Railwa Railway Operators Railway Operators in Japan 12 Southern and Eastern Kinki Region Masafumi Miki historic sites and cultural properties, and population density because there is little Overview attracts many tourists. Two places in Nara flat land—mountains and rough terrain Prefecture have been added to UNESCO’s stretch almost to the Pacific Ocean, letting This third and final article on railways in World Heritage List—the Buddhist the area retain much of its natural beauty. the Kinki region looks at the southern and Monuments in the Horyu-ji Area, and the The warm Kuroshio current sweeps past eastern parts of the region—southern Osaka Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara. the coast here, keeping the climate mostly Prefecture, Nara Prefecture, Wakayama This part of Japan is one of the country’s mild with more rain than many other parts Prefecture, and southern Mie Prefecture. most popular tourist destinations for of Japan. y The Kinki region has a long history going another reason as well—parts of Yoshino- back many centuries, especially in the Kumano National Park are located in the areas now known as southern Osaka three prefectures of Nara, Wakayama and Overview of Rail Network Prefecture and Nara Prefecture. In ancient Mie, while Ise-Shima National Park is in Operators times, the nation’s capital was moved from Mie Prefecture. Travel between these Trunk lines serving the area are: the one locality to another in the Nara Basin, three prefectures is made difficult by the 174.9-km JR Central/JR West Kansai main a large expanse of flat land in present-day rugged Kii Mountains lying between them. line (Nagoya–JR Namba (Osaka)); the Nara Prefecture. The tombs of many The Osaka Plain and Nara Basin are quite 61.3-km JR West Hanwa Line (Tennoji emperors are located in the basin and in urbanized with Osaka City as the main (Osaka)–Wakayama); and the 384.2-km southern Osaka Prefecture. metropolitan centre. On the other hand, JR Central/JR West Kisei main line The area is also known for its numerous the Kii Peninsula to the south has a low connects the former two lines via the Kii Peninsula coastline (Kameyama– Wakayama-shi). JR West lines branching Railway Lines in Southern and Eastern Kinki from these main lines include the Sakurai to Kyoto ttoo NNagoyaagoya and Wakayama lines, etc. Because the KKameyamaameyama # 3 Nara Line Kii Mountains stretch across the south- KKatamachiatamachi KKansaiansai LineLine mainmain lineline central part of the area, these lines run $ KKamoamo IIsese NNakagawaakagawa mainly through the lowlands in the north YamatoYamato KizuKizu SaidaijiSaidaiji % or along the coast in the south. OsakaOsaka6 Nara Iga Kanbe TobaToba 2 FuseFuse Kinki Nippon Railway (Kintetsu) is the NNambaamba @ 9 Sakurai 1 4 Line UemachiUemachi 8 ^ most important private operator in the LineLine TennoujiTennouji 0 Mie = HHankaiankai Sakurai area with a relatively dense network of LineLine ! 5 ~ KKashiharaashihara JJingu-maeingu-mae OsakaOsaka BayBay E SembokuSemboku RapidRapid lines in Nara and Mie prefectures. The RailwayRailway - A KansaiKansai Mizuma B company’s network in the Nara Basin is InternationalInternational C Railway Yoshino AirportAirport Gojo Kintetsu linked with Osaka in the west and the MizumaMizuma HHashimotoashimoto 1 Osaka Line HHanwaanwa 2 Nara Line Ise Plain in the east. Its longest line is LineLine F Nara 3 Kyoto Line 4 G GGokurakubashiokurakubashi Kashihara Line the 109-km Osaka Line (Uehonmachi– Wakayama 5 H Line Minami Osaka Line Wakayama-shiWakayama-shi 6 D Higashi Osaka Line Ise Nakagawa). Two other Kintetsu lines Wakayama 7 WWakayama-koakayama-ko Namba Line 8 Tenri Line form the east–west axis of its network: 9 Ikoma Line 0 Tawaramoto Line the 26.7-km Nara Line (Fuse–Kintetsu - Yoshino Line = Domyoji Line Nara) and the 39.8-km Minami Osaka ~ Gosho Line ! Nagano Line Line (Osaka Abenobashi–Kashihara KishuKishu RailwayRailway Gobo @ Shigi Line Wakayama # Nagoya Line Jingu-mae). These are connected by the NishiNishi GoboGobo $ Iga Line Shingu % Toba Line north–south 23.8-km Kashihara Line ^ Shima Line (Yamato Saidaiji–Kashihara Jingu-mae), Nankai A Nankai main line forming the central axis of the network. B Koya Line Kisei main line C Kuko Line Kintetsu’s network also includes a Tokaido Shinkansen D Wakayama-ko Line E Takashinohama Line number of branch lines. JR Lines F Tanagawa Line G Kada Line Nankai Electric Railway (Nankai) operates Private lines H Kishigawa Line two lines linking Osaka and Wakayama prefectures—the 64.2-km Nankai main line 58 Japan Railway & Transport Review 38 • March 2004 Copyright © 2004 EJRCF. All rights reserved. (Namba–Wakayama-shi) and the 64.5-km sections: Nagoya– Kameyama, diesel services between Osaka and Koya Line (Shiomibashi–Gokurakubashi). Kameyama–Kamo, and Kamo–JR Namba. Nagoya. Today, only local services are Part of the area described in this article is The oldest part of the line was opened offered on the above-mentioned three located in the Keihanshin (Kyoto, Osaka between Kusatsu and Mikumo (both in sections. (Under JR’s formal definition and Kobe) metropolitan district and Shiga Prefecture and now on the Kusatsu and following the practice of regarding nicknamed the Empire of Private Railways Line, JRTR 37, pp. 44–51) by Kwansei Tokyo as the hub of the nation’s railway because of the strong presence of private Railway in 1889. This section was network, the Kansai main line stretches operators. Indeed, all track in Nara extended and added to by mergers with from Nagoya to Minatomachi. However, Prefecture was originally laid by the other private railways in the area. Kwansei for convenience, this article treats the line private sector, not by the former Railway is famed for its efforts to seize a as consisting of three sections.) government railways nor Japanese greater share of the Nagoya–Osaka market Japan’s ancient capital of Nara is almost National Railways (JNR). from the government railways’ Tokaido due east of Osaka, but for many centuries A number of local private railways once Line (now the JR Tokaido main line). Its the main transport corridor between the operated along the coast of the Kii success was due to its many through two cities swerved to the south, following Peninsula, but only two companies services linking the two cities. However, the valley of the Yamato River through the remain—Nankai’s Kishigawa Line and Kwansei Railway was nationalized in 1907 Ikoma Mountains. The Osaka–Nara Kishu Railway. and its competitor, Kintetsu, began running a section of the Kansai main line was number of through limited expresses on a constructed by Osaka Railway along the parallel line. Paradoxically, the line longer valley route. As a result, even JR Lines suffered another setback in 1973, when today, JR West trains running between JR the section between Minatomachi (today Namba and Nara must travel 8.2 km Kansai main and branch lines JR Namba) and Nara was electrified, further than Kintetsu trains between the Today’s Kansai main line consists of three resulting in a gradual cutback in through same two cities, because Kintetsu’s lines Size and Financial Status of Railways in Southern and Eastern Kinki Region Number of Capital Operating Revenues Operating Expenses Operating Profits/Losses Ordinary Route-km Employees (¥1000) (¥1000) (¥1000) (¥1000) Profits/ Losses Railway Non-railway Railway Non-railway Railway Non-railway (¥1000) Kinki Nippon Railway 594.1 9,906 92,741,000 182,749,985 48,110,219 159,430,986 41,800,190 23,318,999 6,310,029 11,531,450 Nankai Electric Railway 168.3 3,122 63,739,000 63,401,974 56,450,480 57,686,893 46,669,778 5,715,081 15,495,783 2,838,171 Osaka Prefectural Urban Development 14.3 329 4,000,000 8,702,769 5,714,792 7,840,370 2,889,651 862,399 2,825,141 2,816,463 Hankai Tramway 18.7 151 450,000 1,717,713 116,336 2,000,138 48,673 -282,425 67,663 -216,077 Mizuma Railway 5.5 32 200,000 383,192 756,538 325,469 697,110 57,723 59,428 92,818 Arita Railway 5.6 5 30,000 7,789 789,002 19,353 793,930 -11,564 -4,928 -31,146 Kishu Railway 2.7 6 160,000 12,759 5,503,876 40,881 5,336,785 -28,122 167,091 -214,880 Passenger Volume and Density by Railway Company 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Kinki Nippon Railway No. of Passengers (1000) 802,266 797,424 790,506 788,663 770,228 742,717 718,225 696,535 679,722 Passenger Density* 70,460 70,186 70,324 69,600 68,038 65,516 63,531 61,868 60,768 Nankai Electric Railway Volume 305,307 302,212 303,756 302,638 295,320 282,766 273,129 261,527 255,042 Density 81,970 81,986 80,925 79,933 77,987 74,701 72,506 69,643 67,867 Osaka Prefectural Urban Volume 57,810 58,050 57,755 60,023 60,176 58,321 56,948 55,059 54,301 Development Density 110,670 111,301 110,978 100,828 101,633 99,197 97,551 94,668 94,132 Hankai Tramway Volume 12,453 12,688 12,453 11,861 11,513 11,678 11,047 10,536 10,151 Density 7,973 7,657 7,206 6,785 6,587 6,163 5,813 5,495 5,298 Mizuma Railway Volume 3,055 3,115 3,116 3,080 2,857 2,765 2,670 2,614 2,507 Density 5,903 5,948 5,912 5,798 5,385 5,187 5,026 4,941 4,748 Arita Railway Volume 109 93 74 25 15 17 23 18 18 Density 251 220 176 67 39 48 51 49 43 Kishu Railway Volume 223 220 201 193 180 163 150 125 120 Density 483 476 432 414 386 350 319 269 259 * Daily Passenger=Daily passenger-km/route-km Copyright © 2004 EJRCF.