Geographical View of Mineral Resources: the Case Northeastern
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View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by InfinityPress Journal of Sustainable Development Studies ISSN 2201-4268 Volume 2 (2013), Number 2, 229-241 Geographical View of Mineral Resources: The Case Northeastern Montenegro Goran Rajović (Corresponding author) Street Vojvode Stepe 252, Belgrade, Serbia Jelisavka Bulatović College of Textile Design, Technology and Management, Street Starine Novaka 20, Belgrade, Serbia Abstract Abstract: This paper examines the geographical view of the mineral resources of north-eastern Montenegro. Greatest economic significance is area ore occurrences, then metal ores and non-metals. The diversity and complementarily of mineral resources is a basic characteristic of the considered geographic space, which is of special importance to its future development. Contemporary and future use of mineral resources for commercial purposes requires a new approach that needs to be consistent with the concept of sustainable development. Key words: Northeastern-Montenegro, mineral resources, ore occurrences, metal ores, non-metal ores, sustainable development. Introduction Exploitation of mineral resources in the northeastern part of Montenegro is very old. The oldest dated works are dependable medieval, so some regions have names from the period of the activity. Konjuhe village where there are old slag dumps (Srebrenica), named after the old Slavic name (Srebrnica), which leads us to 230 Journal of Sustainable Development Studies believe that in this region was mine (Lutovac, 1973). According Boričić, Lutovac and Petrić (Boričić et al.,1967), coal are begun Budimlja Austrians exploited even in 1917 year. Between the First and Second World War is the only urban poor used for heating small amounts of coal to water is discovered on the banks of Lima. During World War II Italian Army for their needs carried out in coal Petnjik. After the Second World War were carried out partial geological survey in the northeastern part of Montenegro (Bešić, 1959), and in the course of geologic mapping are registered and some new phenomena of mineral resources (Bešić, 1980). The mineral resources in limited geographic space can be divided into the following groups: 1. Ore occurrences associated with sediments lake of the upper Oligocene and lower Miocene, 2. Phenomena related to the metal and the Lower Triassic Paleozoic sediments and volcanic rocks-sedimentary formations of the Middle Triassic and 3. Non-metallic mineral resources associated with sediments of the Triassic, Cretaceous, Eugene and Quaternary. Methodology This research aims to meet the professional and the general public with the mineral resources of northeastern Montenegro, in the geographical context of their exploitation and use. The core of the methodological procedure used in this study makes geographic (spatial) method and included the north-eastern region of Montenegro. Comparative method allowed us to mineral resources of northeastern Montenegro look at the level of municipalities Berane, Andrijevica and Plav. Permeated through the entire text of the method and integrity, thanks to which we are able to recognize, define and emphasize the importance of mineral resources for the economic development of the north-eastern Montenegro. 231 Journal of Sustainable Development Studies The scientific explanation of terms, we applied two methods are used: analytic and synthetic. Analytical methods are considered some of the dimensions of the research topic, a synthetic whole, the interconnections between the case and suggested measures that derive there from. Results and Discussion Ore occurrences The sediments of the upper Oligocene and lower Miocene in Berane and basin Polica there are deposits of lignite-brown coal. Berane basin is represented by gravel, sand, clay and marl. Developed three coal seams are the main coal, the first and second foot wall, foot wall. The main coal seam thickness ranges from 1-10 m, locally to separating, which means that the thickness inlays consisting of marls, ranging up to 1 m. Tertiary main coal seam are carbonaceous and sandy clay. The thickness of the first coal seam varies from 1.2 m to 3.8 m, and was developed in the district Petnjik - Dapsića. Tertiary other foot wall carbon layer is gray and gray-green clay, and the thickness ranges from 2.0 m to 4.5 m. Thus, coal Berane coal basin type is lignite-brown coal (Nikolić and Dimitrijević, 1990). Basin Polica is represented by sandstones, sands, sandy clays, clays and marls, and it was concluded six coal seams. Their number and distribution in different parts of the basin is variable. The carbon layers are often separating, and their thickness ranges from 0.2 m to 7.2 m. Coal Basin shelf also is among the lignite-brown coal. Based on petro graphic and chemical composition and macroscopic properties, coal Berane - basin Polica is largely built of detritus - Textile. The mean content of the petro graphic components of coal provides 86.6% detritus - Textile, detritus 3% - 10.3% gel and textiles - the gel. From the data of technical analysis can be seen that coal contains 16% - 20% moisture, 10 %- 17% ash, and 2% sulfur, 45%-50% of coke, about 30% fish-s, about 35% of volatile and over 52% of combustible substances. In addition, the effect of thermal coal amounts to 16.700 KJ (GTE), and 13.400 KJ (DTE) (Nikolić and Dimitrijević, 232 Journal of Sustainable Development Studies 1990). Total reserves of coal in Berane-basin are Polica 176.231.197tons. It is widespread in all parts of Berane lowland (Budimlja, Petnjik, Zagorje, Polica, Beran Selo, and Dolac). Excavation of coal in this basin started in the sixties in the district "Budimlja" and was completed in the late seventies, when I started building a new mine investment district "Petnjik” that began production in 1981 in the eponymous pit, where and today is exploitation of coal. Production of coal ranged from 10.000 in 1960 to 107.000 tones in 1989. In the same period, coal production has increased from 276.000 to 2.159 million tons, or at a rate 8.25% (www.mans.co.me). Brown Coal Mine "Ivangrad" not escaped the fate of the collapse of the economic giants in our country. At the beginning of the nineties was sinking more and more in an uncertain economic future. In 2004 found to be insolvent. On the ninth bid for 1.51 million Euros, the Greek company "Balkan energy" purchased the mine in 2008, and received its exploitation concession for 20 years, with the obligation to build a thermo-block of 110 megawatts over the next four years, invest another 120 million (www.mans.co.me). However, the extraction and processing of coal are still waiting, and mining for now is only considered a potential resource periodically. Program Development in Berane coal basin (lignite and brown coal ≈ 180 million), would cause the intense regrouping and integration of industrial enterprises in this part of north-eastern Montenegro, which could cause the need for capacity expansion (Beran Selo, Dolac). Communication between them is relatively inexpensive and applicable to the road network, which mainly goes trough the river Lim. The roads are second and third rows and are oriented in three directions and the direction north to Bijelo Polje, east to the south to in Roţaje and Andrijevica. Through these routes was connectivity with other parts of Montenegro, and Serbia. The nearest railway station on the Belgrade-Bar, located in Bijelo Polje, at a distance about 35 km from the mine (Petrović et al., 2011). 233 Journal of Sustainable Development Studies If we add to all this in Berane basins, there are immense reserves of marl. Marl especially is on the right side of Lima, mostly on the shelf, Jasikovac, but in the hamlet Đurake. These marls same qualities match the requirements of the cement industry. According Lutovac (1957) only on Jasikovac reserves could be provided for the production of two hundred years should be annually produced 80.000 tons of cement (Rajović, 2005). Occurrence of metal In the considered geographic space are detected and the appearance and bearing the following metals: lead, zinc, copper, iron and pyrite. They occur in sedimentary and volcanic rocks: Paleozoic, Lower and Middle Triassic. Occurrence of lead and zinc were discovered east of Konjuhe on the right side of the river Perućica stand on the site (see map 1). Demonstrate an area of about 2 km. They occur in the Permian sediments, Lower and Middle Triassic. Mineralization occurs in the form of wires and impregnation, and their thickness ranges from 0.2 m to 1.0 m. The content of zinc in the wires is very variable, in some trials reaches 5%, while the middle is 0.3%, while the content of lead is far smaller and does not exceed 0.1%. Besides lead and zinc in Konjusi occurs and copper, whose average content is about 0.15%. Association Konjusi minerals are: pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, galena and others. The mineralization is genetically related to diorite and quartz diorite, and was created at higher temperatures and lower levels (Group of author, 1982). On the right side of the river Lima in the area between the axes Kostreš and Omarska and head were discovered also the appearance of lead and zinc. They occur in quartz-keratophyre, tuffs, volcanic breccias and limestones. Mineralization is manifested in the form of wires. The content of lead and zinc ore FACING pieces ranging up to 6% of lead and zinc. In this area of land in some trials of zinc content ranges up to 1.1%, and lead to 0.8%. Mineral association of the hatchet is: pyrite, sphalerite, galena and chalcopyrite. On the eastern slopes 234 Journal of Sustainable Development Studies of the wider area of Bjelasica in Zabrđe and Šestaverca and wire thickness not exceeding 1 m and the provision is rarely followed for longer than 20 m.