Microfinance Clientele
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38130 Public Disclosure Authorized Microfinance and Gender Roles in Afghanistan Public Disclosure Authorized A Study Report Public Disclosure Authorized November 2006 Erik Lyby Consultant to the World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized Acronyms and abbreviations AKDN Aga Khan Development Network AREU Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit ARMP Afghanistan Rural Microcredit Program ARTF Afghan Reconstruction Trust Fund BDS Business Development Services BRAC Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee CGAP Consultative Group for Assistance to the Poor ESC Employment Services Center FAQ Frequently Asked Questions FGD Focus Group Discussion HH Household IA Impact Assessment IGVGD Income Generation for Vulnerable Groups ILO International Labor Organization KURP Kabul Urban Rehabilitation Project MF MicroFinance MFI MicroFinance Institution MISFA Microfinance Investment Support Facility for Afghanistan MoCI Ministry of Commerce and Industry MoE Ministry of Education MoHE Ministry of Higher Education MoLSA Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs MoWA Ministry of Women’s Affairs MRRD Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development MSE Micro- and Small Enterprises NEEP National Emergency Employment Program NFS Non-Financial Services NGO Non-Governmental Organization NSP National Solidarity Program PPP Purchasing power parity SCG Savings and Credit Group SEL Small Enterprise Loans SEP Small Enterprise Program SWM Solid Waste Management UN United Nations UNHCR United Nations High Commission for Refugees USD United States Dollars UWSS Urban Water Supply and Sanitation VO Village Organization WB World Bank WFP World Food Program Glossary: burqa All-enveloping veil which covers a woman from head to foot. “insh’allah” “God willing”. jirib Land measure, 1 jirib = 0.2 hectare. mahram Spouse or close relative of opposite sex. purdah Literally "curtain", the practice of preventing men from seeing women. serai Traditionally caravan camp in the long-distance trade. Today fixed trading center organized in sections according to the types of goods on sale. talib From Arabic, literally “student”. In Afghan context, a Taliban warrior. Taliban Fundamentalist movement that held power in Afghanistan 1995 – 2001. Table of Contents Executive Summary............................................................................................................ 1 1 Introduction................................................................................................................ 6 1.1 Background................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Objective ....................................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Selection of study sites.................................................................................................. 9 1.4 Organization of the study ............................................................................................ 9 1.5 Conduct of the study .................................................................................................... 9 1.6 The report ................................................................................................................... 10 2 Methodology ............................................................................................................. 12 2.1 Analytical Framework ............................................................................................... 12 2.2 Research Questions .................................................................................................... 13 2.3 Qualitative Methods................................................................................................... 13 2.3.1 Respondents .......................................................................................................................... 14 2.3.2 Interviewers........................................................................................................................... 15 2.3.3 Tools ..................................................................................................................................... 16 3 The MFIs .................................................................................................................. 18 3.1 BRAC Afghanistan..................................................................................................... 18 3.2 FINCA ......................................................................................................................... 18 3.3 CARE........................................................................................................................... 19 3.4 ARMP.......................................................................................................................... 19 3.5 CHF International...................................................................................................... 19 4 Microfinance clientele.............................................................................................. 20 4.1 Reaching the Poor? .................................................................................................... 20 4.1.1 Client Groups and Individuals .............................................................................................. 22 4.1.2 Loan Cycles and Size............................................................................................................ 22 4.2 Use of Microcredit...................................................................................................... 23 4.2.1 Retail Trade........................................................................................................................... 24 4.2.2 Tailoring and Carpet Weaving.............................................................................................. 27 4.2.3 Agriculture ............................................................................................................................ 30 4.2.4 Services and Manufacturing.................................................................................................. 31 4.2.5 Consumption......................................................................................................................... 32 4.2.6 Monitoring Microfinance...................................................................................................... 33 4.2.7 Summary............................................................................................................................... 34 5 Women’s Empowerment .......................................................................................... 36 5.1 Decision-making ......................................................................................................... 36 5.2 Well-being and status................................................................................................. 38 5.2.1 Social Capital........................................................................................................................ 41 5.2.2 Occupations for women ........................................................................................................ 42 5.2.3 Summary............................................................................................................................... 43 6 Conclusions and Recommendations........................................................................ 44 6.1 Microfinance and livelihoods..................................................................................... 44 6.1.1 Human capital ....................................................................................................................... 44 6.1.2 Social capital......................................................................................................................... 45 6.1.3 Physical capital ..................................................................................................................... 45 6.1.4 Financial capital .................................................................................................................... 46 6.1.5 Natural capital....................................................................................................................... 47 6.2 Recommendations ...................................................................................................... 47 6.2.1 Empowerment....................................................................................................................... 47 6.2.2 Participation .......................................................................................................................... 47 6.2.3 Enterprise Development........................................................................................................ 48 6.2.4 The Ultra-Poor ...................................................................................................................... 49 6.2.5 Monitoring ............................................................................................................................ 49 6.2.6 Small Steps............................................................................................................................ 49 Annexes Annex 1: Literature Annex 2: Methodology Annex 3: Household Interview Guide Annex 2: Focus Group Discussion Guide Tables Table 1: Methods_____________________________________________________________________________14 Table 2: Interviews