DOCSLIB.ORG

Iran's Crude Oil Reserves and Production

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Iran's Crude Oil Reserves and Production GeoArabia, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2007 Iran’s oil reserves and production Gulf PetroLink, Bahrain Iran’s crude oil reserves and production Moujahed I. Al-Husseini ABSTRACT The Government of Iran estimates the country’s initial-oil-in-place and condensate- in-place are about 600 and 32 billion barrels (Gb), respectively. In 2004, the official estimate of the proved remaining recoverable oil and condensate reserves was about 132.5 Gb, of which crude oil accounted for about 108 Gb. Cumulative crude oil production is expected to cross the 60 Gb mark in 2007, implying that the estimated ultimate recoverable reserves of crude oil are about 168 Gb (cumulative production plus remaining reserves) and the total recovery factor is about 28%. The main Oligocene-Miocene Asmari and Cretaceous Bangestan (Ilam and Sarvak) reservoirs contain about 43% and 25%, respectively, of the total crude oil- in-place. Recovery factors for the Asmari range between about 10–60%, and for the Bangestan between 20–30%. Between 1974 and 2004 remaining recoverable reserves have increased from about 66 to 108 Gb, while the ultimate recoverable reserves have increased from 86 to 168 Gb. In contrast to 1974 when Iran’s production peaked at 6.0 Mb/d, production in 2005 averaged about 4.1 Mb/d. The 1974 peak occurred when production from most of the giant fields was ramped-up to very high but unsustainable levels. Current plans are to increase the crude oil production rate to 4.6 Mb/d by 2009. This is a significant challenge because this production capacity has to offset a reported total annual decline rate of 300–500,000 barrels/day (Kb/d). This high decline rate is attributed to the maturity of the giant fields, many of which attained their peaks in the 1970s and have produced about half or more of their estimated ultimate recoverable reserves. Therefore to achieve the 2009 production target within the next three years, Iran has to add about 680 Kb/d of capacity per year from its developed fields (infill drilling, recompletions, enhanced and improved oil recovery), while also adding net new surface facilities and well capacity from undeveloped fields and reservoirs. INTRODUCTION Iran is a major producer in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and was one of its founding members when it was formed in 1960. With an average production of about 4.1 million barrels of crude oil per day (Mb/d) in 2005 (Figure 1 and Table 1), Iran supplies approximately 5% of the world’s oil production of 81.1 Mb/d, and 12% of OPEC’s production of 33.8 Mb/d (BP, 2006; quantities include natural gas liquids – NGL and oil from unconventional sources). In mid-2004, the country reported that its proved remaining recoverable crude oil and condensate reserves were about 132.5 billion barrels (Gb) or about 11.3% of the world’s reported proved oil reserves of 1,200 Gb for end-2005 (BP, 2006). The estimated proved remaining crude oil reserves are about 108 Gb, and consist of both primary and secondary reserves (Table 2). At the June 2006 OPEC meeting in Caracas, Venezuela, Iran’s Petroleum Minister, K. Vaziri-Hamaneh, stated that the country planned to raise oil production to 4.6 Mb/d by 2009 (Middle East Economic Survey - MEES, 5 June 2006). It should be recognized, however, that such an increase represents a significant challenge because it has to overcome a production decline rate in the maturing fields of 300–400,000 (Kb/d) according to former Iranian Petroleum Minister, B. Zanganeh (MEES, 1 August 2005), or as much as 500 Kb/d according to the current Petroleum Minister Vaziri-Hamaneh (MEES, 18 September 2006). The production decline rate is not irreversible and is being overcome with infill drilling, recompletions, enhanced and improved oil recovery (e.g. gas injection programs) in many mature fields. Moreover, to achieve this 12% production capacity expansion, Iran is bringing on- stream several undeveloped fields and reservoirs. 69 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geoarabia/article-pdf/12/2/69/4570022/husseini.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 Al-Husseini Iran’s Production History 7 6 80 5 1979 Revolution 60 4 3 40 1951 Revolution 2 Oil price/barrel (2006 US dollars) Production rate (Million barrel/day) World War II 20 1 Masjid-e-Sulayman production started (1913) 1980-1988 Iran-Iraq War 0 0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2006 Year Figure 1: Iran’s daily production of crude oil from 1913 to end-2006. Also shown is the average price of a barrel of oil in 2006 dollars. Table 1 lists Iran’s estimated crude oil production capacity by field (Figure 2) for: • April 2004 (Arab Petroleum Research Centre – APRC, 2005); • end of 2005 (MEES, 13 February 2006); • end of 2010 and end-2015 (assuming current production rates). The planned production capacity increases are compiled from various sources and assume no delays in completing the projects (MEES, 13 February and 19 June 2006; McDonald, 2006; Petroleum Review, 2006; OPEC website). Production from the undeveloped Azadegan field (260 Kb/d after 2008, McDonald, 2006) and Kushk Hosseinieh field (300 Kb/d after 2008; McDonald, 2006) are shown as completed by 2010. The 100 Kb/d from the Azar field (announced as commercial in 2006, MEES, 19 June 2006) and 300 Kb/d from Yadvaran field (planned for 2012 or later, but may only be 180 Kb/d, Associated Press in Gulf News, 18 February, 2006) are shown in 2015. Also listed in Table 1 are the specific gravities for the oils in API units (as reconciled between various sources including: Beydoun, 1988; Alsharhan and Nairn, 1997; APRC, 2005; MEES, 13 February 2006; McDonald, 2006). This article reviews the crude oil and condensate reserves (Tables 2 and 3) and oil production capacities in the main fields and reservoirs of Iran (Table 1), and the country’s overall production history (Figure 1). It first clarifies the nomenclature and stratigraphy of Iran’s fields (Figures 3 and 4), and then explains the sources of the database (Tables 1 –16). One objective of this article is to provide a quantitative data base of Iran’s reserves and production that illustrates the relationships between initial-oil-in-place (IOIP), estimated ultimate recoverable reserves (EURR), remaining primary and secondary reserves (PRR, SRR), total remaining reserves (TRR), reserves growth, cumulative production (CP), recovery factor (RF), decline rates and production. A second objective is to show the relative importance of the reserves and production from the Asmari reservoir in Iran’s four supergiant fields (Agha Jari, Ahwaz, Gachsaran and Marun; Figure 2). 70 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geoarabia/article-pdf/12/2/69/4570022/husseini.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 Iran’s oil reserves and production Table 1 Iran’s Crude Oil Production by Field for 2004 to 2015. MAIN CRUDE OIL x 1,000 barrels/day RESERVOIRS OF IRAN Field API Apr-04 end-05 2010 2015 Ab-Teymour 43 43 43 43 32.6° The onshore reservoirs in Iran are Abuzar 200 190 220 220 26.0° named after formations and groups in Agha Jari (Aghajari) 190 200 200 200 34.6° which they occur, as shown in Figure 3 Ahwaz-Asmari 800 700 700 700 32.6° (Stöcklin and Setudehnia, 1972; Szabo Ahwaz-Bangestan 160 155 220 220 25.5° and Kheradpir, 1978; NIOC, 1998). The Azadegan 0 0 260 260 Heavy offshore reservoirs are named after Azar 0 0 0 100 NR either Iranian or Arabian formations Bahregansar 65 65 65 65 29.8° (Figure 4). Alsharhan and Nairn (1997) Balal 40 40 40 40 42.0° provide a comprehensive review of Bibi Hakimeh 150 130 130 130 29.9° the petroleum systems covering the Binak 50 50 50 50 29.9° reservoirs, seals, source rocks and oil Cheshmeh Khosh 37 36 80 80 28.0° types. Chillinger 10 10 10 10 36.6° Darquain 0 50 160 160 38.5° Tables 2 and 3 provide an overview of Dehluran 9 9 25 25 35.5° the distribution of oil and condensate Doroud (Darius) 150 130 220 220 34.0° by field and reservoir, indicating Forouzan (Fereidoon) 35 35 100 100 28.5° a total crude oil in-place (IOIP) of Gachsaran 650 560 560 560 31.1° Haft Kel 40 40 40 40 31.1° about 600 Gb and condensate in-place Hendjian 8 8 8 8 23.0° (ICP) of about 32 Gb. The Asmari Karangan 5 0 0 0 NR and Bangestan reservoirs are found Karanj 125 150 150 150 34.4° in many fields and account for about Kilur Karim 10 0 0 0 NR 260 Gb and 150 Gb, respectively, Kupal 55 60 60 60 32.0° representing approximately 43% and Kushk Hosseinieh 0 0 300 300 Heavy 25% of initial-oil-in-place. The main Lab-e-Safid 40 40 40 40 35.3° reservoirs are briefly discussed in the Mansouri 60 50 100 100 27.5° following sections. Marun (Maroun) 570 520 520 520 33.0° Masjid-e-Sulayman 6 4.5 20 20 40.0° Oligocene-Miocene Asmari Nargesi 50 0 0 0 NR Reservoir Neft-e-Safid 25 25 25 25 44.5° Neft-e-Shar 15 0 0 0 43.0° Nowruz 90 90 90 90 21.0° The Asmari Formation contains the Par-e-Siah 2 0 0 0 31.7° most prolific and productive reservoir, Parsi (Paris/Faris) 200 100 150 150 33.9° holding some 43% of IOIP.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Prediction and Inference in the Hubbert-Deffeyes Peak Oil Model ∗
    Prediction and Inference in the Hubbert-Deffeyes Peak Oil Model ∗ John R. Boycey Department of Economics University of Calgary July 2012 Abstract World oil production has grown at an annual rate of 4.86% since 1900. Yet, the Hubbert-Deffeyes `peak oil' (HDPO) model predicts that world oil production is about to enter a sustained period of decline. This paper investigates the empirical robustness of these claims. I document that the data for the HDPO model shows that the ratio of production-to-cumulative-production is decreasing in cumulative production, and that the rate of decrease is itself decreasing. The HDPO model attempts to fit a linear curve through this data. To do so, Hubbert and Deffeyes are forced to either exclude early data or to discount the validity of discoveries and reserves data. I show that an HDPO model which includes early data systematically under-predicts actual cumulative production and that the data also rejects the hypothesis that the fit is linear. These findings undermine claims that the HDPO model is capable of yielding meaningful measures of ultimately recoverable reserves. Key Words: Peak Oil, Exhaustible Resources, Exploration and Development JEL Codes: L71, Q31, Q41, O33 ∗I thank Chris Auld, Diane Bischak, Chris Bruce, Bob Cairns, Robin Carter, Ujjayant Chakravorty, Eugene Choo, Herb Emery, G´erardGaudet, Dan Gordon, James Hamilton, Mike Horn, Lutz Kilian, Dean Lueck, John Rowse, and Scott Taylor. I also thank the associate editor, James L. Smith, and two anonymous referees for helpful comments. All remaining errors are my own. yProfessor of Economics, Department of Economics, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, N.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • Controversy Over Coseismic Surface Faulting in the Zagros Orogenic Belt of Iran: Evidence from Geological Field
    World Journal of Environmental Biosciences All Rights Reserved WJES © 2014 Available Online at: www.environmentaljournals.org Volume 6, Supplementary: 63-70 ISSN 2277- 8047 Controversy Over Coseismic Surface Faulting in The Zagros Orogenic Belt of Iran: Evidence from Geological Field Alireza Sepasdar1, Ahmad Zamani2*, Kouros Yazdjerdi2, Mohsen Poorkermani3, M. Ghorashi4 1Department of geology, Fars Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran 2-Department of geology, Shiraz branch, Islamic Azad university, Shiraz, Iran. 3-Department of geology, North Tehran branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 4Geological survey of Iran, Po13185-1494, Tehran, Iran ABSTRACT In this research, it was attempted to examine the impact of tectonic activities on Surmehmountain to create the rupture. Surmeh anticline is the most important geological feature of the southwest Zagros orogeny belt in Fars province, Iran. The structure of the rock of Paleozoic- Mesozoic age is complex. Several levels of deformation are probably recognized in the Alpian orogeny. The Alpian Orogeny produced folds, low angle thrust, numerous normal faults, a moderate graben and widespread fracture zones. The trend of most faults, folds and fracture zones is from northwest to southeast. In this county, the main fault is Surmeh thrust. Due to these effects, Dalan formation contains some clay minerals, Marl perch on Dalan formation and beneath it, perch Foraghan formation and Hurmoz series. At the following tectonic phase, the region creates an appropriate condition for salt diapirism, therefore, in the north county, two salt domes can be seen which are called Jahani dome. Although, the Earth scientists believe that in the southwest of Zagros organic belt, the surficial rupture cannot be seen.
    [Show full text]
  • FULLTEXT01.Pdf
    http://uu.diva-portal.org This is an author produced version of a paper published in Natural Resources Research. This paper has been peer-reviewed but does not include the final publisher proof-corrections or journal pagination. Citation for the published paper: Höök, M., Söderbergh, B., Jakobsson, K. & Aleklett, K. ”The evolution of giant oil field production behaviour” Natural Resources Research, 2009, Vol. 18, Issue 1: 39-56 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11053-009-9087-z Access to the published version may require subscription. Published in Natural Resources Research Volume 18, Number 1, March 2009, Pages 39-56 http://www.springerlink.com/content/142004322x2885nk/ The evolution of giant oil field production behaviour Mikael Höök*, Bengt Söderbergh*, Kristofer Jakobsson*, Kjell Aleklett* Contact e-mail: [email protected] * Uppsala University, Global Energy Systems, Department of physics and astronomy, Box 535, SE-751 21, Uppsala, Sweden http://www.fysast.uu.se/ges Abstract The giant oil fields of the world are only a small fraction of the total number of fields, but their importance is huge. Over 50% of the world oil production came from giants by 2005 and more than haft of the worlds ultimate reserves are found in giants. Based on this it is reasonable to assume that the future development of the giant oil fields will have a significant impact on the world oil supply. In order to better understand the giant fields and their future behaviour one must first understand their history. This study has used a comprehensive database on giant oil fields in order to determine their typical parameters, such as the average decline rate and life-times of giants.
    [Show full text]
  • How Farmers Perceive the Impact of Dust Phenomenon on Agricultural Production Activities: a Q-Methodology Study T
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Ghent University Academic Bibliography Journal of Arid Environments 173 (2020) 104028 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Arid Environments journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jaridenv How farmers perceive the impact of dust phenomenon on agricultural production activities: A Q-methodology study T ∗ ∗∗ Fatemeh Taheria, , Masoumeh Forouzanib, , Masoud Yazdanpanahb, Abdolazim Ajilib a Department of Agricultural Economics, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium b Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, 6341773637, Iran ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Dust as one of the environmental concerns during the past decade has attracted the attention of the international Dust storms community around the world, particularly among West Asian countries. Recently, Iran has been extremely af- Farmers' perceptions fected by the serious impacts of this destructive phenomenon, especially in its agricultural sector. Management Economic and ecological impacts of dust phenomenon increasingly calls for initiatives to understand the perceptions of farmers regarding this Environmental policies phenomenon. Farmers’ views about dust phenomenon can affect their attitude and their mitigating behavior. Q method This can also make a valuable frame for decision and policy-makers to develop appropriate strategies for mi- Iran tigating dust phenomenon impacts on the agricultural sector. In line with this, a Q methodology study was undertaken to identify the perception of farmers toward dust phenomenon, in Khuzestan province, Iran. Sixty participants completed the Q sort procedure. Data analysis revealed three types of perceptions toward dust phenomenon: health adherents who seek support, government blamers who seek support, and planning ad- herents who seek information.
    [Show full text]
  • Co2 Storage in Depleted Oilfields: Global Application Criteria for Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery
    CO2 STORAGE IN DEPLETED OILFIELDS: GLOBAL APPLICATION CRITERIA FOR CARBON DIOXIDE ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY Technical Report Report Number: 2009-12 Date: December This document has been prepared for the Executive Committee of the IEA GHG Programme. It is not a publication of the Operating Agent, International Energy Agency or its Secretariat. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The International Energy Agency (IEA) was established in 1974 within the framework of the Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development (OECD) to implement an international energy programme. The IEA fosters co-operation amongst its 26 member countries and the European Commission, and with the other countries, in order to increase energy security by improved efficiency of energy use, development of alternative energy sources and research, development and demonstration on matters of energy supply and use. This is achieved through a series of collaborative activities, organised under more than 40 Implementing Agreements. These agreements cover more than 200 individual items of research, development and demonstration. The IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme is one of these Implementing Agreements. DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme. The views and opinions of the authors expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme, its members, the International Energy Agency, the organisations listed below, nor any employee or persons acting on behalf of any of them. In addition, none of these make any warranty, express or implied, assumes any liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights, including any party’s intellectual property rights.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Geographical Accessibility to Rural Health Houses Using the Geospatial Information System, a Case Study: Khuzestan Province, South-West Iran
    Acta Medica Mediterranea, 2015, 31: 1447 ANALYSIS OF GEOGRAPHICAL ACCESSIBILITY TO RURAL HEALTH HOUSES USING THE GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION SYSTEM, A CASE STUDY: KHUZESTAN PROVINCE, SOUTH-WEST IRAN FARAHNAZ SADOUGHI1, 2, JAVAD ZAREI1, ALI MOHAMMADI3, HOJAT HATAMINEJAD 4, SARA SAKIPOUR5 1Department of Health Information Management, School of Health Management and Information Science, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran - 2Health Management and Economics Research Center, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran - 3Assistant professor of Health Information Management, Department of Health Information Technology, Paramedical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah I.R. Iran - 4PhD candidate, Geography and Urban Planning, University of Tehran, Tehran - 5Office of Medical Record and Statistics, Vice-Chancellor for Treatment, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, I.R. Iran ABSTRACT Background: The use of rural health houses is one of the important approaches for delivering health services but, inappro- priate infrastructures and limited resources make it difficult to design and implement plans to enhance and improve health services in rural areas. The aim of this study was to analyze the accessibility to rural health care services in the province of Khuzestan Materials and methods: This applied research was conducted in Khuzestan Province, south-west Iran with a cross-sectional approach in 2014. The population of the study was the villages and rural health houses. All the villages and rural health houses were included in the study without sampling. Descriptive data collected with a checklist from the Statistical Centre of Iran, IT Department of the Management Deputy of the Governor’s Office and Ahvaz Jundishapur and Dezful University of Medical Sciences and spatial data obtained from the national Cartographic Center.
    [Show full text]
  • Oman Embarks on New Yemen Diplomacy
    WWW.TEHRANTIMES.COM I N T E R N A T I O N A L D A I L Y 8 Pages Price 50,000 Rials 1.00 EURO 4.00 AED 43rd year No.13960 Monday JUNE 7, 2021 Khordad 17, 1400 Shawwal 26, 1442 Qatar calls for dialogue I know Bahrain like Tehran, Seoul expected Iran’s “Statue” tops at between Iran and back of my hand: to resume trade within VAFI & RAFI animation Arab neighbors Page 3 Dragan Skocic Page 3 3 months Page 4 festival Page 8 Candidates face each other in first televised debate Oman embarks on new TEHRAN – The first televised debates Some analysts said the debates had no among seven presidential candidates were clear winner and that candidates mostly held on Saturday afternoon. trade accusations against each other rather The hot debates took place between five than elaborate on their plans. principlist candidates - especially Saeed Hemmati was claiming that most can- See page 3 Jalili, Alireza Zakani, and Mohsen Rezaei didates were making attacks against him - with Nasser Hemmati. which was not fair. Yemen diplomacy The main contention was over an ap- A presidential candidate, Nasser Imani, proval of FATF and skyrocketing prices, said the days left to the election day are which most candidates held the central important. bank responsible for. Continued on page 2 Iran, EAEU soon to begin talks over establishing free trade zone TEHRAN - Iran and the Eurasian Economic tee, on the sidelines of the St. Petersburg Union (EAEU) are set to begin negotiations International Economic Forum. on a full-fledged joint free trade zone in “The EAEU made the appropriate de- the near future, the press service of the cisions regarding the launch of the nego- Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC) tiations in December 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • 1590-1601 Issn 2322-5149 ©2014 Jnas
    Journal of Novel Applied Sciences Available online at www.jnasci.org ©2014 JNAS Journal-2014-3-S2/1590-1601 ISSN 2322-5149 ©2014 JNAS Trend analysis of the changes in urban hierarchy of Khuzestan: a sustainable development perspective Mohammad Ajza Shokouhi1* and Jawad Bawi2 1- Associate Professor of Geography and Urban Planning at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad 2- PhD student in Geography and Urban Planning, International Branch of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Corresponding author: Mohammad Ajza Shokouhi ABSTRACT: This paper deals with the changes in the urban hierarchy of Khuzestan during a period of 50 years (1956-2006) determining the extent of changes in urbanization and the potential spatial differences between the cities in this province from the perspective of sustainable development. Adopting a descriptive-analytic approach and employing various models such as tensile modulus, primate city indicators, urban concentration index (three-city and four-city), the rank-size rule, the present paper analyzes the factors influencing the urban networks in Khuzestan. It follows from the results of the study that the urban networks of the province, have been heavily affected by developments so that Abadan which used to have the first rank in Khuzestan has lost its rank to Ahwaz due to the administrative, political, and commercial centrality of Ahwaz. The imposed war (of Iraq against Iran) has also caused abrupt changes in the population and urban hierarchy. Therefore, urban networks of Khuzestan influenced by factors such as immigration do not have a spatial balance (and hence stability) currently. Interestingly, the results suggest that the spatial distance between the first city Ahwaz with other cities is growing exponentially.
    [Show full text]
  • Mayors for Peace Member Cities 2021/10/01 平和首長会議 加盟都市リスト
    Mayors for Peace Member Cities 2021/10/01 平和首長会議 加盟都市リスト ● Asia 4 Bangladesh 7 China アジア バングラデシュ 中国 1 Afghanistan 9 Khulna 6 Hangzhou アフガニスタン クルナ 杭州（ハンチォウ） 1 Herat 10 Kotwalipara 7 Wuhan ヘラート コタリパラ 武漢（ウハン） 2 Kabul 11 Meherpur 8 Cyprus カブール メヘルプール キプロス 3 Nili 12 Moulvibazar 1 Aglantzia ニリ モウロビバザール アグランツィア 2 Armenia 13 Narayanganj 2 Ammochostos (Famagusta) アルメニア ナラヤンガンジ アモコストス（ファマグスタ） 1 Yerevan 14 Narsingdi 3 Kyrenia エレバン ナールシンジ キレニア 3 Azerbaijan 15 Noapara 4 Kythrea アゼルバイジャン ノアパラ キシレア 1 Agdam 16 Patuakhali 5 Morphou アグダム（県） パトゥアカリ モルフー 2 Fuzuli 17 Rajshahi 9 Georgia フュズリ（県） ラージシャヒ ジョージア 3 Gubadli 18 Rangpur 1 Kutaisi クバドリ（県） ラングプール クタイシ 4 Jabrail Region 19 Swarupkati 2 Tbilisi ジャブライル（県） サルプカティ トビリシ 5 Kalbajar 20 Sylhet 10 India カルバジャル（県） シルヘット インド 6 Khocali 21 Tangail 1 Ahmedabad ホジャリ（県） タンガイル アーメダバード 7 Khojavend 22 Tongi 2 Bhopal ホジャヴェンド（県） トンギ ボパール 8 Lachin 5 Bhutan 3 Chandernagore ラチン（県） ブータン チャンダルナゴール 9 Shusha Region 1 Thimphu 4 Chandigarh シュシャ（県） ティンプー チャンディーガル 10 Zangilan Region 6 Cambodia 5 Chennai ザンギラン（県） カンボジア チェンナイ 4 Bangladesh 1 Ba Phnom 6 Cochin バングラデシュ バプノム コーチ（コーチン） 1 Bera 2 Phnom Penh 7 Delhi ベラ プノンペン デリー 2 Chapai Nawabganj 3 Siem Reap Province 8 Imphal チャパイ・ナワブガンジ シェムリアップ州 インパール 3 Chittagong 7 China 9 Kolkata チッタゴン 中国 コルカタ 4 Comilla 1 Beijing 10 Lucknow コミラ 北京（ペイチン） ラクノウ 5 Cox's Bazar 2 Chengdu 11 Mallappuzhassery コックスバザール 成都（チォントゥ） マラパザーサリー 6 Dhaka 3 Chongqing 12 Meerut ダッカ 重慶（チョンチン） メーラト 7 Gazipur 4 Dalian 13 Mumbai (Bombay) ガジプール 大連（タァリィェン） ムンバイ（旧ボンベイ） 8 Gopalpur 5 Fuzhou 14 Nagpur ゴパルプール 福州（フゥチォウ） ナーグプル 1/108 Pages
    [Show full text]
  • 118-127 AENSI Journals Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences
    Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 8(9) August 2014, Pages: 118-127 AENSI Journals Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences ISSN:1995-0772 EISSN: 1998-1090 Journal home page: www.aensiweb.com/ANAS Ranking of the cities in Khoozestan province based on development indexes using Shannon Entropy model and VIKOR technique Mehdi Momeni and Zeinab Mousavi Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Isfahan, Iran ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: One of the effects of underdevelopment and barriers of development is regional Received 25 June 2014 disparity or inequality in economic and social fields. Nowadays, disparity reduction in Received in revised form using resources and facilities is considered as one of the most important criteria of 1 July 2014 sustainable development in all of the country’s regions. The present study aimed at Accepted 31 August 2014 determining the priority of the cities in Khoozestan province, Iran, according to the Available online 15 September development indexes based on the statistics in 2011. In order to obtain the rate of 2014 regional disparities in the cities of the province, a combined approach of multi-criteria decision-making models was used. In this way, the weight of indexes was calculated Keywords: using the Shannon entropy technique and after prioritizing the criteria by the weight of Development indexes, Shannon major criteria, each of the cities was prioritized by VIKOR technique. The statistical entropy model, VIKOR model, population of this study includes 23 cities in Khoozestan province. They have been Khoozestan province investigated based on 6 main indexes and 26 sub-indexes.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Geographic Features in Dezful and Susa in the Development of Sustainable Tourism
    NATURAL GEOGRAPHIC FEATURES IN DEZFUL AND SUSA IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM 1HEYDAR LOTFI, 2MARYAM NAHAVANDIAN, 3NEDA GHASEMNIA 1Assistant professor of Garmsar Azad University, Iran 2Master of geography and tourism planning Islamic Azad University of Garmsar ,Iran 3Master of tourism management, Qeshm institute of higher education, Iran E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract-Based on these results, Sasa and Dezful for wheat, barley and rice on irrigated land, respectively, in grades 22, 27 and 21 and on dry land (wheat and barley) has been ranked 28 Which indicates the low efficiency of this activity in the province is compared to other provinces. Some of the causes of this problem, as follows: Salinity and poor soil, more than 60 percent of land in the province (mountainous desert lands) for agricultural activities.Low rate of rainfall. High temperature, resulting in a high rate of evaporation of soil moisture. Poor vegetation cover. Low percentage of literate farmers (based on the results of the General Census of Agriculture., 6/55 percent From illiterate farmers in Khuzestan province and education 9/28 percent of them, the elementary school has been) and as a result of insufficient acquaintance with scientific methods activities of agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry. Key words- Natural geographic, sustainable tourism,Susa,Dezful I. PROBLEM STATEMENT hand and the loss of productivity at the workplace on the other hand, Weather conditions is one of the main Khuzestan province with an area of 63633 square causes of brain drain (expert and capitalists) from the kilometers between 29 degrees and 57 minutes north province to the provinces that are more favorable latitude and 33 degrees of the equator and 47 degrees weather conditions, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Podoces 2 2 Spurwinged Lapwing in Iran2
    Podoces, 2007, 2(2): 151–153 Short Communication The Status of Spur-winged Lapwing Vanellus spinosus in Iran - with First Evidence of Breeding RAFFAEL AYÉ 1* & RAMIN SALMANZADEH 2* 1. Project Sino, Rudaki prospekt proyezd 5, dom 1, Dushanbe, Tajikistan 2. West Azarbaijan Provincial Office of the Department of the Environment (DOE), Uromiyeh, Iran. * Correspondence Authors. 1. Email: [email protected], 2. Email: [email protected] Received 6 June 2007; accepted 22 December 2007 ﺧﺮﻭﺱ ﻛﻮﻟﻲ ﺳﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﭘﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ، ﺭﻭﺗﻨﻪ ﻗﻬﻮﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﻲ، ﺳﺮﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻨﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ . ﺩﻭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﭼﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﭘﻬﻠﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﺩﻥ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ، ﺳﻄﺢ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺷﺎﻫﭙﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻝ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ، ﺩﻡ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ ﭘﻬﻦ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﻭ ﭘﻮﺷﭙﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻝ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ . ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺧﺮﻭﺱ ﻛﻮﻟﻲ ﺳﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺛﻖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﻭ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﻏﺮﺏ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﻴﺮ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ . The Spur-winged Lapwing Vanellus spinosus is then, there have been several records mainly in primarily an Afrotropical species, occurring in Khuzestan which warrant revisiting the status Sub-Saharan Africa from Senegal to Ethiopia of the species in Iran. We have therefore and south to Kenya and Uganda, but it also collected all available published information occurs in the Nile Valley north to the Nile Delta about the species in Iran and present a summary in Egypt and locally in southeast Europe and here. the Middle East (Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Initially, it seemed that the Spur-winged Israel, Syria, Jordan and Iraq) where it is Lapwing occurred in Iran only as a winter mainly a summer visitor (Wiersma 1996, Snow visitor as the first records in recent years were & Perrins 1998).
    [Show full text]