Prepared in cooperation with the City of Rilrttsvjlle, Alabama \ £jyto»\fNi .» Synoptic Survey of Septic Indicators in Streams and Springs at Monte Sano Mountain, Madison County, Alabama, January 29-31,1998 U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4230 !l "* Sf^ \^ ! '.) I' U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey -*: *"\" '»«.- ,-K Synoptic Survey of Septic Indicators in Streams and Springs at Monte Sano Mountain, Madison County, Alabama, January 29-31, 1998 By Ann K. McPherson and Will S. Mooty U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4230 Prepared in cooperation with the City of Huntsville, Alabama Montgomery, Alabama 1999 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Charles G. Groat, Director The use of firm, trade, and brand names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Government. For additional information write to: Copies of this report can be purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Information Services 2350 Fairlane Drive, Suite 120 Federal Center, Box 25286 Montgomery, AL 36116 Denver, CO 80225-0286 CONTENTS Abstract .......................................................:......................................................................................................... 1 Introduction. ...............................................................................................................................................................^ 1 Purpose and Scope...................................................................................................................................................... 4 Background........................................................................................................................._^ 4 Previous Investigations.....................................................................................................................................^ 4 Description of Study Area........................................................................................................................................... 5 Geology ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 Hydrogeology.................................................................................................................................................... 7 Approach and Methods of Study........................................................................................................................................... 7 Septic Indicators.......................................................................................................................................^ 9 Bacterial Indicators ................................................................. 12 Chemical Indicators.................................................................................................................................................... 13 Nutrients.....................................................................................................~^ 13 Chloride..............................................^ 15 Caffeine ........................................................... 15 MBAS, LAS, and EDTA................................................................................................................................... 15 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Paracresol.......................................................................................... 15 Total Organic Carbon........................................................................................................................................ 15 Discussion..................................................................................................................... .. ......... ^ 16 Summary .............................................................................................................................................................. 17 References.................................................................................................................................................. 17 FIGURES 1. Map showing location of Monte Sano Mountain study area and physiographic provinces in Alabama................... 2 2. Map showing location of sampling sites at Monte Sano and Huntsville Mountains, Madison County, Alabama......................................................................................................................................... 3 3. Lithology of major geologic units on Monte Sano Mountain, Alabama.................................................................... 5 4. Generalized geologic cross section of Monte Sano and Huntsville Mountains, Madison County, Alabama............ 6 5. Graph showing E. coli and fecal-coliform concentrations at selected sites on and around Monte Sano Mountain, Alabama, January 29-31, 1998.................................................................................................................................. 12 6. Graphs showing (A) Dissolved nitrite plus nitrate and (B) dissolved chloride concentrations at selected sites on and around Monte Sano Mountain, Alabama, January 29-31, 1998.................................................................... 14 TABLES 1. Site description and classification based on land use and geologic units............................................................... 8 2. State and Federal standards and criteria for bacterial concentrations and selected organic contaminants in surface water...................................................................................................................................................... 10 3. Summary of selected field water-quality properties and bacterial and chemical constituents for streams and springs on and around Monte Sano Mountain, January 29-31, 1998............................................................. 11 4. Specific and nonspecific chemical indicators of wastewater contamination.......................................................... 13 5. Summary of selected organic compounds detected in streams and springs on and around Monte Sano Mountain, January 29-31, 1998 ........................................................................................................ 16 Contents III CONVERSION FACTORS, VERTICAL DATUM, TEMPERATURE, AND ABBREVIATED WATER-QUALITY UNITS Multiply By To obtain Length inch (in.) 25.4 millimeter foot (ft) 0.3048 meter mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer Area acre 4,047 square meter Volume per unit time (includes flow) cubic foot per second (ft3/s) 0.02832 cubic meter per second Sea level: In this report "sea level" refers to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD of 1929) a geodetic datum derived from a general adjustmerit of the first-order level nets of both the United States and Canada, formerly called Sea Level Datum of 1929. Temperature: Temperature values can be converted by using the following equations: °F=1.8(°C + 32) °C = 5/9 (°F - 32) Abbreviated water-quality units: col/100 mL.............................colony per 100 milliliters Hg/L................................................. microgram per liter mg/L.................................................. milligram per liter \iSlcm ............................... microsiemens per centimeter IV Contents Synoptic Survey of Septic Indicators in Streams and Springs at Monte Sano Mountain, Madison County, Alabama, January 29-31, 1998 By Ann K. McPherson and Will S. Mooty ABSTRACT in the Pottsville-Pennington unit at the top of the mountain. These elevated bacterial concentrations The U.S. Geological Survey conducted a occurred in conjunction with caffeine detection synoptic investigation of fecal bacterial pollution and elevated levels of nitrite plus nitrate and in headwater streams and springs on Monte Sano chloride. This indicates that there is a potential Mountain. A total of 18 sites were sampled over a water-quality problem related to discharge from 3-day period in late January 1998. Fifteen of the the shallow ground-water system. Because the sites were located hydrologically downgradient sampling sites are located in close proximity to from residential areas on top of Monte Sano residential development, the most probable source Mountain. Three additional sites were selected as of the elevated fecal bacterial concentrations was background sites in unpopulated areas on septic tank effluent. Huntsville Mountain, south of Monte Sano Mountain. Sampling was conducted during a period of high baseflow after a recent storm when INTRODUCTION no surface runoff was present. Any contaminants identified in the streams and springs were likely Monte Sano Mountain is located east of the city derived from ground-water discharge because of Huntsville in Madison County, Alabama (fig. 1). The overland flow was not evident. summit of the mountain is a narrow sandstone-capped Four of the five sites in the Pottsville- plateau that is 4 miles in length and shaped like a Pennington unit (uppermost) with the highest horseshoe (fig. 2). The valleys surrounding the concentration of residential land use had mountain are underlain by limestone and exhibit karst Escherichia coli (E. coli) concentrations that were features. A small residential community of more than 25 times the background level. In approximately 2,100 people is located
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