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Las Terapias No Convencionales En La Esfera Pública Digital Representaciones Mediáticas, Sociales Y Políticas

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Las Terapias No Convencionales En La Esfera Pública Digital Representaciones Mediáticas, Sociales Y Políticas TESIS DOCTORAL LAS TERAPIAS NO CONVENCIONALES EN LA ESFERA PÚBLICA DIGITAL REPRESENTACIONES MEDIÁTICAS, SOCIALES Y POLÍTICAS REALIZADA POR LORENA CANO-ORÓN DIRIGIDA POR DRA. CAROLINA MORENO-CASTRO DR. GUILLERMO LÓPEZ GARCÍA JUNIO 2019 DOCTORADO EN COMUNICACIÓN E INTERCULTURALIDAD DEPARTAMENTO DE TEORÍA DE LOS LENGUAJES Y CIENCIAS DE LA COMUNICACIÓN FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA, TRADUCCIÓN Y COMUNICACIÓN TESIS DOCTORAL LAS TERAPIAS NO CONVENCIONALES EN LA ESFERA PÚBLICA DIGITAL REPRESENTACIONES MEDIÁTICAS, SOCIALES Y POLÍTICAS REALIZADA POR LORENA CANO-ORÓN DIRIGIDA POR DRA. CAROLINA MORENO-CASTRO DR. GUILLERMO LÓPEZ GARCÍA JUNIO 2019 DOCTORADO EN COMUNICACIÓN E INTERCULTURALIDAD DEPARTAMENTO DE TEORÍA DE LOS LENGUAJES Y CIENCIAS DE LA COMUNICACIÓN FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA, TRADUCCIÓN Y COMUNICACIÓN Esta tesis ha sido llevada a cabo con la financiación del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, a través de un programa de ayudas para contratos predoctorales para la formación de doctores (BES-2015-072409). Además del apoyo económico para la realización de estancias de investigación que incluía esta beca, también se han recibido otras fuentes de financiación que han posibilitado realizar otras estan- cias o actividades científicas. En concreto, se ha recibido financiación proveniente del Departamento de Teoría de Los Lenguajes y Ciencias de la Comunicación, del proyecto Cultural Narratives of Crisis and Renewal (H2020-MSCA- RISE-2014) y de la Utrech Network. Asimismo, también se ha recibido apoyo económico para el desarrollo de activi- dades de formación, para la asistencia a congresos, y para la publicación de resultados de investigación y transfe- rencia, por parte del Grupo de investigación ScienceFlows, en el marco de los proyectos ESTENAS (CSO2014-57778-R), y H2020-Swaft- CONCISE (Grant Agreement, 824537), así como del grupo de investigación Mediaflows (CSO2016- 77331-C2-1-R | CSO2013-43960-R). — Esta tesis ha sido realizada dentro del grupo de investigación ScienceFlows, del Instituto Polibienestar de la Universidad de Valencia. Esta investigación se enmarca dentro del proyecto del plan nacional Estudio y clasificación de las tera- pias naturales, complementarias y alternativas a través de los medios de comunicación y de las redes sociales. Ideas y valores de transferencia al imaginario social (CSO2014-57778-R), finan- ciado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España y dirigido por la profesora Catedrática de Periodismo Carolina Moreno Castro. “¿Cómo sabe usted que la Tierra no es plana? […] Casi todo lo que sabemos sobre otros individuos, otras naciones, otras culturas y otras religiones es, en el mejor de los casos, indirecto. […] Sin tener este conocimiento personal, nos inclinamos a pensar que si el río suena, agua lleva, o que un rumor no se hubiera propagado si no fuera cierto, al menos en parte. Quizá la verdad sea todavía peor que el rumor” SUNSTEIN, 2010: 23-24 ÍNDICE RESUMEN .......................................................................................................................................................................... 11 ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................................................... 13 LISTA DE TABLAS ...................................................................................................................................................... 15 LISTA DE FIGURAS ................................................................................................................................................... 17 AGRADECIMIENTOS ............................................................................................................................................... 19 PREFACIO ........................................................................................................................................................................ 23 PREFACE .......................................................................................................................................................................... 25 01 INTRODUCCIÓN ......................................................................................................................... 29 1.1 La comunicación científica en el entorno digital ................................................... 32 1.2 Objeto de estudio ....................................................................................................................................41 1.2.1 Representación y acceso a la información de las terapias complementarias .............................................................................41 1.2.2 Definición de las terapias no convencionales .............................................42 1.3 Planteamiento del problema de investigación .........................................................45 1.4 Estructura de la tesis ...........................................................................................................................47 1.5 Metodologías empleadas................................................................................................................ 53 01 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................61 1.1 Scientific communication in the digital environment ...................................... 64 1.2 Object of study ..........................................................................................................................................73 1.2.1 Representation and access to the information on complementary therapies.............................................................................................................. 73 1.2.2 Definition of unconventional therapies ............................................................74 1.3 Approach to the research problem .......................................................................................77 1.4 Thesis structure ........................................................................................................................................78 1.5 Methodologies used ............................................................................................................................85 02 ESTUDIO A PERFIL SOCIODEMOGRÁFICO DEL USUARIO DE LA HOMEOPATÍA EN ESPAÑA .......................................................................... 93 2.1 Introducción ................................................................................................................................................95 2.2 Material y método ...................................................................................................................................97 2.3 Resultados .....................................................................................................................................................98 2.4 Discusión .......................................................................................................................................................105 03 ESTUDIO B CORRELACIÓN ENTRE LAS BÚSQUEDAS SOBRE TERAPIAS COMPLEMENTARIAS EN GOOGLE Y SU USO POR PARTE DE LA POBLACIÓN ESPAÑOLA ...................................................................................................107 3.1 Introducción ............................................................................................................................................. 109 3.1.1 Uso y estado de las terapias complementarias en España ...................................................................................... 111 3.1.2 Fuentes de información más frecuentadas ................................................. 112 3.1.3 Medios de comunicación y terapias complementarias ...........................113 3.2 Objetivo del estudio ............................................................................................................................114 3.3 Metodología ................................................................................................................................................ 115 3.4 Resultados .................................................................................................................................................... 117 3.4.1 Evolución de las búsquedas de Google desde 2004 a 2015 ................................................................................................................. 117 3.4.2 Comparación entre los datos de 2007 y la encuesta del OTN (2008) ...................................................................................... 119 3.4.3 Evolución de las búsquedas durante el primer semestre de 2015 .......................................................................................... 119 3.4.4 Comparación de los datos de 2015 con la presencia en prensa digital y con la frecuencia de uso ...............................................124 3.5 Discusión y conclusiones .............................................................................................................. 125 04 ESTUDIO C DR. GOOGLE, WHAT CAN YOU TELL ME ABOUT HOMEOPATHY? COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE TOP10 WEBSITES IN THE UNITED STATES, UNITED KINGDOM, FRANCE, MEXICO AND SPAIN ................................................................................................................. 129 4.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................
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