PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
FOR
Public Disclosure Authorized Rehabilitation and Extension of Songo Songo Village Jetty, Kilwa, Tanzania
Proponent
Permanent Secretary Prime Minister’s Office Regional Administration and Local Government (PMO-RALG) Dar es Salaam Contact person Engineer Eline Kayanda (Head of Transport) Public Disclosure Authorized Email [email protected] Tel: + 255 713 448835
Submitted for approval to National Environment Management Council Migombani Street Plot 29/30 Regent Estate, Mikocheni P.O. Box 63154 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Tel: +255 22 2134603 Email: [email protected] or [email protected] Public Disclosure Authorized Compiled by SAMAKI Consultants Ltd., 681 Mikoroshini St., Namanga, P.O. Box 106042, DSM Tel/Fax: +255 22 2667804; Mob: 0754 807931 and JSB‐Envidep Ltd., Ubungo Plaza, Second Flr., Morogoro Rd., P.O. Box 32312, DSM Tel: +255 22 2461261; Mob: 0716 498750 Email: [email protected]; www.jsbenvidep.com
28 April2011
Public Disclosure Authorized Rev Date By Description Checked Approved
4 28/04/2011 MR Draft for PMO‐RALG & MEM review and submit to NEMC
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
FOR Rehabilitation of Songo Songo Village Jetty, Kilwa, Tanzania
Proponent: Permanent Secretary Prime Minister’s Office Regional Administration and Local Government (PMO‐RALG) Dar es Salaam
Submitted for approval to: National Environment Management Council Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Compiled by: SAMAKI Consultants Ltd., P.O. Box 106042 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
28 April 2011
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 2 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
Table of Contents
List of Tables ...... 6 List of Figures ...... 6 Executive Summary ...... 7 Residual emissions from construction equipment...... 12 Operation Phase...... 12 Decommissioning Phase...... 12 List of Acronyms...... 15 Acknowledgements...... 15 1.0 General Introduction...... 16 1.1 Background...... 16 1.2 Scoping ...... 17 1.3 Objectives of the ESIA Study ...... 17 1.4 Assessment Criteria...... 18 1.5 Compiling the EIS...... 19 1.6 Field Assessment Methodologies...... 19 1.6.1 Natural environment...... 19 1.6.2 The social and economic situation...... 19 1.7 Mitigation and Management of Impacts ...... 21 1.8 Report Structure...... 21 2.0 Project Background and Description...... 22 2.1 Project History...... 22 2.2 Project Proponent ...... 22 2.3 Project Location and Accessibility...... 23 2.4 Project Scope...... 23 2.4.1 Jetty design...... 23 2.4.2 Size, capacities and placement of main components ...... 24 2.4.3 Infrastructure support services...... 24 2.4.4 Timing and duration of activities...... 24 2.5 Project Activities...... 26 2.5.1 Site selection ...... 26 2.5.2 Mobilization phase...... 26 2.5.3 Construction phase ...... 26 2.5.4 Decommissioning phase...... 26 2.6 Project Alternatives...... 26 2.6.1 Site selection ...... 26 2.6.2 Design, technologies and materials ...... 27 2.7 Project and ESIA Boundaries ...... 29 2.7.1 Project core area ...... 29 2.7.2 Project area of influence ...... 29
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 3 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
3.0 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework ...... 31 3.1 National Environment ...... 31 3.1.1 Institutional situation...... 31 3.1.2 National legislation...... 31 3.2 Relevant Policies & Legislation...... 32 3.3 International Treaties And Conventions ...... 33 3.3.1 Regional Agreements ...... 33 3.3.2 International Treaties and Conventions...... 33 3.4 Regional Agreements ...... 34 4.0 Environmental and Socio‐economic Baseline Conditions ...... 35 4.1 Topography of the area...... 35 4.2 Physical and Biological Environment...... 35 4.2.1 General description...... 35 4.2.2 Terrestrial environment ...... 35 4.2.3 The wider marine environment ...... 35 4.2.4 Jetty extension influence area in the marine environment...... 36 4.2.5 Rare or endangered species...... 39 4.2.6 Summary ...... 39 4.3 Cultural and Economic Environment...... 39 4.3.1 Administration...... 40 4.3.2 Population and demographic characteristics...... 40 4.3.3 Main economic activities and income levels...... 40 4.3.4 Housing and living conditions ...... 42 4.3.5 Water availability ...... 42 4.3.6 Education...... 43 4.3.7 Health...... 43 4.3.8 Maritime transport...... 44 4.3.9 Roads...... 44 4.3.10 Air transport...... 44 4.3.11 Communication networks...... 44 4.3.12 Energy use ...... 45 4.3.13 Land tenure and rights ...... 45 4.3.14 Postal and banking services ...... 45 4.3.15 Waste management...... 45 4.3.16 Security...... 45 4.3.17 Beliefs systems ...... 45 4.3.18 Planned future developments...... 46 4.3.19 Existing environmental threats and challenges ...... 46
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 4 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
5.0 Stakeholder Engagement ...... 47 5.1 Background and Approach...... 47 5.2 Problems with the Existing Village Jetty ...... 47 5.2.1 Tidal submersion and wave over‐topping of the jetty...... 47 5.2.2 Deep water access...... 48 5.2.3 Width of the jetty...... 48 5.2.4 Passenger unfriendly stairs ...... 48 5.2.5 Lighting of the jetty and other services ...... 48 5.2.6 Hazards associated with use of the existing jetty ...... 48 5.2.7 Costs associated with use of the existing jetty ...... 49 5.3 Project Acceptance...... 50 5.4 Handling Stakeholders’ Concerns...... 50 6.0 Impacts Identified and Evaluated...... 51 6.1 Site Selection Phase ...... 51 6.2 Design Phase ...... 52 6.3 Mobilisation, Construction / Installation Phase...... 57 6.4 Operation Phase...... 58 6.5 Decommissioning Phase...... 58 7.0 Impact Mitigation ...... 59 8.0 Environment and Social Management Plan ...... 62 8.1 Introduction...... 62 8.2 Institutional Capacity ...... 62 8.3 Stakeholders...... 63 9.0 Environment and Social Monitoring Programme ...... 74 9.1 Background...... 74 9.1 Objectives of monitoring (Construction period only) ...... 74 10.0 Cost Benefit Analysis...... 75 10.2 Community Benefits...... 75 10.3 Possible Costs to Communities ...... 75 10.4 Possible Costs To Government...... 76 10.4.1 Environmental Cost Benefits Analysis ...... 76 10.4.2 Social Economic Cost Benefits Analysis...... 76 11.0 Decommissioning Plan ...... 77 12.0 Summary and Conclusions...... 78 Bibliography...... 79
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 5 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
Annexes ...... 80 Annex 1 ‐ Stakeholder’s consulted...... 80 Annex 2 ‐ Stakeholder’s signatures...... 81 Annex 3 ‐ Stakeholder’s concerns ...... 83 Annex 3.1 Minutes of the Workshop Proceedings and Summary of Key Discussion Points .. 83 Annex 3.2 Summary of Stakeholders views and Key Discussion Points...... 84 Annex 4 ‐ Jetty Rehabilitation Plans...... 86 Annex 4.1 General plan showing existing jetty with proposed extension and breakwater ... 86 Annex 4.2 Jetty extension and steps in plan and section ...... 87 Annex 4.3 Jetty extension section, rails and lights ...... 88 Annex 4.4 Section of dredged area and breakwater ...... 89 Annex 4.5 Jetty extension steps section and view...... 90 Annex 4.6 Jetty extension ladder and mooring post ...... 91 Annex 5 ‐ Ramsar Declaration...... 92 Annex 6 ‐ CVs of consultants...... 94
List of Tables Table ES1. Impacts and mitigation measures associated with Village Jetty rehabilitation 10 and extension. Table 1. Important institutions to the jetty rehabilitation on Songo Songo. 31 Table 2. Issues of concern to stakeholders and recommended mitigations measures. 50 Table 3. Summary of impacts and management measures. 59 Table 4a. Environment and Social Management Plan ‐ Site Selection and Design Phase 64 Table 4b. Mobilization and Construction Phase 67 Table 4c. Decommissioning Phase. 71 Table 5. Management of key Social Aspects 71
List of Figures Fig. 1 The location of Songo Songo along the coast of Tanzania. 16 Fig. 2 Aerial photo of Songo Songo Island showing the location of the Village Jetty. 16 Fig. 3 The location of existing Village Jetty on Songo Songo. 25 Fig. 4 Existing Village Jetty (shaded) and proposed extension (20 m) and breakwater (75 m 25 long x 16 m width).. Fig. 5. Songo Songo Village Jetty and Island within the Rufiji‐Mafia‐Kilwa Ramsar Site 30 Fig. 6 Aerial view of existing jetty, during high tide, showing clearly the rock‐flat intertidal, 36 subtidal sand patches and darker subtidal substrates (seagrass and coral rock). Fig. 7 Diagrammatic representation of existing jetty, jetty extension, breakwater and 37 marine habitats present in intertidal and subtidal zones, showing also boundaries of area likely to be dredged and cleared of obstacles. Fig. 8 Intertidal rock flat, mostly covered in turf algae (top); shallow subtidal sand and 38 seagrass (middle) and shallow subtidal mixed corals‐on‐rock (bottom). Fig. 9 Underwater view of one of 11 large Porites coral bommies identified in the 39 approaches to the jetty.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 6 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
Executive Summary
Project Title Rehabilitation and Extension of Songo Songo Village Jetty, Kilwa, Tanzania
Project proponent: Permanent Secretary Prime Minister’s Office Regional Administration and Local Government (PMO‐RALG) Dar es Salaam
Contact Person: Engineer Eline Kayanda (Head of Transport) Email: [email protected] Tel: +255 (0) 713 448835
EIA Consultants: Samaki Consultants Ltd. P.O. Box 106042, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Tel: + 255 (022) 266 7804; Mobile: 0754 807 931; Email: samaki‐[email protected] Contact Person: Dr. Matthew D. Richmond
JSB‐Envidep Ltd. Ubungo Plaza, Second Flr., Morogoro Rd., P.O. Box 32312, DSM Tel: +255 22 2461261; Mob: 0716 498750; Email: [email protected] Contact Person: Saada Juma
The EIS incorporates the socio‐economic findings provided by the Institute of Resource Assessment University of Dar es Salaam, P.O Box 35097, Dar es Salaam Contact: Prof. Hussein Sosovele
OUTLINE AND JUSTIFICATION OF PROJECT Project Description Songas is a Tanzania registered company engaged in gas production and electricity supply. The gas is generated and exported from Songo Songo Island, Kilwa District. At Songo Songo Island, the gas to electricity project constructed a new ‘village’ jetty in 2004 to replace the one that was taken over by Songas, exclusively for use by the Gas Plant. However, shortly after the construction was completed in early May 2004, the jetty was reported to be submerged over its entire length on certain states of tide. Problems of wave over‐topping were also reported. Since then, local people have consistently complained about the poor condition of the jetty and it is now accepted that the jetty is technically deficient and requires rehabilitation. The rehabilitation project, as funded by the World Bank, will trigger World Bank OP. 4.01 on environmental assessment, thus requiring the project to undergo a environmental and social impact assessment, as per the procedures outlined in the Tanzania Government Environmental Management Act, Cap 191 of 2004. The proponent is the Permanent Secretary of the Prime Minister’s Office, Regional Administration and Local Government (PMO‐RALG). The project proposes to extend the jetty, between 20‐25 m, and raise its height by up to 0.8 m. Approaches to the jetty will require that at area of about 1,800 m2 be dredged and cleared of
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 7 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania obstacles, and a 75 m long breakwater will be constricted 40 m from the southern side to provide shelter from southern waves. The jetty extension will most likely be constructed of pre‐fabricated concrete blocks that will be assembled in position, once the ground has been prepared. One or two barge delivery trips will be conducted to transport jetty components, equipment and machinery. Very few materials will be locally purchased. Other facilities and services to be constructed include a temporary storage facility and for construction materials and equipment. A Construction workforce of about 20 skilled personnel will be accommodated at a Contractor run camp at the northern end of the island an area regularly used for such temporarily contract camps. About 20 locally recruited labourers who will find their own accommodation in the village since most will be residents of Songo Songo Island. On Songo Songo Island the entire project is likely to be concluded within six months. The ESIA Process The ESIA was in part conducted according to the Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Audit Regulations G.N. No. 349 of 2005. The scoping exercise was undertaken without the production of a formal Scoping Report, but the content and coverage of this Environmental Impact Assessment (EIS) are in accordance with NEMC procedures. Description of the Environment Most of Songo Songo Island is a limestone fossil coral island, less 5 m above sea level and generally flat. The natural vegetation on land is severely disturbed in some areas. There are no permanent/temporary surface water courses (streams, rivers, surface drainage) on Songo Songo, but a small supply is available from a cave. There are no terrestrial species considered rare, endangered, vulnerable as per CITES and IUCN lists. Green and hawksbill turtles (both considered endangered species) are seen in the waters in the general area and might nest on the sandy, western shores of Songo Songo, but not in the vicinity of the jetty. The Island has a typical tropical East African coastal climate, which is influenced by southeast monsoons between April and October and northeast monsoons between November and March. Currents are variable and generally less than 1 Knot, and waves rarely exceed 1 m height around the island. The bathymetry throughout much of the Songo Songo Archipelago is of water depths ranging from 10‐30 m, mostly on sand bottom. The local marine environment is a typically sheltered, dominated on the western shores by seagrass beds. Elsewhere, typically the coastline is either limestone cliff of Pleistocene ‘fossilised’ coral, interspersed with sand beaches or small, scattered mangrove stands. The Archipelago has four islands and 15 coral reefs, comprising an important and unique ecological assemblage, gazetted as a wetland of international importance (Ramsar Site) in 2006 and within the WWF‐ promoted RUMAKI (Rufiji‐Mafia‐Kilwa) Ecoregion Site of Global Importance (WWF, 2004). Stakeholder Engagement Stakeholder consultations were carried out through interviews and meetings with officials from Government departments and district authorities, public and private organisations, non‐ governmental organisations (NGOs) and ward leaders. At stakeholder meetings a multidisciplinary team of experts considered all aspects of the project that could possibly cause socio‐economic changes. They evaluated the significance of each aspect of the project in terms of defined criteria, which take into account the scale, extent, duration, the potential to implement mitigation measures and controls and the likelihood and timescale of socio‐economic recovery. The stakeholder consultations, field surveys of the marine environment and expert judgement identified issues that were considered important and hence needed to be addressed by the ESIA.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 8 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
Two salient areas of concern were raised, the finalisation of the jetty design, and the need for coordination of local users during critical periods of construction works, through close consultation with user representatives. These are other impacts are examined in details and mitigation measures proposed.
Organisations involved in the ESIA Proponent: Permanent Secretary Prime Minister’s Office Regional Administration and Local Government (PMO‐RALG) Dar es Salaam
Songas Ubungo Power Plant Nelson mandela Road P.O. Box 6342, Dar es Salaam Tanzania
ESIA Consultants Samaki Consultants Ltd., P.O. Box 106042, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Tel: + 255 (022) 266 7804; Mobile: 0754 807 931; Email: samaki‐[email protected] Contact: Dr. Matthew D. Richmond JSB‐Envidep Ltd, Ubungo Plaza, Second Flr., Morogoro Rd., P.O. Box 32312, DSM Tel: +255 22 2461261; Mob: 0716 498750; Email: Email: [email protected] Contact Persons: Saada Juma Institute of Resource Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O Box 35097, Dar es Salaam Contact: Prof. Hussein Sosovele
Parties consulted The stakeholder consultations that took place during 2010 and early 2011 have included the participation of over 70 individuals from 15 different institution or occupations. The list below includes the main groups:
• Project Proponent – PMO‐RALG • Village business representatives • Kilwa District Council • Women’s representatives • Ministry of Energy and Minerals • Seaweed buyer • Songas Gas Plant Personnel • Boat owners and transporters • Consultant engineers • Jetty porter • Village Executive Officer • Fishermen • Village Chairman • Fish buying agent • Ward Fisheries Officer • Ministry of Natural Resources and • Village Dispensary staff Tourism • Village teacher • Village elders
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 9 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
Environmental and social impacts
A summary of the potentially significant environmental and social impacts identified are given in Table ES1. Also included are the proposed management measures designed to minimise and mitigate impacts.
Table ES1. Impacts and mitigation measures associated with Village Jetty rehabilitation and extension. PHASE ACTIVITY POTENTIAL IMPACT IMPACT MANAGEMENT MEASURE SIGNIFICANCE Site Physical 1. Change of natural Negative, i) On‐site consultation with local sailing and selection Presence settings (intertidal Long‐term, fishing community (notably seaweed farmers, phase and shallow Low‐ medium fishers and marine traders) through special pre‐
subtidal Significance meetings to explain objectives and methods of the environment) operation and to seek cooperation. Effects to or 2. Damage to jetty Negative, ii) Proposed rehabilitation located on a typically from natural extension and Medium‐term, sheltered area, dominated on the western shores and anthro‐ associated Low by coral rock platform. Choice of jetty materials pogenic structures due to Significance will consider resilience to extreme events and activities natural factors other external pressures/forces i.e. corrosion.
3. Breached or Negative, iii) Screening security personnel and enhance compromised Cumulative, camp security to mitigate potential increase in security Low crime incidences. Construction personnel Significance accommodated at the workers camp located away from local communities and residential areas. Discourage use of alcohol within work camps. 4. Disturbance or Negative, iv) Alternative arrangement will be needed to conflicts due to Short‐term, accommodate all users: the regular trade needed blocking or Low to sustain the Island’s economy and for restricting access Significance emergencies. These arrangements will require participation of users, Songas and most likely PanAfrican (operators of Gas Plant that manages the ‘old’ jetty used by the Gas Plant). Design Dredging / 5. Destruction of Negative, v) Relocation of coral (a living and valuable phase excavation coral habitats Cumulative natural resource) to a site about 100 m to the operations Long‐term, north, of similar depth, subject to consultations Low ‐medium with the local fishermen. Reinstate immediately Significance any live coral removed. Lay‐down 6. Destruction of Negative, vi) Avoid removal or damage to large tress that and general coastal forest/ Long‐term, bind the soil and provide valuable shade. Use hand operations Change in intertidal Low machetes and avoid clear cutting e.g. graders. environment Significance Avoid disturbance to indigenous vegetation in areas not impacted by project. Jetty 7. Reduced usage Negative, vii) Final design of physical structure of the jetty Dimensions and safety of users Cumulative take into consideration key factors of concern to and vessels Long‐term, jetty users i.e. eventual height above Chart Datum, Medium final length, jetty width and deck surface (split‐ Significance level or not), as well as the location and fitting such as handrails, steps, ladders and lights. Undertake information dissemination, aware‐ness campaigns on proper and safe use of jetty . Emissions 8. Deteriorated local Negative, viii) Institute maintenance and inspection from air quality and Cumulative procedures. equipment potential public Long‐term, ix) Machinery and vehicles are maintained in good and methods health and safety Low running conditions by ensuring that all equipment hazards Significance undergo weekly preventive maintenance. Regular inspection of equipment conducted.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 10 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
Table ES1. Continued.. PHASE ACTIVITY POTENTIAL IMPACT IMPACT MANAGEMENT MEASURE SIGNIFICANCE Design Noise from 9. Disturbance and Negative, x) Identify all residents / land users within 250 m phase equipment, public nuisance Cumulative and plan to undertake communications and methods and Short‐term, community awareness programme to inform of workers Low intended rehabilitation schedules/activities. For Significance residual noise provide ear plugs, particularly to workers. All heavy and portable equipment with internal combustion engines and other related equipment will be fitted with muffles. Generators in screened units. Mitigation viii above. Generation of 10. Contamination Negative, At camp: sewage and grey water shall be collected waste and and/or impaired Short –Long and treated by biological conventional anaerobic management quality of receiving term, digester e.g. septic tanks. Waste oils collected and bodies (land and Medium transported to Dar es Salaam where sold/or given water Significance for free to industries with furnaces for use as fuel. 11. Public health Negative, Training all personnel and information, comm‐ hazards/visual Short‐term, unication and education programme to local impacts from poor Medium community on waste management (segregate disposal of waste Significance recyclable waste, hazardous waste, oil, other non‐ combustible, combustible general wastes). Dried brush from clearing and excavated soil /dead coral rocks buried in appropriate locations (identified in consultation with Songo Songo village government) to assist with soil stabilization or used as needed to fill up any other infra‐structure (roads, pits etc). Combustible non‐hazardous wastes (clean burning material) incl‐uding kitchen scraps will be buried, composed or incinerated and burying the residues. Inert wastes not suitable for incineration i.e. salva‐ geable wastes, to be sold for a nominal fee and/or given, to local persons for re‐use or recycled. Planning for 12. Water‐related Negative, xi) Make a proper assessment of water needs. Availability of health and Short‐term, Increase /maintain existing water extraction Resources & sanitary problems Low – medium (desalinated sea water) and storage capacity. Materials for personnel Significance Establish water saving measures. 13. Employment Positive, Optimise local employment particularly youths, as opportunities and Cumulative project proceeds. Contractor to observe national increased income Short‐term, and international labour standards. Jobs allocated to local suppliers Medium fairly among villagers (women and men) by work‐ Significance ing with Village Leadership. Establish system to manage local expectations. Procure supplies from local sources e.g. food, water, materials, etc. Planning 14. Occupation health Negative, xii) Comply with relevant Tanzania (OSHA, 2003) / Management and safety (OH&S) Long‐term, International Performance Standards on health of Health and hazards High and safety requirements: e.g. all workers to wear Safety Issues Significance Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and enforce the use of the same, reasonable working hours, conditions and facilities. Establish system to minimise sources for health and safety hazards. Develop in‐house health & safety manual /guides. 15. Public health and Negative, xiii) Cooperation with and support local CSOs, safety (PH&S) Short‐term, public health offices in undertaking awareness / Hazards Medium education programmes to workers and public. Significance Develop workers health procedures i.e. make free condoms available to workers. Provision of vector protection to workers. Institution of malaria protection programme (use of anti‐malarial drugs, insect repellents, and clothing). Provision of medical personnel to test workers for potential infections and provide treatment to those infected.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 11 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
Table ES1. Continued.. PHASE ACTIVITY POTENTIAL IMPACT IMPACT MANAGEMENT MEASURE SIGNIFICANCE Mobilisat 16. Disturbance / Negative, xiv) Undertake pre‐construction survey to verify ion/ Damage to natural Short‐term, and mark locations of coral bommies and areas of Construct marine life and Low/Medium coral‐on‐rock. Instruct vessel operators to avoid ion Phase potential loss of Significance coral areas when anchoring. During dredging, biodiversity attempt to conduct operations when tides and currents are weakest to reduce impact of re‐ suspended silt and fine sediment. Reinstate immediately, any extra temporary areas used during construction Accidental / 17. Contamination / Negative, xv) Provide training and instruction to crew on incidental impaired quality of Short term, proper handling/clean up of contamination spills spillages / receiving bodies Low/Medium Limit re‐fuelling activities to areas far from leakages of Significance sensitive areas (e.g. sea shores). oils, fuel, and lubricants
Residual 18. Impairment of Negative, xvi) Mitigation viii above. emissions local air quality Residual, from bodies Short term, construction Low equipment Significance
Residual 19. Disturbance / Negative, xvii) Mitigation viii and ix above. noise from nuisance to Residual, equipment receptors Short term and activities Low Significance Operation Jetty Usage 20. Increased trade / Positive, xviii) Mitigation vii above. Phase income and Cumulative,
improved social Long term,
services High Significance Inadequacies 21. Occupation / Negative, xix) Mitigations xiv and xv above in Operation public health and Residual, and safety hazard Long term Maintenance Medium Significance
22. Contamination of Negative, xx) Mitigations x and xi above water body and Long term fishing grounds High Significance Decommi Disposal of 23. Loss of aesthetic Negative, xxi) Disposal of the jetty and associated structures ssioning demolished value Long term, shall be according to the decommissioning plan to Phase jetty Medium be approved by NEMC structure Significance
Closure of the 24. Loss of Negative, xxii) Assist workers to be employed elsewhere on Project employment and Long term, Songo Songo island i.e. oil/gas exploration and income Low production facilities on the island Significance xxiii) Ensure long term employed workers (contract of more than one year) are members of the National Social Security Fund and ensure that the company contributions are paid to NSSF
Alternatives Considered Alternatives considered include one alternative design (floating pontoon on columns), various heights and widths and step options, and the ‘no project’ option.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 12 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
Mitigation of Impacts There are four main areas where mitigation measures, consultation and cooperation are required: 1. Design ‐ Major rehabilitation needed includes raising, widening and extending the jetty length. Other engineering works include introducing safety measures, improvement of stairs and ladders as well as providing light to guide incoming vessels at night. The design suggestions from the local communities during the stakeholder workshop in Kilwa should be considered and ideally be integrated into the final jetty design. 2. Jetty and project management ‐ The Prime Ministers Office, Regional Administration and Local Government (PMO‐RALG) through the District Engineer at Kilwa should take over the management and supervision of the jetty and should therefore, approve the designs and supervise its construction. The PMO‐RALG is a competent authority responsible for local government development and is better placed to manage the jetty than the MEM. It should work to establish a Local Community Jetty Management Committee (LCJMC), assist development of its capacity in order to carry out routine management of the jetty as part of the local ownership. 3. Reduced access to jetty during construction ‐ Local communities must be informed and involved in the rehabilitation of the jetty as part of the community participation, notably during mobilization and construction phases, during which times the contractors should provide options of jetty utilization, although local people are prepared to endure the hardship and inconveniences during the construction phase. In cases of emergencies, Songas office on Songo Songo Island shall be contacted with a view to use their jetty. 4. Impacts on coral and coastal vegetation ‐ Close monitoring should be undertaken to minimse and mitigate impacts from the dredging required for the approaches to the new jetty head and the relocation of coral, to form a new reef (suggested 100 m to the north ‐ but to be confirmed following consultations with local fishermen and captains), as well as any impact on local vegetation should it be decided that a temporary camp and laydown area is needed close to the jetty. These are included in the outline Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMaP) that the project proponent is committed to. Implementation of Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan that identifies environmental parameters to be monitored, also provides the frequency of monitoring and assigns responsibilities. The project proponent is committed to implement the Monitoring Plan. Cost Benefit Analysis Environmental cost benefit analysis is assessed in terms of the negative versus positive impacts. The potential benefits of the project, in terms of financial and social benefits (including trade, health and education) are very significant and long‐awaited. The few environmental impacts can be reasonably mitigated with costs insignificant compared to total investment. Decommissioning Decommissioning is contingent on longevity of the rehabilitated jetty and the continued need for the facility to serve the population of Songo Songo Island. The design expectations are of duration of 30 years, pending maintenance and dependent on form of usage. As such there is no specific decommissioning plan, the assumption being that the jetty will continue to be used. Should the jetty require removal, the structure can be dismantled and transported away from the Songo Songo Island for disposal or recycling on land or construction of submerged artificial reefs, to enhance local fisheries.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 13 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
Conclusions With the management strategies that will be employed by PMO‐RALG for the Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation programme, any health or safety and environmental effects of the proposed operations are expected to be temporary and localised. The positive outcome of a jetty better designed to serve the Songo Songo community is long awaited. The few weeks of inconvenience when engineering works reduce access to the existing jetty can comfortably be accommodated with other arrangements. There will be disruption to sensitive environmental features in the region, notably drdged area of seabed that includes 20‐30 m2 of coral reef plus other seabed habitats (seagrass and sand) immediately adjacent to the new jetty head, and possibly coastal forest at the road access to the jetty. Impacts on the coral can be mitigated through relocation of much of the coral and rock material to an appropriate nearby site to construct a new reef (suggested 100 m to the north). Clearance of coastal forest at the land end of the jetty, if necessary, should avoid large trees. With a low likelihood of oil or fuel spills occurring from vessel movement, the overall risks to the environment are regarded as tolerable and manageable. The consultants from Samaki Consultants Ltd. and JSB‐EnviDep Ltd. (Environment and Development Management Consultants), both of Dar es Salaam, are of the opinion that almost all potential environmental and social impacts identified in the project to rehabilitate the village jetty at Songo Songo Island, may be mitigated. There are few, minor impacts that are considered residual in nature.
Names of Consultants SN Name of Consultant Position/Area of Expertise Signature 1. Dr. Matthew Richmond Lead Consultant and Environmental Engineer
2. Ms. Saada Juma Environmental Management and Planning
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 14 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
List of Acronyms
AIDS Auto Immune Deficiency Syndrome BoQ Bill of Quantities CD Chart Datum CDO Community Development Officer ECO Environmental Control Officer EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIC Education, Information and Communication EIS Impact Statement ELO Environmental Liaison Officer EMP Environmental Management Plan ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Statement H&S Health and Safety HSE Health, Safety and Environment IMO International Maritime Organisation IUCN World Conservation Union LCJMC Local Community Jetty Management Committee MEM Ministry of Energy and Minerals MIMP Mafia Island Marine Park MPA Marine Protected Area MPRU Marine Park and Reserves Unit NEMC National Environment Management Council NORAD Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation OH&S Occupational Health and Safety PH&S Public Health and Safety PMO Prime Minister’s Office PPE Personal Protective Equipment RALG Regional Administration and Local Government STI Sexually Transmitted Infection TPA Tanzania Ports Authority THA Tanzania Harbours Authority URT United Republic of Tanzania WWF World Wide Fund for Nature
Acknowledgements Samaki Consultants wished to thank Songas Ltd for the opportunity to contribute to the rehabilitation of the Songo Songo Village Jetty, having been involved in baseline ecological surveys for the original construction in 2004. PanAfrican are thanked for providing accommodation on the Island and the usual great hospitality. We thank Saleh Yahe for assistance with snorkelling and surveys of the marine environment in October 2010. The independent study by Sosovele (2010) include acknowledgments to all those who engaged and participated in the social‐economic consultants held during March 2010.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 15 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
1.0 General Introduction
1.1 Background Songas Limited (Songas) is a Tanzania‐registered company engaged in power generation from natural gas, presently originating from Songo Songo Island where the Gas Plant is located, processing gas from production five wells (Fig. 1). In order to compensate for loss of access their the original jetty and improve safety, following the take over by Gas Plant operations, Songas agreed with the Government of Tanzania and stakeholders of Songo Songo to construct a new jetty, in 2004, south of the original jetty on the western shoreline, for use by local shipping (Fig. 2). However, the new jetty was prone to submergence on certain high tide and subsequently local people urged the Government to rectify the shortcomings of the new jetty. This ESIA addresses the rehabilitation of the village jetty, with the proponent being the Permanent Secretary of the Prime Minister’s Office, Regional Administration and Local Government (PMO‐RALG), Dar es Salaam.
Under the NEMC EIA Procedures and Guidelines 2002, an ESIA is mandatory for large civil engineering projects, such as harbours and developments on beach fronts. An ESIA is also mandatory for any developments inside a marine park or reserve, or its buffer zone. Whilst this project lies just outside the buffer zone of MIMP, its Fig. 1 The location of Songo Songo area of influence may impact on this environmentally along the coast of Tanzania. sensitive area. The Songo Songo Archipelago is also included in a recently‐listed RAMSAR site designation.
Gas Plant Main Jetty Songo Songo Village Jetty
Fig. 2 Aerial photo of Songo Songo Island showing the location of the Village Jetty.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 16 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
1.2 Scoping The scoping study was performed between January and November 2010 to identify environmental and social issues and concerns requiring special attention in the ESIA. It involved field visits to Songo Songo and neighbouring areas, consultations with stakeholders at national and local levels and analysis of issues through literature studies, and expert judgement. Details of documents reviewed are presented in the Bibliography section. The consulted stakeholders and their signatures are presented in Annex 1 and 2. A summary of issues raised by stakeholders is presented in Chapter 5 the details of which are found as Annex 3. The ESIA builds upon the information gathered during the Scoping Phase, during which the main stakeholder consultations were undertaken and key environmental, social, cultural and economic issues identified.
1.3 Objectives of the ESIA Study The focus of this assignment is to conduct an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for the rehabilitation of the Songo Songo village jetty and produce an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMaP) if there are impacts that require mitigation measures. The assessment is conducted in line with the WB requirements and Tanzanian Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations. The findings of the environmental assessment have been combined with the previously undertaken Social Impact Assessment (see Sosovele, 2010) and the resulting document represents the required Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA). The objectives of the social study were to conduct a social economic analysis of the jetty operation and use by the Songo Songo communities and to identify the concerns and suggestions for the improvement of the jetty facility. Specifically, this study aimed to achieve the following: (a) Ensure that the compensation /replacement of physical assets (i.e. the jetty) were implemented and complied with the World Bank's safeguard policies. If there are discrepancies between policy and undertaken actions, the Bank requires that remedial actions be designed and executed within a time‐bound and agreed schedule; and (b) To establish sample representative socio‐economic baseline data that can: (i) serve as the basis for monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of the new jetty, and (ii) be used to restore and improve the living standards and income earning capacity of the affected communities. The study also included an an assessment of the living standards to determine whether the affected people on the island and particularly those using the jetty for their livelihood have been provided with the means to improve, or at least restore their former living standards, earning capacity and production levels. Remedial measures are suggested in order to address the deficiencies of the current jetty so as to assist the affected groups, particularly those most vulnerable (especially women, elders and disabled) improve their livelihoods. Through this assessment Songas, Ministry of Energy and Minerals and, World Bank and other stakeholders would gain a better understanding of the economic and social impacts of the current jetty. The findings of this study will contribute to the design of the new jetty that is aimed at rectifying the engineering defects of the current jetty so that the communities can have full use of the jetty.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 17 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
1.4 Assessment Criteria A number of assessment criteria have been used to identify and assess the environmental and socio‐economic impact of this project, as outlined below: a) Source and Duration of Impact ‐ The source and time scale of each impact is identified (e.g. rehabilitation or construction duration). The source and risk associated with each source can be categorised into the following three classes:
• one off source/risks; • routine sources/risks with normal and abnormal operating conditions, and; • exceptional sources and risks e.g. collision, bad weather. b) Nature, Extent and Intensity of Impact ‐ The nature and location of the impact that may be caused by the proposed project are specified. These depend largely on the natural values of the area affected by the activities and on the importance of the area for socio‐economic uses. Where the nature of the impact is reversible, this is indicated. Where impacts are politically or culturally sensitive, this is also noted. c) Significance of Impact ‐ This is categorised separately for the three main types: biophysical resources and ecosystems, for socio‐economic aspects and for design and construction impacts, as outlined below: Socio‐economic Impacts
• Significant impact: substantial negative or commercially adverse impact, long term. • Moderate impact: well being negatively affected over short term. • Minor impact: is noticed but does not affect anyone’s long term well being. • Negligible impact: no discernible effect as a whole and is likely to go unnoticed. • Positive impact: on the well being of stakeholders.
Biophysical natural resources impacts
• Significant/Major impact or hazard: whole population or species affected in a significant magnitude to negatively affect population of that or other species dependent upon it. • Moderate impact: a portion of the population or species changes in abundance/ and or distribution of one or more generations of that portion of the population, but does not change the integrity of any population a whole. • Minor impact: negatively affects specific group of individuals of a population at a localised area/and/or over a short period of time but does not affect other levels or the population or ecosystem. • Negligible impact: affects specific group of individuals of a population at a localised area and/or over a short period of time, similar to random changes in the normal environment. • Positive impact: affects specific groups or species and results in an increase in abundance or distribution, without destabilising the ecosystem.
Design and construction impacts
• Significant impact: substantial negative or commercially adverse impact in the long term. • Moderate impact: well being negatively affected over short term. • Minor impact: is noticed but does not affect anyone’s long term well being. • Negligible impact: no discernible effect as a whole and is likely to go unnoticed. • Positive impact: on the well being of stakeholders.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 18 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
1.5 Compiling the EIS In collecting and analysing data/information and preparing this report, the consultants have: a) Identified the main environmental effects of the proposed jetty extension and rehabilitation, both in the project area and in the surrounding area and the timescale of the impacts. b) Covered the identification of a range of proposals considered as alternatives and whether these would be less or more environmental damaging; taking into account social and economical aspects. c) Described the pertinent regulations, standards and policies, at the local, national and international levels, governing environmental quality, health and safety, protection of sensitive areas, including cultural resources, protection of endangered or threatened species, infrastructure development, land use control, etc that may have an impact on the proposed jetty rehabilitation. d) Proposed mitigation measures needed and how they should be incorporated into the project design; and the monitoring and evaluation activities required to ensure that mitigating measures are implemented and future problems are avoided. e) Combined the environmental impact assessment findings and socio‐economic assessment findings in the preparation of environmental and social management plan for the project.
1.6 Field Assessment Methodologies
1.6.1 Natural environment Conducting an assessment of the natural resources of the proposed development site was undertaken through a visit to the jetty site and surround areas, during a spring low tide period, designed among other things to meet the following: i) To establish the prevailing water quality, sediment quality and biological characteristics of the project area. ii) Assess probable impacts of the proposed expansion and the subsequent handling of goods and people, on marine ecology. iii) Suggest adequate marine environment management plan to minimise adverse impact identified.
Physical environment ‐ The topography, climate, geology, coastal features and hazard vulnerability, including potential impacts on current and wave regimes in the area were examined. Biological environment – The flora and fauna, marine habitats and communities; ecological health, threat and conservation significance of terrestrial and marine habitats were defined. The biological assessment of the marine habitats and communities in and around the project area included but was not limited to seagrass, coral reefs and their associated biota.
1.6.2 The social and economic situation Studies utilised structured questionnaires and checklist of questions in data collection (as fully described in Sosovele, 2010). Two types of questionnaires were developed – one for the village government seeking information on village socio‐economic characteristics and village baseline information. The second questionnaire was for heads of households seeking information on household characteristics. These details included household demographic information; land size and ownership, household economic activities and incomes; housing and living conditions, ownership of durable goods, access to services; household consumption and expenditure
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 19 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania patterns; and affected persons satisfaction (and/or issues) with the new jetty. To the greatest extent possible, the issues that were assessed in the 2000 and 2003 studies were followed up closely in order to ascertain changes over the time. Emphasis was on the extent the jetty has been useful to the local communities and what issues need to be addressed. The checklist of questions was used in focused group discussions aimed to obtain views and opinion on the use of the current jetty compared to the old jetty from selected groups of stakeholders such as fishermen, youth, women, business people and traders and some key informants such as elders and leaders. Preliminary discussions with the village government revealed a homogeneous community that shares similarities in life style, economic activities, shared socio services and culture. Therefore a sample of about 12% of the total number of households (i.e. about 700 households according to the village government office) was taken. A total of 86 questionnaires were administered at the village. This is also the representative sample that will be used as benchmark for future monitoring of the jetty utilization, after the technical modifications have been undertaken. Both quantitative and qualitative techniques of data analysis were used. Presentation of data is through descriptive statistics. Most houses at the island are located along the beach in a linear form; therefore households were sampled from each side of the island to ensure that the issue of distance to the jetty and location of the jetty are also covered. Though the islanders are most fishermen or associated with fishing activities, villagers that are involved in other economic activities were also interviewed. Other considerations taken into account while sampling included age, gender, physical characteristics (vulnerable groups), elders and women. Some village government officials accompanied the enumerators for introduction purposes as well as to ensure that the targeted household is interviewed. Data required was mainly on household demographic information, principal economic activities and household income for the two scenarios. Questions aimed at understanding villager’s involvement in the construction and management of the current jetty, benefits and negative effects of the current jetty compared to the previous one. Other questions that were directly linked with the utilization of the jetty included issues of costs, safety/risks, type of goods ferried, and any economic effects that is associated with the utilization of the current jetty. Villagers were also asked to propose recommendation of how best to improve the current jetty so as to minimise social and economic impacts associated with the utilization of the current jetty. Various selected groups that were consulted. For example, the village government was consulted in order to obtain data and other information regarding the village as well as socio‐economic impacts of the current jetty. Various issues were raised with regard to the dysfunction of the current jetty as well as recommendations on how to improve the current jetty. A total of twenty two village government officials and three invited villagers attended the meeting. Focus group discussion with other groups attempted to obtain a more in‐depth understanding of the jetty utilisation; these were conducted with women, youth and fishermen of Songo Songo Island. Special discussions sessions and consultations were also held as means of obtaining clarification on issues raised by the villagers or observed during the site visit. These were held in Dar es Salaam with Songas and MEM officials, in Kilwa Township with the district officials as well as at Songo Songo Island with elders, service providers (e.g., health workers, traders, and transporters), women, porters and fishermen.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 20 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
1.7 Mitigation and Management of Impacts Using expert judgment, mitigation measures were identified and proposed that aim at minimising or at least eliminating potential negative impacts associated with the jetty rehabilitation, and to promote positive ones. These are addressed and detailed in the environmental and social management and monitoring plans and programmes, respectively, which provide ease of reference and follow‐ups during project implementation, thereby allowing management of the entire operation.
1.8 Report Structure This Environmental Impact Statement for Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension on Songo Songo Island, Tanzania comprises twelve chapters. Chapter 1 provides a general background to the assessment with Chapter 2 presenting the background and description of the proposed jetty rehabilitation programme. In Chapter 3 national policy, administrative and legal frameworks within which the project will operate are described; and in Chapter 4 baseline conditions of the project affected sites are described. Findings of stakeholder consultations and public reaction are documented in Chapter 5 with impact identification, assessment of scale and alternatives for the project and project operations in Chapter 6. For impacts considered significant, mitigation measures are provided. In Chapter 7 details are provided of appropriate mitigation measures that form an integral part of the Environment and Social Management Programme (ESMaP) that is given in Chapter 8. A suggested Environment and Social Monitoring Programme (ESMoP) to accompany the rehabilitation programme is presented in Chapter 9. Cost benefit analysis is discusses in Chapter 10 while Chapter 11 describes the decommissioning plan, which for the jetty. The final Chapter 12 provides overall conclusions of the proposed jetty rehabilitation for Songo Songo Island.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 21 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
2.0 Project Background and Description
2.1 Project History The Tanzania Petroleum Development Corporation (TPDC) constructed a jetty on the western shoreline in 1982 aimed at supporting drilling exploration programme for the organisation on one of their licensed block. The jetty was designed to offload equipment to the island and support drilling operations during the entire period of the licence. The jetty, following the closure of exploration activities, continued to serve the Songo Songo villagers. In 1996 one end of section of the jetty subsided and started to collapse; in 2002 the collapsing end section was cut off and capped. Villagers continued to use the jetty until it was taken over by a private firm, Songas Ltd., within the context of the Songo Songo Gas‐to‐Electricity Project. Prior to taking over the original jetty, the Songas Ltd. in agreement with the Government of Tanzania stakeholders of the Songo Songo Gas‐to‐Electricity Project constructed another jetty south of the original jetty on the western shoreline. The new jetty was envisaged to substitute the old one, provide easy navigation to Kilwa Kivinje, keeping village traffic clear of project facilities, and provide easy access to the villages in the centre and eastern side of the Island. Construction of this jetty was completed in early May 2004. However, shortly after the construction was completed, the jetty was reported to submerge over its entire length on certain states of tide. Problems of wave overtopping were also reported. Subsequently local people have urged the Government of Tanzania to rectify the shortcomings of the new jetty. The Government of Tanzania intends to rehabilitate and improve the Songo Songo jetty used by the villagers. The improvement will involve possibly lengthening, heightening and widening the current jetty so that it can be used throughout the year, without being affected or limited by tidal movements. The improvement is also envisaged to address the need of the elderly people, expecting mothers and disabled persons, whilst easing loading and unloading of goods and passengers. The Government commissioned a Social Impact Assessment study (“SIA”) to conduct a socio‐ economic analysis of the current operation of the New Jetty and its use by the Songo Songo communities and to identify the concerns and suggestions for the improvement of the jetty facility. The SIA has now been completed and the final report identified that the proposed rehabilitation work triggers OP. 4.01 of the World Bank (WB)1 and the Tanzanian Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, 2005.
2.2 Project Proponent The proponent is the Permanent Secretary of the Prime Minister’s Office, Regional Administration and Local Government (PMO‐RALG), Dar es Salaam. The funding agency is the World Bank. Songas generates electricity using gas from the Songo Songo Island gas fields, off the coast of southern Tanzania. The business consists of two different operating streams, Gas Processing and Transportation and Power Generation. Gas from the Songo Songo gas field is processed on the island at the processing facility to remove water and other hydrocarbon condensates. It is then transported through a 225 km pipeline to Dar es Salaam where it is used in Songas’ Ubungo power plant, the largest gas‐fired power station in East Africa.
1 The World Bank intends to support the financing of the rehabilitation works under one of its existing transport sector projects in Tanzania, which makes the WB Guidelines applicable for this planned undertaking.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 22 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
The facility uses six aero‐derivative turbines that generate 180 megawatts (MW) of electricity or approximately 30% of Tanzania’s electricity needs. This electricity is supplied to the national electricity grid and distributed to end users by TANESCO. Songas also supplies gas for generation to approximately 30 industrial consumers. Songas provides a clean, reliable alternative fuel source in a country that has been heavily dependent on the region’s water supplies for hydroelectric power and the importation of expensive heavy fuel oil for other oil‐fired turbines. The company has one of the cheapest and competitive all‐in generation costs in East Africa. It sells its electricity to TANESCO at approximately 5.5 USD cents per kWh (TSH65). By utilizing the country’s own natural gas resources, the Songas facility has substantially reduced operating costs for TANESCO and other industries in Tanzania. Over USD 1.8 billion has been saved since commercial operations commenced in 2004. Overview of commitments to the community and environment In addition to Songas demonstrating its commitment to the people of Tanzania by providing a clean and cost effective alternative choice of fuel, the company has initiated effective and dynamic community development and conservation programs. Each program has a budget of over USD 300,000 per year that supports a wide range of development initiatives addressing health, education, livelihood improvement and measures to conserve and protect the environment. Songas’ activities are focused on the residents of Songo Songo Island and those communities living along the 225 km pipeline route or ‘wayleave’. Successful and completed projects on Songo Songo Island include providing fresh water supplies; access to electricity; a new dispensary and provision of educational. Along the wayleave, Songas has supported Mohoro Secondary School by building dormitories and a water supply system. The company has also supplied books and equipment to a number of primary schools. Songas also looks to partner good quality non‐governmental organisations and currently is working with two such groups: Habitat for Humanity Tanzania to help communities build affordable housing and to encourage sustainable community development. Tanzania Forest Conservation Group and local communities, supporting conservation activities along the mainland wayleave. These include setting up tree nurseries and educating school participants.
2.3 Project Location and Accessibility Songo Songo Island is located some 24 km from mainland Tanzania, in Kilwa District (see Fig. 3). Access to the Island is by sea from nearby Kilwa Kivinje, visited by the local inhabitants for trade, medical and other services. Equipment and materials for activities on Songo Songo are usually sourced in Dar es Salaam or beyond and transport first to Dar es Salaam Port and then to Songo Songo, usually by barge and tug. The airport is tarmac and provides frequent transport to personnel and small cargo.
2.4 Project Scope
2.4.1 Jetty design The proposed jetty extension adds another 20 m in length, increase the width by 2 m and height by 50 cm (Figs. 3 and 4) and Annexes 4.1 to 4.6. Steps will be increased, from the existing one set on the northern side, to two on each side (on the existing length) plus two short sets of steps on the northern side of the new extension. Fittings such as railings (of mild steel coated with marine enamel paint), lights and mooring posts will be included.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 23 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
In order to further improve safe usage of the rehabilitated jetty, a 75 m long breakwater will be constructed to the south of the jetty, from where most of the strong wave action is experienced.
2.4.2 Size, capacities and placement of main components The jetty rehabilitation involves the following principle components: a) Site Preparation ‐ Excavation and levelling of the ground area to prepare the base on which the new extension will be constructed. Dredging of the seabed around the approaches to the new jetty design and removal of obstacles will be required, covering an arc of approximately 50 m, equivalent to about 1,800 m2. Equipment involved included an excavator fitted onto a barge for deeper water, and on shore during low tide operations. A second vessel, a dump barge, will be used to collect excavated material to be transported away from the jetty area. Precast concrete blocks will be prepared in Dar es Salaam and shipped to the site. b) Mobilization of equipment and personnel ‐ The civil engineering contractor will transport equipment, machinery (excavator and crane) material (cement and precast blocks) and machinery to the site, probably from Dar es Salaam. No more than 2 or 3 trips, typically of tugboat and barge, will be made to the Island transporting or removing equipment and waste, respectively. Personnel will include some 20 technicians from Dar es Salaam, to operate machinery and supervise operations will be transported to the Island by air. c) Installation ‐ The extension will be precast concrete blocks designed to the lowered and locked into position on site. Cementing of gaps and concrete cap (top layer) will be mixed on site. For concrete, freshwater will be required, in relatively low volumes (e.g. 1‐2 tonnes per day), with supplies expected from the supply barge, the Gas Plant, or a desalination unit.
2.4.3 Infrastructure support services Storage ‐ No storage facility will be needed as all materials and equipment will reside on the barge or on the shore. No clearance of forest or bush will be necessary. Materials ‐ Small quantities of construction materials, such as core rock and aggregate will be sourced locally through village authority and PanAfrican liaison. Accommodation ‐ Full board facilities will be needed for some 20 technicians, mostly originating from Dar es Salaam. These will probably be accommodated at the site allocated for temporary camps at the northern end of the Island, close to the Gas Plant staff permanent housing. The wo other alternatives include housing in the village or a temporary camp established at another location, under a separate agreement with the village authorities. Air services ‐ Songo Songo facilities (and road access) will be used for ferrying technicians and other personnel from Dar es Salaam, as well as minor equipment and materials.
2.4.4 Timing and duration of activities Funding and contractual arrangements are yet to be resolved, thus the timing is not precisely set. Expectations are for completion during 2011. Certainly the local users would appreciate the completion as soon as possible. If contractors and planning work to schedule, the preparation phase may take several weeks depending on the methods used, and a similar duration for the construction phase. The entire operations could be concluded in six months, possible less.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 24 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
Fig. 3 The location of existing Village Jetty on Songo Songo (Source: Google image ‐ 27 April 2005).
Fig. 4 Existing Village Jetty (shaded) and proposed extension (20 m) and breakwater (75 m long x 16 m width). Note: for greater resolution see Annex 4.1.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 25 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
2.5 Project Activities
2.5.1 Site selection The rehabilitation of the existing Songo Songo Village Jetty structure takes place at that location, on the west coast of Songo Songo Island, Kilwa District. An area of 20 m x 5 m (i.e. 100 sq. m) will be added to the end of the existing structure, extending from the lower intertidal zone to the shallow subtidal (ca. 2 m below CD). The proposed breakwater of 75 x 16 m will occupy an area of intertidal rock flat of 1,200 sq. m, parallel to the existing jetty, some 40 m to the south (see Figs. 3 and 4). The navigation routes used by contractors to supply materials and equipment are those normally used by coastal shipping in Tanzania, deemed to be the safest and most economic routes.
2.5.2 Mobilization phase The civil engineering contractor will transport equipment, material (cement and precast blocks) and machinery to the site, probably from Dar es Salaam. Personnel will include some 20 technicians from Dar es Salaam, to operate machinery and supervise operations will be transported to the Island by air. Accommodation of about 20 project personnel will be arranged on the Island and at locations in agreement with the local authorities, for the duration of the project, up to six months.
2.5.3 Construction phase The first phase of construction will be preparation of the site. This will involve excavation and levelling of the ground in preparing the base for the new extension. Dredging of the seabed around the approaches to the new jetty design and removal of obstacles, notably rocks and coral ‘bommies’ ‐ large living Porites coral domes, 1‐2 m across and 1‐2 m high. Dredging and removal of navigation obstacles (e.g. rocks and coral) will be required over an area of approximately 1,800 sq. m, over an arc 50 m wide extending seaward from the base of the jetty extension. Equipment involved included an excavator fitted onto a barge for deeper water, and on shore during low tide operations. A second vessel, a dump barge, will be used to collect excavated material to be transported away from the jetty area. The crane will lower the blocks into position and the excavator will fill the inner space with hard core until the top cover is freshly cast.
2.5.4 Decommissioning phase The life splan of the rehabilitated jetty is 30 years, afterwhich is repairs or replacement will be required. Some maintenance may be required during that period.
2.6 Project Alternatives
2.6.1 Site selection The rehabilitation of an existing structure offers no option of alternative sites. It is however recognised that alterations to design might be considered to avoid particularly sensitive or fragile reef areas and routes for navigation can be altered. No alternatives are considered.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 26 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
2.6.2 Design, technologies and materials Basic structure: fixed or floating The rehabilitation designs and materials offer two alternative choices of design: a solid structure as the existing jetty, or a floating pontoon extension, supported on columns. Songas recommended this option because it can be built faster and relatively cheaper than the all‐ concrete structure, with the caveat that such a facility is costly in terms of maintenance. The Sosovele (2010) consultations on the floating pontoon design observed that, though this arrangement will provide better access at all states of the tide, there were a number of limitations and stakeholders were unanimous in accepting the original (concrete) design and rejecting the floating arrangement. Jetty Length The proposed extension is for 20 m (se Figs. 3 and 4 and Annex 4.1). This is deemed sufficient in engineering terms but from the user perspective, another 5‐10 m would be preferable. Detailed analysis of bathymetric and geotechnical surveys may be required to review the final length. Jetty Height The project proposes to increase the height by between 0.5 m and 0.8 m, yet as Sosovele (2010) describes, the appropriate height for the structure is subject to differing views. Users suggest a new level raised from +4.05 m to +4.85 m relative to Chart Datum, thus resulting in a cope height approximately 0.5 m above the level of Highest Astronomical Tide (4.3 m) and approx 1.2 m above the level of Mean High Water Spring Tides (3.6 m) (see Annex 4.3). While the argument advanced by the study that the jetty should not be raised so high as to impact on the functionality of the structure especially when loading and off‐loading passengers and cargo during neap or lower water spring tides is proper, this should be a secondary rather than primary criterion (Sosovele, 2010). Jetty Width The present width of the jetty is 3.5 m, be extended to an overall width of 2 m (see Annex 4.1 and 4.4). Users would prefer an even greater widening (see also Jetty Surface, below). Steps New steps are to be incorporated on into the extended walls (see Annex 4.5). Jetty Surface The proposed extension to the jetty head has a split‐level i.e. the deck on one side of the structure is lowered allowing easier access at low water (at high water, boats can use the other side, or either side of the existing (raised) structure), as shown in Annex 4.3. Over the first 10 m of the extension the lower level is designed to be 0.3 m above the Mean High Water Spring Tide Level, while over the second 10 m, the lower level is 0.3 m above Mean High Water Neap Tide Level. The split‐level design raises concern on user risk, despite a handrail in the middle of the jetty throughout its length. Accessibility of the jetty by vehicles and large carts is also jeopardised, restricting and complicating movements on the jetty. The middle handrail would be best on the new extension only, which has split levels as it will protect passengers from falling over the other lower level and the two sides act as separate jetties.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 27 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
Deepwater access The design is aimed at providing for dhows of up to 15 m length, a loaded draft of 0.8 m and a carrying capacity of up to 10 tonnes. The design was based on providing an average monthly availability of 75% dropping to 65% during spring periods and even less during equinoxes. Such a design provides rather low availability bearing in mind that the jetty caters for passengers and most vessels will not be able to plan the arrival times to match the tides. Construction of breakwater A permeable breakwater (75 x 16 m) is to be constructed on the southern side of the current new jetty (the jetty is protected by the Island during the NE monsoon), as detailed in Annex 4.1 and 4.4. The breakwater will serve as wave barrier. Some interest was documented among user to have the breakwater extend the entire length of the resulting new jetty, should this be technically feasible and possible upon evaluation of the seabed. Lighting system and other services Four pairs of lamps are proposed for the seaward portion of the jetty, including the extension (see Annex 4.2 and 4.3). Previous light posts reduced the width of the jetty (Sosovele, 2010), thus it is deemed important that the posts be removed and a more space efficient light system be established. Since there is already an electricity network on the Island, the electricity for this purpose does not need to come from solar power, which has, been observed to attract theft and additional costs; while electrical connections will require several kilometres of cable. Concerns exists about the visibility of the end of the jetty head, particularly during high tide and recommended incorporation of buoys and marks that are clearly visible for the crew during the night and day. The buoys can be fitted with illuminating devices that enhance their visibility. Stairs and ladders While jetties are not particularly designed for passengers, there is a need for jetty in Songo Songo to be designed to fit the purpose. This jetty caters for passengers and cargo and it should be friendly to all passengers including the elderly, women, and children, the sick and disabled persons. Be in concrete or steel, there is a need for stairs rather than ladders. Steel ladders can also be provided alongside and only to be used by the crews. The proposed design incorporates stairs/steps (see Annex 4.5 and 4.6) with steps incorporated on either side of the jetty at the beginning and close to the end of the existing jetty. This will reduce the width of the jetty at the seaward end, by 2 m. A design that included steps external to the extended walls should be considered. It is imperative that the resulting stairs can be used by all groups of people at all times. Guardrails The proposed design included guardrails around the central steps and in the centre of the jetty at the seaward end (see Annex 4.2 and 4.3). Options may exist to increase the placing of guardrails so at to further minimise risk of falls without compromising manoeuvring around the jetty and unloading passengers and cargo. 2.6.3 ‘Do nothing’ option
The Government of Tanzania has agreed to rehabilitate the existing jetty, thereby improving the livelihoods (transport and communications infrastructure) for the local community. Absence of this development will leave the existing facility that negatively affects the island economy and, is contrary to the commitment of the principle developer (World Bank).
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 28 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
2.7 Project and ESIA Boundaries
2.7.1 Project core area The core area represents a small area about 200 x 200 m on the west side of Songo Songo, centred and seaward of the existing jetty (see Fig 5). The environment in the core area includes a small section of drying shore (intertidal zone) on the south side of the existing structure where the breakwater will be constructed, and a smaller area seaward of the existing jetty where for 20 m an extension will be built. The seabed around and beyond the new end of the jetty will be dredge within an arc about 50 m wide with removal of obstacles covering an are of approximately 1,800 m2. The road access end of the jetty on land includes a small cleared area and a building. The contractor may require some space (e.g. 100x100 m) in this location for short‐term storage of equipment and materials. This may require clearance of some of the bush and forest that surrounds the area.
2.7.2 Project area of influence The Songo Songo Archipelago contains the Songo Songo gas field, with estimated reserves of about one trillion cubic feet of gas. Two onshore and three offshore gas wells, piped to gas processing facilities on Songo Songo Island, service part of this field. After processing, the gas is transported through a 25 km submarine pipeline to the mainland coast, and thence by a 205 km pipeline to Ubungo in Dar es Salaam where it is used as a feedstock in the generation of electricity for the national grid and to industries. The nearest large coastal settlements, Somanga and Marendego (which is on the district/region border) lie on the Lindi Road. There is small‐scale tourism activity at the Kilwa Masoko end of the coastline.
The entire archipelago forms part of the Rufiji‐Mafia‐Kilwa Marine RAMSAR site, gazetted in January 2005, following submission of a proposal by the Wetlands Unit of the Wildlife Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism. It is designated as Tanzania’s fourth internationally recognised RAMSAR Site (see Fig. 5). This area includes the whole of the Songo Songo Archipelago. The resolutions of the RAMSAR Convention require amongst other things, that major development activities within a RAMSAR site should be subject to an EIA (see Annex 5).
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 29 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
Location of Jetty on Songo Songo Island
Fig 5. Songo Songo Village Jetty and Island within the Rufiji‐Mafia‐Kilwa Ramsar Site.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 30 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
3.0 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework
3.1 National Environment
3.1.1 Institutional situation In Tanzania, each Ministry is responsible for environmental oversight of all projects under its jurisdiction. While the office of the Vice President has overall responsibility for environmental policy formulation (including monitoring and coordination of National Environmental Management Council activities), all environmental issues associated with the rehabilitation of a port facility on Songo Songo Island are the direct responsibility of the Ministry of Communications and Transport. This is the Ministry responsible for transport policy and harbour services in Tanzania. Relevant important institutions are listed in Table. 1. With respect to the rehabilitation of Songo Songo village jetty, it is the responsibility of the National Environment Management Council (NEMC) to advise the Government in general, and the Ministry of Communications and Transport (and the project proponent, PMO‐RALG) in particular, on all environmental monitoring and coordinating issues. This includes the impact of and relevance to existing and proposed environmental legislation, including International Treaties, Regional Agreements and relevant National Legislation. Once the port facility is operational, it will be operated by the local Kilw District authorities, thus the Merchant Shipping Act does not apply. Since the focus of this EIA is on the marine aspects of the jetty plus its landfall position and the immediate terrestrial impact zone, the focus of the legislative review was on the relevant maritime and marine environmental legislation. Table 1. Important institutions to the jetty rehabilitation on Songo Songo.
Level Institution Role and responsibility National The Vice President’s Office Coordination of Environmental Management Director, Department of Environment Policy and Guidelines; Environmental National Environment Management Monitoring and Auditing. Council (NEMC) Ministry of Communications and Responsible for transport policy and harbour Transport services Ministry of Lands and Urban Rights of occupancy and value of Development compensation. District District/Ward Functional Departments: Consultations, environmental watchdog, (Kilwa) Planning, Health, Community project monitoring. Development, Natural Resources and Environment.
3.1.2 National legislation Important national legislation with particular relevance to the rehabilitation of the Songo Songo village jetty includes existing or proposed environmental, fisheries, land, local government and merchant shipping legislation and the THA Act. These are summarised below with more details and their relevance to the Songo Songo jetty given.
• The Environmental Management Act 2004 ‐ This Act provides a legal and institutional framework for the sustainable management of the environment. The act, when it comes into operation, repeals the National Environmental Management Act 1983. All project activities, especially construction activities must be planned and comply with its relevant provisions.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 31 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
• The Land Act 1999 ‐ Provides regulations covering land registration, transfers and acquisition and compensation entitlements for those affected by the proposed project.
• The Local Government Act 2002 – Kilwa District Council is both a major stakeholder and responsible for the provision of local services such as roads, water supply, education, land use planning, licensing of local businesses and other enabling functions.
• The Merchant Shipping Act 2003 ‐ This Act, which came into force on in 2004, is made to regulate shipping and provides for the registration and licensing of ships, the engagement of seafarers, the prevention of collisions at sea, safety of navigation, and safety of life at sea. All vessels used in the rehabilitation of the Songo Songo village jetty must comply with the several provisions of the Act.
• The Surface and Marine Transport Regulatory Authority (SUMATRA) Act 2001 ‐ SUMATRA has two roles, essentially as an economic regulator and as a maritime safety authority, with responsibility for enforcement of the Merchant Shipping Act 2003.
• The Tanzania Ports Authority Act 2002 ‐ This Act will has repealed the THA Act 1977 and provides for the functions and powers of a newly created Tanzania Ports Authority. The Act provides for ports of national interest (the major sea ports) to be administered by TPA. The Act also provides that small ports or ports of regional interest, including Songo Songo, are to be administered by the Local Government Authority, in whose area of responsibility the port is situated.
• Town and Country Planning Ordinance, & the Public Beaches Planning Area Order ‐ According to the above regulations the area 60 m from the high water mark is reserved for water related human activities. The jetty landing area on the beach will be within the 60 meters of the high water mark. Construction/activities on the beach related to the jetty will not contravene the law.
3.2 Relevant Policies & Legislation There are a number of government policies and legislation plus international conventions to which Tanzania is a signatory; which are potentially relevant to the proposed port facility project. The key ones are: Maritime Transport • Government Notice No 76 (reducing beach • Merchant Shipping Act 2003 protection line from 200m to 60m) 1992 • National Marine Contingency Plan Cross Cutting • Petroleum Supply Act • National Environmental Policy 1997 • MARPOL Conventions • Tanzania Harbours Authority Act • SOLAS Conventions • Tanzania Ports Authority Act 2004 (to be Natural Resources assented by the President) • Marine Parks and Reserves Act 1994 • NEMC EIA Procedures and Guidelines 2002 • Fisheries Act 2003 • Antiquities Act 1964 • Deep Sea Fishing Authority Act 1997 • Local Government (District Authorities) Act • Fisheries Policy 1982 • Fisheries (Principal) Regulations 1989 • Kilwa District and Village by‐laws • National Forestry Policy • National Land Use Planning Commissions Act • International Biodiversity Conventions (No. 3); Land Use • National Environment Management Council • Land Act, 1998 Act 1983 • Village Land Act 1998 • Environmental Management Act 2004 (to be • Land Regulations and Village Land Regulations assented by the President) • Recreational Places Ordinance • National Tourism Policy • Town and Country Planning Ordinance • Hotels Bill (under development) • Town and Country (Public Beaches Planning • Public Health Ordinance area) Order 1991 • TCAIDS Act • Local Government Finances Act 1992
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 32 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
3.3 International Treaties And Conventions 3.3.1 Regional Agreements The two important regional agreements ratified by Tanzania that are applicable to the proposed port facility rehabilitation on Songo Songo, are listed below;
• The Lusaka Agreement on Cooperative Enforcement Operations Directed at Illegal Trade in Wild Flora and Fauna. • The Convention for the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Eastern Africa Region, (the Nairobi Convention 1985).
3.3.2 International Treaties and Conventions Foremost among the international treaties, are the Conventions of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) Conventions of which Tanzania is a member. The most important of these are listed below.
• The United Nations Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS 1982) • The Convention on International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREG 72) • The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS 74) – together with the Protocol of 1978 and subsequent amendments. • The International Convention on Standards of training, Certification and Watch keeping for Seafarers (STCW 78) • The International Convention on Load Lines 1996 (LOAD LINES 68) and its protocol of 1988 • The International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (CLC 19) and amendments (CLC 92) • The International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund (FUND 71) and amendments (FUND 92)
The important International Maritime Organisation (IMO) Conventions NOT ratified by Tanzania are listed below.
• The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships – (MARPOL 73/78) • The International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR 79) • The International Convention relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties (INTERVENTION 69) and its Protocol of 73 • The International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation (OPRC 1990)
In addition to the main IMO Conventions listed above, Tanzania is a party to several other international environmental conventions and regional agreements. Those potentially of relevance to the project are listed below, with details in Annex C.
• Convention concerning the protection of Workers Against Occupational Hazards in the Working Environment due to Air Pollution, Noise and Vibration 1977 • The United Nations Convention on Climate Change 1992 • The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification 1994 • Convention on Biological Diversity 1992 • Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species 1983 • Indian Ocean and South East Asian Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Marine Turtles and their Habitats 2001 • RAMSAR Convention on Wetlands 1971
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 33 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
3.4 Regional Agreements The two important regional agreements ratified by Tanzania that are applicable to the proposed jetty rehabilitation, with details and relevance to Songo Songo given below:
• The Lusaka Agreement on Cooperative Enforcement Operations Directed at Illegal Trade in Wild Flora and Fauna. Concerns the possibility of project contractors or staff engaging in illegal trade in wild species of plants and animals. • The Convention for the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Eastern Africa Region (the Nairobi Convention 1985). Cover obligations towards conservation of marine species, notably coral, mangroves and seagrass.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 34 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
4.0 Environmental and Socio‐economic Baseline Conditions
4.1 Topography of the area Songo Songo Island is the largest of the five islands among the 25 isolated patch reefs that comprise the Songo Songo Archipelago. Water depth throughout much of the area is 10‐30 m. The outer islands and reefs extend as much as 29 km offshore in places, forming part of a well developed and more or less continuous reef system extending from the South Mafia Channel and the Kilwa Main Pass, but with deep spur and groove formations on outer slopes. The Rufiji Delta is the largest single block of mangrove forest in eastern Africa dominates the coastline to the north west of the Archipelago. Elsewhere, typically the coastline is either limestone cliff of Pleistocene ‘fossilised’ reef, interspersed with sand beaches or mangrove forests.
4.2 Physical and Biological Environment
4.2.1 General description The general area is mostly of shallow depth but particularly rich in coral reefs. This area, combined with Mafia Island and the Rufiji delta to the north, was identified by a recent WWF forum (Mombasa, 2001) as one of eight areas in the Eastern African Marine Ecoregion as being of global importance in terms of biodiversity. Despite this recognition, there is limited detailed scientific information on the Songo Songo area. Many short‐term studies conducted by volunteer groups (e.g. Darwall et al., 1997) were undertaken between in the 1990’s although very little has been published in the scientific literature since then. Baseline and monitoring studies conducted during the Construction Phase (Lot 1) of the Songo Songo gas development project, have confirmed the status and condition of the area (see references to reports by Besha (1996‐2002); CEEST (2000‐2002); L&T (2002, 2003, 2004); Richmond (2004); Songas (2001‐2002), etc.). The descriptions that follow are based on these documents (see Bibliography).
4.2.2 Terrestrial environment The ‘natural’ terrestrial environment within the proposed study area includes only the Island of Songo Songo itself. On this island, cultivation, a few fruit and exotic shade trees and coconut palms on the east and north have disturbed most of the natural vegetation. A few remnants of coastal forest still exist in the southwest and west of the island. In addition, some trees, notably Baobabs, are of religious or social importance. The ‘natural’ fauna of the island is equally ‘disturbed’ and few species of biological interest, notably bats and a relatively species‐poor terrestrial bird fauna. The seabird and shorebird life of Songo Songo Archipelago includes a variety of species, found throughout the Archipelago, particularly in mangrove forests, intertidal flats and rocky cliffs. The open waters of the Archipelago provide a rich feeding ground for true sea birds particularly terns and provides a staging ground for various Palaearctic migrant species (e.g. 100 European Oyster catchers ‐ Richmond pers obs.). These waders feed on the exposed sand and mud flats. A bird count in the Rufiji delta in 2001 recorded 40,160 waterbirds of at least 62 species (see Baker & Baker, 2002).
4.2.3 The wider marine environment The reefs for Songo Songo Archipelago comprises over 25 individual patch reefs plus four small, island reefs. The coral and fish diversity is high because of the diversity of reefs, from shallow and tolerant of high sedimentation to steep and deep of oceanic nature. In general, the reefs are in a healthy condition yet subjected to seasonal and isolated heavy fishing pressure and some physical damage form fishing gears.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 35 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
Recent fish studies show that reef fish diversity correlates well with the habitat characteristics of each reef. In general fish diversity and abundance is reduced in many areas. Although the exact cause cannot be established with certainty, there are some indications that human activities have contributed to the prevailing condition. Other possible factors include alluvial deposition or climatic driven changes. Of the reefs visited recently, Pweza has highest area of rubble and rock, remnants of dead corals, mostly of structures intact.
4.2.4 Jetty extension influence area in the marine environment The Songo Songo marine environment affected by the proposed rehabilitation is a typically sheltered area, dominated on the western shores by coral rock platform. Seagrass beds extend from the mid‐intertidal to the subtidal zone, eventually to depths of 20 m or more depending on water clarity. Beyond 15‐20m depth in many parts of the area, the substrate is soft under a layer of suspended sediments. Where hard substrate exists and water clarity is suitable, coral reefs are well developed and support important and diverse fisheries. The October 2010 field visit was made during spring tides to assess areas likely to be impacted by the construction. In general, the environment is either intertidal or shallow subtidal zone. The intertidal zone is mainly fossil limestone bedrock. In the subtidal immediately seaward of the existing jetty, into which the new extension will extend 20 m, five distinguishable marine habitats are present, extending from the middle intertidal, where the breakwater will be constructed (see Figs 6 and 7). The seabed around and beyond the new end of the jetty will be dredge within an arc about 50 m wide with removal of obstacles covering an are of approximately 1,800 m2. Most of that includes coral‐on‐rock, seagrass and sand habitat, with scattered large coral ‘bommies’, as detailed in the following sections:
Subtidal sand patches Subtidal rock and coral
Subtidal seagrass
Fig. 6 Aerial view of existing jetty, during high tide, showing clearly the rock‐flat intertidal, subtidal sand patches and darker subtidal substrates (seagrass and coral rock).
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 36 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
Anchorage
1.0 m
1.0 m 0.5 m Area to be dredged and obstacles 0.5 m removed
Chart Datum
Jetty extension
Legend
Coral bommie Existing jetty Seagrass
Coral & rock Breakwater Sand
Rock & algae
Fig. 7 Diagrammatic representation of existing jetty, jetty extension, breakwater and marine habitats present in intertidal and subtidal zones, showing also boundaries of area likely to be dredged and cleared of obstacles.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 37 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
Intertidal and shallow subtidal rock flat ‐ This shore type extends from the cliff bases to the shallow subtidal. Most of flat and partly covered by encrusting algae, with scattered pools and ruts that may hold other marine life, especially lower down the shore (see Fig 8 opposite, showing the seaward end of the existing jetty). The new jetty extension will not significantly impact this area, but the breakwater will cover 1,200 m2. Such habitat is widespread around Songo Songo Island. Subtidal sand patches ‐ No sand deposits of significant size were found in the intertidal zone around the jetty, the upper shore being cliff‐bound, though small patches do occur lower down the shore and in the shallow subtidal (see Fig. 7). Subtidal seagrass beds ‐ In most places where sand is present, in the subtidal zone, it is colonised by seagrass beds (see Fig. 8 opposite). A small area of seagrass is likely to be impacted by dredging, approximately 20‐30 m2. This is an insignificant portion of the likely coverage of this habitat in the general area (see Fig. 6). Mixed coral and rock ‐ Living hard and soft coral are present among dead coral, in many large patches (see figure opposite) and small patches of hard coral. Within the area to be dredged, some 20‐30 m2 of this coral‐on‐rock habitat will be affected. Coral bommies ‐ Corals of the genus Porites can grow to several metres in diameter and form large mounds, commonly known as ‘bommies’ (see Fig. 9). These can weight several tonnes and are a significant hazard to shipping as they often grow to within a metre of the surface. Within the dredged area, immediately in front of the new extension, as well as part way along the extension, coral bommies are present. A minimum of 11 such bommies were identified, and most likely represent a significant portion of the bommies along this shoreline. Possibly more exist in deeper water. Fig. 8 Intertidal rock flat, mostly covered in turf algae (top); shallow subtidal sand and seagrass (middle) and shallow subtidal mixed corals‐on‐rock (bottom).
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 38 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
Fig. 9 Underwater view of one of 11 large Porites coral bommies identified in the approaches to the jetty. This one is about 1.5 m high and about 1.8 m in diameter.
4.2.5 Rare or endangered species There is evidence of endangered marine biodiversity resident in the project area, in particular Hawksbill and Green turtles are common. Two species of dolphins, Bottlenose and Humpback, are frequently seen in the Archipelago. During the August‐October season Humpback whales are likely seasonal visitors, and Dugong are reported from north of the area, around Mafia Island, but may roam south.
4.2.6 Summary The salient natural features of the Songo Songo Archipelago that are worthy of special consideration while undertaking proposed jetty rehabilitation are:
• there are remnants of coastal forest on Songo Songo island that should be protected; • numerous healthy coral reefs exist throughout the area; • marine turtles are present (Greens and Hawksbill); • Bottlenose and Humpback dolphins present and other marine mammals are likely to visit.
4.3 Cultural and Economic Environment The island of Songo Songo, of 4 km2 in area, supports a local resident population that is estimated to be about 6,000 (ESRF, 2004), but varying throughout the year depending on temporary fishing migrations and influx from visiting fishers. Almost all goods and passengers are transport by sea in small dhows. Margin soils allow for meagre agricultural development and some chicken, goat, and cattle husbandry, but seaweed farming and fisheries are major activities.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 39 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
4.3.1 Administration Songo Songo village is an island in the Indian Ocean located in Kilwa District, Lindi Region, Southern Tanzania. The Island covers. 5.66 sq km. Administratively, Songo Songo Island (together with other neighbouring islands) constitutes the Songo Songo Ward which is also designated as a Village and as a Sub‐village (hamlet). This implies that Songo Songo Ward has one Village, and Songo Songo Village has one hamlet only. The island is governed by a Councillor, Ward Executive Officer and Village Executive Officer.
4.3.2 Population and demographic characteristics There is no reliable data available at the village office that indicated the current population of the Songo Songo Island (Sosovele, 2010). However, the 2002 census revealed that Kilwa District had a population of 171,057 people, and based on that information, Songo Songo village is projected to have at least 2,569 people by 2009. Out of those, about 1,515 are male and 1,054 are female. A study commissioned by PanAfrican Energy (ESRF, 2008) concluded that the population was 5,600 people (2,364 men: 3,236 women); about 45 old‐aged people (20 women: 25 men) and 40 disabled persons (19 men: 21 women); and there were 720 households. Most of the heads of households in Songo Songo are men, as indicated by 89% of the interviewed household heads who were men with only 11% women of the heads of households being women. These women are either divorced, widows or single parents. The average size of household in the village is 5.2 with children forming the largest proportion of the household members at about 43%. In few cases within households, there are also other relatives including parents, brother or sister of the household head. Dependency ratio in the village was determined by examining the household manpower involved in the economic activities that sustain the family to meet its basic needs. 62% of the respondents indicated that household heads are the ones who are mainly engaged in generating income for the respective families. Few heads of households receive remittance from either children or relatives working in the village or outside the village, 4.7% of interviewed household get remittances, of which most are those headed by people above 50 years. The village has relatively a high population density compared to the district and even most parts of the country; with an area of only 5.66 km2 the village has more than 2,600 people thus having a population of density of 453.89 people per sq km. The presence of various economic activities such as the gas project and fishing activities are the major reason for this high population density and migration.
4.3.3 Main economic activities and income levels The majority of people in Songo Songo are self‐employed either in fishing or seaweed farming; few people earn incomes from paid employment and casual labour at Songas Gas Plant or public services and the informal sector. Exploration activities, for new gas‐fields, also provide, although temporarily, employment opportunities to a significant number of youths. Songo Songo village is endowed with abundant and different marine species that makes fishing the main economic activity in the Island. About 90% of heads of household at the island are involved in fishing as their major economic activity or other fishing related activities. Due to lack of proper fishing gears, fishing is done only for subsistence and a small amount is sold to business men who then sale the fish in Kilwa town or as far as Dar es Salaam. About 40% of Songo Songo villagers own dhows and fishing nets that they use for fishing. The study by Sosovele (2010) revealed some interesting aspects of the economic situation o the Island. For example, that ownership of durable goods at the village has increased significantly compared to years before the gas project. With availability of electricity in the area ownership of electronic appliance such as TV has increased significantly with about 38% of villagers owning TVs. Currently 81% of villagers own radios compared to only 11% before the gas project and 71%
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 40 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania with mobile phones. Number of households owning bicycles has also increased to 68% now compared to 59% before the gas project. More details on the specific economic activities follow: Fisheries The bulk of the people of Songo Songo rely on fisheries as a source of food and income. Various fishing methods are used. The most productive fishing grounds are to the north of the Archipelago, yet the fish fauna of the Archipelago is certain to include several hundred species. Although the fisheries of the area are diverse and rich, and have contributed to the export marker for Tanzania, no compiled data on quantities exists. From two years’ of observation and discussions with fishers and skippers, the main fishing activities of the area are: Gill‐nets – Nets are 500‐1,000 m long, 5‐8 inch meshes, usually set on the seabed with some form of marker at surface. Such nets are used to catch larger, deep‐water species (e.g. groupers, snappers, sharks and rays). Usually, nets are set away from reefs at 10‐40 m depths, overnight and hauled in daytime. There are an estimated 10 vessels that use such nets in the area, but some of them may fish at night. Small meshed nets are also used inshore from canoes for prawns, at times over one hundred boats fishing. Light attraction purse‐seines – These are 120‐150 m long, small‐meshed nets, used mainly at night to purse‐seine around a small ‘light‐boat’ that attracts the sardines and other small pelagic species that are the focus of this fishery. The 12‐15 vessels using this gear come from Kilwa Kivinje and operate for about 15 nights around the new moon. During the full moon, the nets are serviced on land. Basket fish traps – Operated from small boats, these traps, usually 1‐5 on a single line, are set in water of 5‐40 m depth throughout the area, at all times. Prawn trawlers – Of the 30 odd vessels licensed in Tanzania, a maximum of one third of the fleet (i.e. 10) might be operating in the shallow areas of Songo Songo Archipelago, mainly towards the mainland. Fishing season extends from March‐November. The two principal companies with commercial activities in the area are:
• Songas ‐ Owner of the gas processing facilities on Songo Songo Island (operated by PanAfrican Energy).
• TANPESCA (part of Alpha Group) ‐ A private investor, operating a fish processing, packaging and freezing plant on Mafia island, and operating several prawn trawlers in the Tanzania.
• PanAfrican Energy and TPDC ‐ Co‐owners of the Songo Songo Gas Reserves through a Production Sharing Agreement. Discussions with the District fisheries offices as well as Mr. Jeremiah Owino of TANPESCA Fish Company revealed that Songo Songo Island is one of their main centres for fish collection in Kilwa District with the best quality and quantity of fish. For instance during high season they obtain up to 6 tonnes of fish while during low season about 2.5 tonnes fish is collected from Songo Songo centre in one month. However it was also noted that prices of fish at the Island are relatively low compared to other centres. Prices at the Island range between 1,000– 1,500 Tshs per kilo while at Kilwa Kivinje and other centres, the price ranges between 2,500 – 3,000 Tshs/kilo. Transport has been a major reason for such low prices at the Island. For instance, most fish business people do not use the current village jetty because it is not efficient and reliable for their business. Due to poor status of the jetty, the vessels that operate between the Island and other destination are not reliable. Therefore business people are forced to hire vessels and dock them away from the jetty and get fishermen to deliver their goods to them or again, they have to hire small vessels to enable them collect fish for off‐loading into bigger vessels. This process increase transportation costs. Income obtained from fishing is relatively small, only averaging about 100,000 Tshs per household per month.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 41 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
Seaweed farming This activity is reportedly providing an increasing contribution to the livelihood of the community. The SW and E of Songo Songo supports intense seaweed farming. The technique involves lines attached to wooden stakes about 2 m apart, to which the seaweed is attached. Harvest is usually every 2‐4 weeks, with work being conducted on the lines only during days of low spring tides. Seaweed is also another source of income for Songo Songo villages though in recent years the quantity has decreased tremendously. Data from Mr. Suleiman Ahmed Mjaka of ZASCO Ltd a company that buys seaweed from Songo Songo farmers indicated the decline in number of farmers as well as the quantity of seaweed for the last five years. Lime production Small‐scale lime making is another economic activity practiced by about 5% of the villagers; Coral is mined from the sea and wood is used to burn the coral into lime. The lime is used as a major construction material in the island. With increase population it is anticipated that more damage to the environment will occur as the villagers are destroying live corals. Other economic activities in the village include wage employment, casual labours, masonry, carpentry, trading (i.e., shops and related businesses) that have increased in recent years and are making significant contributions to household incomes.
4.3.4 Housing and living conditions Generally housing condition in the village is moderate compared to other villages in Kilwa District and the country at large; over half of the total houses on the Island are of moderate standards built with coral and limestone and having coconut leaves as roofing materials. According to villagers, type of houses built is attributed to the mode of transport at the village “how can we transport cement to the village with the type of vessels and the jetty that is not reliable?” asked one of the villagers. Transport to and from the village is not only unreliable but also too expensive to transport bulk goods. However, there has been improved houses in the village compared to the situation before the gas project. The use of lime as building materials and an increased income arising from the gas development project has stimulated changes in the housing condition although, still iron sheets and cement are not easily available. Toilet facilities are still a problem at the island mainly because of the nature of the soil which is very shallow and mainly covered with coral reef that makes it difficult to dig deep holes for toilets. Currently only about 22% of villagers do have pit latrine while the rest use bushes and other alternatives.
4.3.5 Water availability The quality of drinking water prior to the gas project in Songo Songo was very poor. All the villagers relied on one source of water, which was an uncovered with poor conditions. Currently Songas under its community projects have enabled Songo Songo village to obtain clean drinking water (20 tonnes per day) from communal stand pipe located in different distribution points in the village. The time and distance used by villages to obtain drinking water has also been shortened as a result of this project. Currently the water distance is about 500 m from most households while before the project, the distance to water source was more than 1,700 m and to some villagers, this was up to 2000 m. About 4% of households indicated to have piped water outside their. Villagers pay 20 cents per bucket of 20 litres. It was also noted that the water project is managed by the village government through its Water Committee. The water Songas is providing to the communities is obtained from a desalinization of sea water and adding purities to make it soft for human consumptions.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 42 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
The project has also made water available close to the village dispensary which has been of great help to them and the patients. Due to availability of clean drinking water at the village, rates of diarrhoea reported at the dispensary have also gone down. Discussion with Ms Fatuma Hassan who is the dispensary mid wife and Ms Subira Shekalage noted that a decrease in water borne diseases is attributed to availability of clean and safe drinking water supplied by Songas. However it was noted that at the current jetty drinking water is a problem, since there is no water point to provide the service despite the number of people and the time spent on the jetty.
4.3.6 Education The level of education at the village is relatively low. It was observed (Sosovele, 2010) that only 10 % of the respondent attended secondary school and 15% are currently attending secondary school. In addition, 50% of the respondent obtained only primary education, while about 23% have not had any formal education. The village does have a primary school however; the school faces numerous problems that include inadequate teaching staff, and learning materials, and insufficient school buildings. The problem with the current jetty is also a hindrance to the primary school, as sometimes teaching/learning materials get wet while being offloaded or delayed to reach the destination due to dysfunctional of the jetty. Currently the school has only four teachers. This small number of teachers is attributed to several factors including unreliable means of transport, from the island to other destinations. Currently, there is a secondary school that has been built through villager’s efforts and Songas contributions however, it is not operational as there are no enough students to be enrolled at the school. The villagers can not build a hostel for the students because, there are few qualifying students within the village that can feel the school and students from other area can hardly make it to the island due to poor transport system. Each year Songas also provide partial scholarships to students from the village to attend secondary school education else where within Kilwa District. Pre‐primary education facilities constitute a kindergarten class for pre‐schoolers within the primary school buildings. There are several academic frameworks and programmes on adult literacy providing equal levels of awareness and opportunity to men and women. Other training include a Madrasa for Muslim followers (about 5.4 % attendance).
4.3.7 Health Songo Songo village has a Dispensary that also serves other small Island that form part of the Songo Songo village. These include Njovi, Nguzi, Nyuni and Ukuza Islands. Villagers from these Islands also relay on the use of the jetty to enable them reach Songo Songo for treatment at the Dispensary. With increase in population at the Island, the number of patients has also increased. In addition, new diseases such as HIV/AIDs that were not prevalent in the past are now reported to be some of the threats on the Island because of increased population and human interactions. Development projects in the area have been a major factor for seasonal increase in the number of people in the village especially, whenever there is a major activity such as construction. Songas also has its own health facility located within the plant premises at Songo Songo Island to carter for its staff. Currently the village dispensary has four staff that includes a Midwife who is employed by Songas, a Nurse assistant and two ward attendances. The dispensary operates without a doctor for longer periods thus forcing the doctor from the Songas health facility to offer services to the patients at the dispensary, at least twice a week. Discussions with the Dispensary Mid Wife together with the Nurse attendant indicated that common diseases in the area include malaria, which mostly affects children of the age between 0‐ 5. On average 8 children report to the centre everyday, the number increases to 30 during rain seasons. Another common disease in the area includes diarrhoea, HIV/AIDs that have also forced
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 43 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania the village to introduce IRV programmes, skin diseases that are associated with seaweed cultivation, chest and stomach aches. It was however revealed by the staff that the rate of diarrhoea cases has gone down significantly after the introduction of clean water project by Songas. Songas has donated 12 beds to the dispensary and equipment for the laboratory. Clean water has been made available at the dispensary and is used by staff and patients. Furthermore, it was noted that most referrals from the village and mostly maternal cases are referred to Kilwa Kivinje; however with the current state of the jetty and its utilization, transporting such cases has become a very serious problem to health staff and a major risk factor for patients. In many cases serious case are advised to wait until when the jetty is functioning properly, for them to transport such cases. There are no direct reported cases of fatality caused by the dysfunction of the jetty though the midwife noted that it might accelerate death or severe pains especially to expecting mothers. The dispensary also receives cases of injuries that are associated with the poor functioning of the jetty, the most common injuries are caused by villagers being stung by poisonous fish when they walk in water to reach vessels during low tides. The Songo Songo Island dispensary is facing problem such as inadequate personnel and poor state of the jetty, especially for rushing sick people to other hospitals in the District. In addition, the dispensary is not capable of handling large number of people arising from population increase in the island. The level of awareness among the community with respect to HIV/AIDS is on the low side, but the infection rates are equally lower than the national average (4% screened adults post July 2007) due to its isolation. Additionally, the early gas project work was very sensitive to the issues of HIV AIDS, and therefore intensive campaigns against the disease were undertaken (Songas, 2001; Larsen & Toubro 2002, 2004).
4.3.8 Maritime transport Songo Songo village is mainly accessible by water and air. There are currently no scheduled flights to Songo Songo; one has to hire a charter plane if one wants to go to the Island. This is an expensive undertaking that can cost up to US$ 2,000 just for a one‐way trip. This situation leaves the communities and other people with only one option, namely water transport. It also means that, the jetty is the main transport facility that will have significant influence to the local people’s livelihoods and unlike the common conventional thinking that jetties are only for small cargoes, in Songo Songo, a jetty is for everything that matters in people’s livelihood development. The status and functioning of the jetty will therefore have major implications on the livelihoods of the people and the overall development of Songo Songo Island.
4.3.9 Roads All the roads on the Island are compacted and graded earthen roads. There are also small foot tracks, which are used by the islanders and developers and traders for movement within the Island.
4.3.10 Air transport Songo Songo Island can only be accessed via sea or through air transport. There is an airstrip which is largely used by investors and Gas Plant staff. The airstrip and Dar es Salaam International Airport will be used by the proposed project to ferry personnel to and from the Island.
4.3.11 Communication networks Telecommunication networks available in Songo Songo include Tigo, Vodacom, Zantel and Zain. Landline service is provided by the TTCL. In general, coverage for cellular networks is poor.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 44 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
4.3.12 Energy use About 70% of the Songo Songo villagers now use electricity as their major source of lightening. The electricity used is generated from the Songas facilities and distributed to the local people. Prior to the gas project, about 90% of the Songo Songo villagers were using kerosene for lightening their houses. Kerosene is obtained from shops within the village and is brought to the island like all other commodities and its availability is therefore linked to the functioning of the jetty. Villagers indicated that this type of energy is very expensive. On average, a household with about 5 people used 3 litres of kerosene a month just for lighting. One litres of kerosene is costing 1,200 Tshs. Firewood is the major source of energy used for cooking in the village. Almost all the interviewed villages use firewood for cooking. Firewood is obtained locally from the various bushes and thickets but there are no trees that can supply firewood on a long‐term basis.
4.3.13 Land tenure and rights At Songo Songo Island, land is under the authority of Tanzania Petroleum Development Corporation (TPDC) and Songo Songo Ward/Village. As in other rural areas, land is governed under Village Land Act No. 5 of 1999. Village land is administered and managed by local community (village government) with land tenure based on customary land rights i.e. villagers hold rights of occupancy and use for indefinite (i.e. unlimited) period. Land not village land can be allocated by the state to users under specified tenure regimes. The absence of a Village Land Use Plan complicates the planning of physical and social infrastructures such as health facilities, housing, water supply and public utilities on the Island. Most of the houses have been built without plans and using inferior building materials (no cement flooring, mud walls and grass thatched roofs). Two other main features on the Island are the permanent camp (housing about 20 personnel for the Gas Plant) at the northern end, and the nearby temporary camp used by contractors for major civil engineering or gas operations (vacant at the time or writing).
4.3.14 Postal and banking services There is no formal financial institution in Songo Songo. The nearest banking services can be found in Kilwa. Therefore, the Islanders rely on informal sources of credit (relatives or friends or from a trader/shop owner or Community based savings and credit association, popularly known as VICOBA (Village Community Bank).
4.3.15 Waste management Most of the houses have pit latrines of poor qualities. Some 20% of the houses have no latrines at all. There is no proper solid waste disposal in the village and animals and their waste litters the surroundings.
4.3.16 Security There is a local public security service (Village Safety Committee), and private security (Ultimate Security) which is employed by investors. There is no Police Post, hence there are cases of theft of community properties (e.g. water pump at “Panga wells” and solar power panel at the dispensary), and assets at the Gas Plant’s working site and most recently thefts of generators and pumps from the seismic contractors operating on Songo Songo Island.
4.3.17 Beliefs systems Songo Songo Island is largely dominated by Muslims, with a few Christians, as well as those with indigenous beliefs.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 45 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
4.3.18 Planned future developments On Songo Songo the only possible future development activities identified related to gas development, are seismic surveys followed by offshore drilling by PanAfrican Tanzania Ltd. A private tourism operator, Coastal Travel, has plans to establish a tourism facility on nearby Fanjove Island, and will most likely also utilise the village jetty.
4.3.19 Existing environmental threats and challenges Within the general area of the Songo Songo Archipelago there are no industrial activities (other than the Gas Plant). Threats to the environment stem mainly from climatic sources (e.g. flood and heavy sediment discharges into the sea) from mainland sources or from the activities of the local resident fishing communities. Though small, the principal threats are: Water pollution ‐ This may originate from Gas Plant operations (produced water discharges) and contaminated rainwater runoff. These are regulated and the operators strive to maintain high standards of control to mitigate against any form of marine pollution. Solid waste pollution ‐ Domestic waste disposal from the Songo Songo Island population is not managed and frequently results in beach (and sea) pollution, mainly in the form of plastic litter, and obsolete fishing gears. Sewage from the village also enters the marine environment from the beaches which are used as latrine areas.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 46 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
5.0 Stakeholder Engagement
5.1 Background and Approach The main objective of conducting the consultations was to communicate with stakeholders to enable them to understand the objectives, scope and activities of the project. Specifically, to:
• identify ESIA study boundaries; • ascertain key issues that are likely to be important during the ESIA, and; • allow stakeholders to express their views and concerns.
To that end, a public and stakeholder consultation process was conducted through two separate efforts. Stakeholders include individuals, groups or organisations that might be affected or might affect, either positively or negatively, by jetty rehabilitation data acquisition works. They are found at both national and local levels and range from government authorities to local community members. Following advertisement through Village Government Offices, public meetings were carried out at Songo Songo Island in March 2010, followed up with interviews with Village Ward and Executive Officers and a stakeholders consultation meeting in Kilwa. The list of individual stakeholder groups consulted is shown below: • Kilwa District Council • Village teacher • Ministry of Energy and Minerals • Village elders • Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism • Village business representatives • Songas Gas Plant Personnel • Women’s representatives • Consultant engineers • Seaweed buyer • Village Executive Officer • Boat owners and transporters • Village Chairman • Jetty porter • Ward Fisheries Officer • Fishermen • Village Dispensary staff • Fish buying agent
5.2 Problems with the Existing Village Jetty The dysfunctional or inefficient operation of the jetty has caused several negative impacts on social and people’s livelihood in Songo Songo. These impacts include increased cost of living, reduced frequency of transportation of goods, reduced number of goods coming and getting out of the Island. Others are increased difficulties in loading and offloading of people especially women, elderly persons, disabled persons and expecting mothers and the sick. In addition, the absence of proper management and ownership of the Jetty was identified as a problem. A summary of the problems is provided below, with full details in Sosovele (2010).
5.2.1 Tidal submersion and wave over‐topping of the jetty Villagers have reported of many days that the jetty could not be used because of submersion. Many incidents of cargo left on the jetty being washed away have also been reported. It is clear that the source of the problem is inadequate jetty height, which has been caused by either the jetty was not constructed to the designed height of 4.35 m above CD, or the tidal levels estimated at Songo Songo (incl. HAT of 4.3 m) were wrong. The problem of wave overtopping has been compounded by the inadequate jetty height and the reduced width (water is able to reach the whole jetty width from both sides of the jetty). Lack of
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 47 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania fender system has also made the use of the jetty at such times impossible for fear of damaging the vessels.
5.2.2 Deep water access Jetty users have complained of lack of access during low tides where passengers are forced to walk on the dry and dangerous seabed to reach vessels which could not moor on the jetty. This seems to be the most prevalent problem and suggestions that the trips be accordingly planned are impractical as the vessels (which mostly depend on wind propulsion) cannot predict arrival times to coincide with favourable tides.
5.2.3 Width of the jetty Jetty users have complained that the current village jetty is too narrow at 3.5 m, which was reduced from the original design of 6 m. The original design was intended to enable cargo to be loaded from dhows berthed on either side of the structure simultaneously which cannot be done now. The narrow width has also compounded the wave overtopping problem and has compromised the safety of the jetty. Villagers have reported many cases of bicycles and people falling off from the jetty into the water, and bicycles hitting bollards.
5.2.4 Passenger unfriendly stairs Both the originally designed galvanised steel ladder and the side concrete staircase have been reported to be very unfriendly to passengers. The side staircase are said to be slippery, to lack guardrails and to end too high from the sea bed which has led to several accidents. It has been very difficult for the steel ladders to be used by the elderly, the sick, women and children as they have not been designed for passengers. Suggestions were made for non‐continuous side guardrails along the existing jetty which will allow the loading and unloading of cargo and passengers at necessary locations.
5.2.5 Lighting of the jetty and other services One of the major complaints regarding the jetty has been lack of lighting on the jetty, which makes it unsafe and makes navigation difficult at night. The jetty head has several lights which are not working and whose posts are rather rusty. All the solar power units for the lights were stolen long time a go. It has also been observed that the lighting posts were placed further inside the jetty thus eating on the narrow width of the jetty. There is also no lighting at the building on the landward side that was constructed to provide shelter to waiting passengers, fishermen and cargo as all electrical gear have been vandalised. There were also complaints that the waiting building did not have any toilets. Over 90 % of the people interviewed about the effectiveness of the current jetty reported that they were not at all satisfied and were actually angry that the facility is not helping them at all. The main problems associated with the jetty according to the local people are about the width, the length, the height and its user‐friendliness especially for loading and off loading of cargo and passengers. Most respondents argue that if the length was extended to allow it to be accessible all the time during high tide, its user ability would have been greatly improved, most of the respondents have no problem with the location of the current jetty
5.2.6 Hazards associated with use of the existing jetty Risks are mainly associated with poor design. There are two sets of facilities that can be used by villagers and crews to either get in or out of the vessels and for off‐loading and loading goods. These are two iron ladders that are too steep and located in the front of the jetty and on the side away from the concrete stairs. These ladders are not meant for passengers and for loading or off loading goods. The ladders are now used by passengers and for loading and off‐loading of goods
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 48 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania thus making the process very risk to the passengers and difficult for expecting mothers, very sick persons, elderly persons and disabled. The ladders are rusted and can easily break, because of lack of maintenance. The design process for this facility did not consider these vulnerable groups and their needs. The concrete stairs, which were meant to be used by passengers are sometimes slippery due to algae growth and have no rails for one to hold on when climbing from the vessels or getting into the vessels. The slippery nature is not a design problem but a reflection of the lack of proper maintenance because of the absence of management structure. Another risk issue is associated with the narrowness of the jetty for people to move freely with loads and bicycles. The width of the jetty was reduced during construction without considering the needs of various users, thus rendering it risk. Some local people interviewed complained, “It is now very difficult for us to off load or off‐ load goods at the sometime if two vessels dock at the jetty because it is too narrow”. Cases of some porters falling down into the water while trying to manoeuvre their way on the narrow jetty have been reported Vessels owners and crews have also complained that there is no light to guide them during dark. Due to that, the risk of having the vessels damaged by knocking them on the walls of the jetty is high. Although light is a sensitive aspects at the marine environment, the current jetty was fitted with light that have been vandalised due to lack of management transporters are complaining about the lack. “Sometimes you might arrive late at the jetty but due to lack of lights, you are forced to wait for some hours until when you can see properly where to dock
5.2.7 Costs associated with use of the existing jetty Discussions with Mr. Juma Khamis Joshi who is one of the prominent transporters at the Island revealed that there are three main passengers’ vessels that shuttle daily from Songo Songo to Kilwa Kivinje, Somanga and Matapatapa. However, the number of vessels has remained the same for quite some time. Other vessels that come to the island are those owned by business people who come to the Island to collect fish or seaweed. The three vessels that operate in the Island and owned by locals are mainly for small scale uses due to the type and the small capacity for carrying passengers. Most of the vessels use motor engines while others vessels combine motor engine and wind. In addition, it was noted that prior to the start of the gas project, villagers were not paying fare on the vessels that operate between the island and other destinations. However, due to the increase in the number of people coming to the Island and increased demand for transportation, owners decided to charge for the services they offered. Mr. Khamis further noted that “we were now forced to request people to pay due to added costs of transportation associated with the current jetty. These costs included also hiring of smaller vessels to carry cargo and people during low tides. Other costs were associated with the maintenance of the vessels due to damage caused by current jetty, especially when docking” Currently villages are charged 2,500 Tshs for one trip from Songo Songo to Kilwa Kivinje and 2,000 Tshs to either Somanga or Matapatapa from the Island. Previously it was only goods transported by business men that were being charged. Discussions with the various heads of household also showed that transport cost have gone up significantly compared to time before the gas project. Women consulted claimed to pay more transport cost that are associated with the jetty than men. The increase is between 1,000 ‐1500 per trip which include cost of porters. Therefore, a single trip to Songo Songo to Kilwa will now cost a woman about 4000 Tshs, which include the fare and the cost of the porter. A round trip will cost up to 8,000 Tshs. It was also reported that women make more trips to Kivinje than men do because they are also required to accompany family members
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 49 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania who goes to the Kivinje hospital or taking children to school or buying household consumer goods. Within the Island, most of transport is on foot or by bicycles.
5.3 Project Acceptance It is clear from the Sosovele (2010) consultations and from personal experience that there is no resistance to the project to extend the village jetty on Songo Songo Island. The main expectation is that the final design and construction adequately meets the requirements of the users. There is no doubt as to the positive impacts that an appropriate and safe Village Jetty on will have on the community living and working on Songo Songo Island.
5.4 Handling Stakeholders’ Concerns As much as possible measures to ameliorate these main concerns and issues of different stakeholders are proposed under Chapter 7: Table 3 Mitigation Matrix. These issues have been addressed under the various sections as shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Issues of concern to stakeholders and recommended mitigations measures. Issues Mitigation Measures/ESIA recommendations (See Mitigation Matrix Table 3)
NEGATIVE SOCIO‐ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL IMPACTS Unfair allocation of employment opportunities to Islanders Table 3: xiii
Reduced usage and safety of users and vessels Table 3: vii Potential increase in crime incidences Table 3: iii
Cultural and behaviour change Table 3: xv
Increased exposure to diseases Table 3: xv
Blocked access Table 3: iv POSITIVE SOCIO‐ECONOMIC IMPACTS Creation of employment opportunities Table 3: xv
Increased revenues to local Government from increased Table 3:xx trade Boost to local economy and incomes Table 3: xv
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 50 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
6.0 Impacts Identified and Evaluated
This chapter presents the identification and analysis of anticipated environmental and social impacts or issues expected throughout the project cycle i.e. site selection or planning phase, mobilization / construction phase, operating and post – operation/decommissioning phase. For each component and project phase likely sources, nature and location of both negative and positive impacts are specified: these depend to a large extent on the natural value of the area affected by the project activities and on the importance of the area for socio‐economic and cultural uses. Evaluation of impact significance is based on a number of criteria described in section 1.4. Due to the fact that the jetty is located on Songo Songo Island, an island with numerous activities, including those related to gas/oil exploration and production cumulative effects (the burden from all impact sources) are likely to occur. Residual impacts (impacts which cannot be mitigated) are also considered. Environmental and social impacts from the proposed jetty rehabilitation may emanate from both planned operations and unplanned or accidental events; both are considered as main impact sources. Details of important activities and impact descriptions are presented followed by a table showing a broad overview of those activities that may potentially impact the environment.
6.1 Site Selection Phase This phase presents the overarching impacts of the physical presence of the project on the general natural settings and socio‐economic conditions at the project area ‐ the central, western side of Songo Songo Island, extending from the upper shore to the shallow subtidal (1‐2m) below Chart Datum, in an arc about 50 m wide from the new jetty base. There is little scope for changing the location. Impacts are identified from the site and vicinity. (i) Physical Presence Change in natural settings at general project site. [impact no. 1] The Songo Songo marine environment affected by the proposed rehabilitation is a typically sheltered area, dominated on the western shores by coral rock platform (Fig. 7). Whereas the existing jetty extends only to the lower edge of the intertidal zone (rock flat area), the jetty extension of 20‐25 m will penetrate the subtidal environment (seagrass beds, coral rock (dead) and coral bommies). Because the environment is more stable, without periods of dry exposure, marine communities in the subtidal are more developed and diverse in species than intertidal ones. Thus rehabilitation activities (pre‐ and post‐ construction) will definitely affect /alter permanently the natural habitat at the project site. ¾ The impact is considered negative, long‐term and of low‐medium significance.
(ii) Effects to or from natural and anthropogenic activities Important land and natural resource uses adjacent to, in the immediate vicinity of and in the area of influence of the proposed project include:
• The marine waters of the Songo Songo Archipelago;
• Songo Songo village (population 4,500; main land uses ‐ residential/small enterprises, village institutions, agriculture and livestock keeping; fishing and seaweed farming in the shallow waters); and,
• The Gas Plant facility.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 51 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
Thus a number of natural phenomena and human activities if not mitigated / monitored may intentionally or otherwise cause the following impacts to the proposed jetty rehabilitation: Damage to jetty extension and associated structures due to natural factors [impact no. 2] This relates to possibilities of natural factors e.g. climatic events, oceanic conditions and earth movements to have effects on the project i.e. damage to or interfere with smooth operations of jetty rehabilitation. Songo Songo Island, as most of the Tanzania coast, sometimes experience higher than normal changes in oceanic and climatic conditions particularly during the monsoon season (between the months of April – October (southeast monsoons) and November‐March (northeast monsoons), which are associated with high wind speeds of 1 Knot. However, these changes are rarely extreme so as to cause significant damage to offshore structures. ¾ Hence the impact is considered negative of low‐medium significance. Breached or compromised security [impact no. 3]
Songo Songo Island is occupied by a resident population and transient opportunity seekers of different backgrounds. Theft and vandalism of oil/gas exploration, construction and other equipment, materials and portable items with ready‐made market or for home use are commonly reported incidences on the Island. This is a well‐known, moderate impact of most projects on the island. Loss of significant amounts or sensitive items may disrupt the project program e.g. failure to complete the project within budget and on schedule; and cause conflicts between the proponent (PMO‐RALG) and the local community.
¾ The impacts are considered negative, cumulative and of low significance. Disturbance or conflicts due to blocking or restricting access [impact no. 4] The proposed rehabilitation will inevitably reduce access or passage at points when it begins. The supply vessel will be a potential hazard to navigation. Fishing and shipping activities in the area should not suffer loss of earnings, but may have to shift or alter fishing routine, sites or shipping routes. Thus there should be no or negligible impacts attributable directly to the jetty rehabilitation on economic prosperity. this short‐term negative impact will be rapidly compensated for by improved navigation facility the jetty will provide. ¾ Impacts are considered negative, short term but of low significance.
6.2 Design Phase The design phase of the rehabilitation project constitutes analysis of technical designs of the jetty and associated facilities. Main impact sources for consideration at the design phase relate to:
• Placement of components within the project site;
• Choice of techniques/technologies and practices, to meet both Tanzania and international Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE) standards;
• Setting management procedures for handling and disposal of wastes;
• Planning for availability of adequate resources (sourcing of raw materials, construction/installation materials, water supply, energy, personnel, etc); and
• Setting procedures for management of public and occupational health and safety hazards.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 52 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
Although detailed design and engineering works have yet to be finalised, from the conceptual proposals already designed, construction impacts, including environmental and social impacts that emanate from construction activities have been assessed. An estimated 40 personnel will be employed for up to six months of construction period, during which time they will require water and food, produce sewage and other wastes and interact socially and economically with the local communities. The impacts can be divided into three areas that require specific attention during design: Dredging /Excavation operations Destruction of coral habitats / disturbance to surface/subsurface organisms [impact no. 5] Dredging of the existing seafloor shall be required to ensure stable foundations for the jetty extension (about 120 m2) and from the approaches to the jetty for at least 50 m in an arc, to where water depths are about 2 m below CD. The approaches to the new jetty head will require removal of 15‐20 m2 of living coral on rock and some 8‐10 m2 of coral bommies, between 8‐10 individual colonies (see section 4.2.4). Songo Songo Island is comprised of fossil coral rock. Trenching (ditch) of 0.9m to 1.2m depth will consequently require either heavy machinery or use of explosives to break up the rock to the required depth. This may cause damage to sub‐strata /disturbance to surface and sub‐ surface organisms. However, these are not unique or rare organisms and can be found in other parts of the Island. The coral reefs are particularly fragile and thus a moderate impact is possible but limited to the area along the lines of the cables. Use of divers to guide operations will minimise the physical damage. Furthermore, relocation of this living and valuable natural resource is proposed ‐ thereby reducing a moderate impact to a minor one ‐ to a site about 100 m to the north, of similar depth, subject to consultations with the local fishermen, with the aim to create an ‘relocated’ coral reef. ¾ The impact is considered negative, cumulative, long‐term and of low‐medium significance. (iii) Laydown and general operations Destruction of coastal forest [impact no. 6] A 100 x 100 m land covered with vegetation may be needed for temporary storage, laydown and accommodation camp. The coastal shrub on Songo Songo Island has the following ecological values: a) Stabilizes thin layer of topsoil. Songo Songo island is mainly coral rag and vegetation is important in keeping topsoil intact; b) Modifies micro‐climate at the island such as preventing excessive evaporation of soil moisture; c) Represents conservation of the island plant biodiversity e.g. Euphorbia tirucali, Sideroxylon and Terminalia boivini); Provides habitat for fauna e.g. birds (weaver and pied crows), reptiles, arthropods, etc. Thus, these ecological values will be lost, especially in the area cleared of vegetation. The total land covered with vegetation that will be taken is about 1 hectare. For an island like Songo Songo where much of the indigenous vegetation has already been cleared and recovery is very slow, any clearance (no matter how small) constitutes a significant and in most cases irreversible loss. The area at the end of the road leading to the jetty is among the last remaining natural, coastal forest on the Island. Vegetation clearance is also known to increase erosion tendencies during heavy rains due to surface run‐off. However, the site geology is coral limestone, hence soil erosion will not be an issue. The area may also be impacted from fuel used by machinery during construction, from minor oil pollution incidents, or accidental spillage. This is considered a minor impact, especially if standard operation procedures based on an effective oil spill contingency plan are followed. ¾ The impact is considered negative, long‐term and of low significance.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 53 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
(iv) Jetty Dimensions Reduced usage and safety of users and vessels [impact no. 7] Limitations in the final design of physical structure of the jetty i.e. eventual height above Chart Datum, final length, jetty width and deck surface (split‐level or not), as well as the location and fitting such as handrails, steps, ladders and lights are important factors for consideration during design phase. The method used to obtain the jetty rehabilitation data is the most modern, accurate and least destructive available, known to have negligible impacts, other than those peripheral impacts described above. However, the jetty users, based on their past experience with the 2004 jetty, have a number of comments on the above design aspects (chapter 5). If suggestions made by the users are not taken into consideration and the final design may fail to meet expectations i.e. vessel usage will be restricted and safety of vessel and users will remain a contentious issue. The impact is considered negative, cumulative, long‐term and of medium significance. (v) Emissions from equipment and methods Deteriorated local air quality and potential public health /safety hazards [impact no. 8] Exhaust from fuel‐powered equipment contain emissions that may lead to deteriorated local air quality and potential public health and safety hazards depending on quality and quantity of emissions. Even with the best available technologies and practices, most of the equipment and vehicles emit gases such as CO2, NOx, SOx, particulate matter and hydrocarbons ‐ regarded as residual air pollution. Congruent to these are pollution from dust emitted during clearing / excavation works and from vehicles running on the loose‐surface roadways. Given the short‐term nature of the project and the few machines that will be operating (crane, dredger, excavator, tugboat and barge) the scale and quantity of fuel required are relatively small and the emissions of low significant scales and impacts. The amount of pollutants that will be generated will not introduce a noticeable change in air quality. ¾ The impact is considered negative, cumulative, long‐term and of low significance. (vi) Noise from equipment, methods and workers Disturbance and public nuisance [impact no. 9] Given the short‐term nature of the project and the few machines that will be operating (crane, dredger, excavator, tugboat and barge) the scale of noise generation, and relatively large distance (2 km) from habitations, this is considered a very minor impact. ¾ The impact is considered negative, short term and of low significance (vii) Generation of waste and management Contamination and/or impaired quality of receiving bodies (land/water) [impact no. 10] There are three main sources of waste: jetty construction activities, workers accommodation camp and accidental leakages/spills. The design should take due consideration to prevent haphazard waste disposal. ‐ Jetty construction: wastes include discharges from installation equipment (mostly fumes and exhaust – impact 8 above), very few consumable and packaging materials (plastics and paper) since the jetty is pre‐cast in Dar es Salaam. Also vegetation and top‐soil (overburden) from land clearance and rock cuttings from excavation of approaches to the jetty head can be considered as waste. ‐ Accommodation camp: wastes produce are mainly biodegradable domestic waste including food remains, paper, sewage and grey water, etc. plus some packaging and solid wastes.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 54 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
‐ Accidental events: these can potentially release fuel, oils and lubricants leakages into the environment from construction equipment, maintenance workshops and fuelling points. The main environmental impacts related to mishandling and haphazard disposal of wastes are contamination and/or impaired quality of receiving bodies (land and water). Solid and liquid wastes, including those regarded as hazardous i.e. oils, putrecible materials, car/torch batteries, may contaminate land at points of discharge. Dissolved wastes and sediments may be washed with rain runoff into local freshwater resources such as the Island’s natural freshwater wells (‘Panga’) and the marine waters. Some of the wastes may potentially cause temporary increase in nutrients in water surrounding discharge points and hence, impair the quality of the receiving water body. The freshwater wells are about 1,000 m away from the jetty. The refuelling will be done at the jetty head or anchorage. ¾ The impact is considered negative, short‐long term, and of medium significance. Public health hazards/visual impacts from poor disposal of waste [impact no. 11] Problems associated with unsuitable designs to meet the envisaged increased number of employees (i.e. 20 people), particularly during construction, may include discharge of untreated or insufficiently treated wastewater and /or human excreta directly into the surrounding environment. Haphazardly disposed of wastes, especially of putrecible food stuffs and sewage, is an eye sore, causes odours and attracts pests (rodents, birds, cats) that may create a nuisance to other area users. However, current and planned practices and measures to manage waste (collection and disposal of solid, liquid and excreta waste) and maintenance of sanitation and hygiene at temporary accommodation camp will be sufficient. ¾ Impact is considered negative, short‐term and of medium significance. (viii) Planning for Availability of Resources and Use of Materials The project requirements of construction materials and other natural resources will mostly be obtained in Dar es Salaam, where the major components will be pre‐fabricated. The main environmental and social impacts related to misuse and/ or inadequate resource use, are: Water‐related health and sanitary problems for personnel [impact no. 12] A construction camp, accommodating about 20 workers for about 90 days, is most likely to be established at the northern end of the Island, or arrangements made with local authorities for accommodation at another temporary camp location. To run the camp, water will be required for drinking and domestic purposes (i.e. cooking, washing), chief among them is maintaining the good sanitary conditions. Estimates indicate that approximately 20 litres of water are required daily per person, amounting to 108,000 litres for the duration of the rehabilitation work. Inadequate water supply and poor sanitary conditions have consequent health hazards and working tropical conditions with poor sanitary conditions provides a conducive environment for communicable disease vectors and bacterial growth. Diseases include cholera, diarrhoea and other intestinal and respiratory infections, among the top ten diseases on Songo Songo. Potable water may be imported mineral bottled water, with washing water provide by the Gas Plant or by a reverse osmosis unit installed at the camp. ¾ The impacts are considered negative, short term and of low‐medium significance. Employment opportunities and increased income to local suppliers [impact no. 13] The project will generate new employment of about 20 personnel, mainly semi‐ or unskilled, hired locally. Some of the latter have families who will be indirectly benefiting. Furthermore, suppliers of consumables will earn income during project implementation period. ¾ Impact is considered positive, cumulative, short‐term, and of medium significance.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 55 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
(x) Planning Management of Health and Safety Issues Occupation health and safety (OH&S) hazards [impact no. 14] OH&S refers to safe working environment for project staff – both on temporary and permanent engagement. Failure, during the design, to provide for and integrate health and safety measures and ensure there is a distribution of responsibility and accountability among all employees at all levels, may lead to nuisance, disturbance, injuries, loss of lives and/or of property. There are three sources and impacts of occupational hazards related to the rehabilitation work on the jetty: ‐ Use of faulty equipment, tools and practices, including sharp edges, falling objects, burning. ‐ Failure to provide and use of proper personal protective equipment (PPE) ‐ Lack of protective gear and lack of enforcement of their use when they are available are the main causes of hazards to workers. These include protection against mechanical injuries, noise, emissions (with odours, hazardous fumes), eye injuries, inhalation of noxious gases, etc. ‐ Code of practice at work place ‐ Safe working environment is normally assured when codes of conduct are instituted. Occupational health hazards may also emanate from lack of proce‐ dures that mitigate negligence at work; fatigue due to understaffing and long working hours, wrong people on particular jobs (e.g. employing unskilled personnel), low morale, etc. ¾ The potential OH&S impacts are considered negative, long‐term, of high significance. Public health and safety (PH&S) Hazards [impact no. 15] PH&S refers to safety of people working, living in or transient to the project site. Four sources of public hazards relate to the jetty rehabilitation, as described below: ‐ Fire risk from accidental events, the main sources being fuel leakages from storage areas (on deck), from vessels or at the workers accommodation camp. Fires from accidental release of cooking gas may pose a risk of explosions. These result in health hazards to workers at the jetty construction site and the general public using the area. ‐ Nuisance and disturbances emanating from noise, emissions (odours, hazardous fumes) etc. ‐ Social interactions among project workers and communities ‐ Project implementation on Songo Songo will be associated with employment opportunities and generation of income. People with different social backgrounds will be attracted to the island, which may in turn result in two forms of social interactions with local people, as follows: Increased transmission of communicable diseases Particularly increased incidences of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and HIV/AIDS. Health Impact ‐ Songo Songo Island as the population centre of the Archipelago and the main departure and arrivals points for access to Kilwa, both for goods and people, already hosts seasonal outside visitors, mainly temporary fishers. Unlike the Gas Plant construction that over 2 years introduced hundreds of new personnel, the jetty rehabilitation will not generate influx of workers, thus risks of STDs through expected interactions with the local community during the operations is expected to be minimal. Therefore, health of resident villagers being impacted through sexual contact with contract staff engaged in the jetty rehabilitation is considered a potentially minor impact, simply because the numbers will be so small an the duration short. STD awareness should nevertheless be promoted. Community security rowdiness /disorderliness due to increased social vices. Increased income levels among workers may lead to abusive alcohol consumption, also linked to increased violence and other public disruptions. Also social interactions may also influence behaviour change in the community.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 56 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
There is also the ever present risk of infection/exposure to disease vectors, being a potential health risk to both workers and the general public. ¾ These public health and safety impacts are considered negative, short term and of medium significance.
6.3 Mobilisation, Construction / Installation Phase This phase also re‐captures impacts already considered during the design phase, paying attention to cumulative and residual impacts whereby even with the best available technologies, and practices cannot eliminate impacts. The main impact sources include the following: (xi) Planned clearance of maritime obstructions and dredging
Disturbance/Damage to natural marine life and potential loss of biodiversity [impact no. 16] The rehabilitation activities (pre‐ and post‐ construction) will definitely affect and/or alter permanently the natural habitat at the project site.
¾ These environmental impacts are considered negative, short term and of low‐medium significance. (xii) Accidental / incidental spillages / leakages of oils Contamination / impaired quality of receiving bodies [impact no. 17] Contamination and consequent impaired quality of receiving bodies (i.e. water and land) can result from incidental spillage of fuels and oils may occur from vessels and vehicles, during transportation, refuelling and minor equipment repairs or leak from equipment that are not well maintained. These may contaminate land or may be washed into nearby water bodies and impair their quality since the island is surrounded by water. However, the size of the fleet of vehicles and vessels is expected to be small (i.e. about five vehicles in total). This is considered a minor impact, especially if standard operation procedures based on an effective oil spill contingency plan are followed. Virtually all material will be transported from Dar es Salaam, or Mombasa, by sea. Increased traffic associated with the construction may increase the risk of marine accidents. Fuel used by supply vessels has the potential to create minor coastal and marine oil pollution incidents from accidental spillage or collision. Oil pollution in this area will negatively affect the mangrove forests along the western shore of the Archipelago, the sand beach environment and human activities, including seaweed farming around Songo Songo Island. Considered a potentially moderate impact, that can be reduced through standard safety operation procedures, based on an effective oil spill contingency plan. ¾ Impact is considered negative, short‐term and of low‐medium significance. (xiii) Residual emissions from construction equipment Impairment of local air quality bodies [impact no. 18] Equipment capable of generating air emissions are elaborated earlier (section 6.2.2) where technologies and practices for reduction / elimination of emissions are considered. However, even with the best available technologies and practices, equipment to be used during construction will emit gases, particulate matters and hydrocarbons, hence this is regarded as residual air pollution. ¾ As discussed in section 6.2.2, the impact is considered negative, residual, short‐term and of low significance.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 57 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
(xiv) Residual noise disturbance Disturbance / nuisance to receptors [impact no. 19] Noise will be emitted during the construction from equipment (as described above) and other activities such as cranking of metal, cutting and joining of pipes, etc. Even with the best available technologies, noise will be emitted albeit in small quantities for short periods. ¾ Thus, the impact is considered negative, residual, short‐term and of low significance.
6.4 Operation Phase (xiv) Jetty Usage Increased trade / income and improved social services [impact no. 20] The potential benefits of the project, in terms of financial and social benefits are very significant and long‐awaited. The jetty will enhance trade and consequently increase incomes of individuals and revenues to local Government. Other social benefits include improved health and education services. ¾ The impact is therefore considered positive, cumulative, long‐term and of high significance. (xv) Inadequacies in Operation and Maintenance Public health and safety hazard [impact no. 21] Even with the best plans (elaborated under section 6.2.6 in the design phase), accidental events may occur, some of which cannot be effectively mitigated and hence are regarded as residual impacts. ¾ Impacts associated are considered negative, residual, long‐term and medium significance. Contamination of water body and fishing grounds [impact no. 22] Lack of periodic maintenance of the jetty and its support facilities may result in poor performance leading to injury of users and equipment damage ¾ Impacts associated are considered negative, long‐term and high significance.
6.5 Decommissioning Phase (xv) Disposal of the demolished jetty structures Loss of aesthetic value [impact no. 23] Haphazard disposal of the demolished jetty structures may cause negative visual impacts at the Island ¾ Thus, the impact will be negative, long‐term, and of medium significance. (xvi) Closure of the Project Loss of employment and income [impact no. 24] During project operation, about 20 employment opportunities will be available to security guards, etc. but flowing closure of the project will result in same loss of such jobs. ¾ Hence, the impact is considered negative, long‐term and of low significance.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 58 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
7.0 Impact Mitigation The analysis by project phase sections presented in Chapter 6 covers all the impacts identified during the ESIA process. There are 24 in total, and most are of low significance and short‐term duration. Management measures are proposed for all potential impacts (see Table 3).
Table 3. Summary of impacts and management measures.
PHASE ACTIVITY POTENTIAL IMPACT MANAGEMENT MEASURE Physical 1. Change of i) On‐site consultation with local sailing and fishing Presence natural settings community (notably seaweed farmers, fishers and marine (intertidal and traders) through special pre‐meetings to explain the objectives shallow subtidal and methods of the operation and to seek cooperation environment) Effects to or 2. Damage to jetty ii) Proposed rehabilitation located on a typically sheltered from natural extension and area, dominated on the western shores by coral rock platform. and associated Choice of jetty materials will consider resilience to extreme anthropogenic structures due to events and other external pressures/forces i.e. corrosive‐ activities natural factors resistant materials 3. Breached or iii) Screening security personnel and enhance camp security to compromised mitigate potential increase in crime incidences security Construction personnel accommodated at the workers camp located away from local communities and residential areas. Discourage use of alcohol within work camps. 4. Disturbance or iv) Alternative arrangement will be needed to accommodate conflicts due to all users: the regular trade needed to sustain the Island’s blocking or economy and for emergencies. These arrangements will restricting access require participation of users, Songas and most likely PanAfrican (operators of the Gas Plant that manages the ‘old’ Site selection phase Site selection jetty which is used by the Gas Plant). Dredging / 5. Destruction of v) Relocation of coral (a living and valuable natural resource) excavation coral habitats to a site about 100 m to the north, of similar depth, subject to operations consultations with the local fishermen. Reinstate immediately any live coral removed. Lay‐down and 6. Destruction of vi) Avoid removal or damage to large tress that bind soil and general coastal forest/ provide valuable shade. Use of hand machetes and avoid clear operations Change in intertidal cutting by use of e.g. graders. Avoid disturbance to indigenous environment vegetation in areas that will not be impacted by the project. Jetty 7. Reduced usage vii) Final design of physical structure of the jetty take into Dimensions and safety of users consideration key factors of concern to users i.e. eventual and vessels height above Chart Datum, length and width, deck surface (split‐level or not), and location and fittings of handrails, steps, ladders and lights. Undertake information dissemination, awareness campaigns on proper and safe use of jetty. Emissions from 8. Deteriorated viii) Institute maintenance and inspection procedures. equipment and local air quality and Machinery and vehicles are maintained in good running methods potential public conditions by ensuring that all equipment undergo weekly health and safety preventive maintenance. Regular inspection of equipment are hazards conducted. Noise from 9. Disturbance and ix) Identify all residents / land users living within 250 m and equipment, public nuisance plan to undertake communications and community awareness methods and programme to inform them of the intended jetty rehabilitation workers schedules and activities. For residual noise provide ear plugs, particularly to construction workers; All heavy and portable equipment with internal combustion engines and other related equipment will be fitted with mufflers; Generators will be screened in trailers/housing Design phase Design units; Mitigation viii above.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 59 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
Table 3. Continued..
PHASE ACTIVITY POTENTIAL IMPACT MANAGEMENT MEASURE Generation of 10. Contamination x) At camp: sewage and grey water shall be collected and waste and and/or impaired treated by biological conventional anaerobic digester e.g. management quality of receiving septic tanks. Waste oils will be collected and transported to bodies (land and Dar es Salaam where they will be sold/or given for free to water industries with furnaces for use as fuel. 11. Public health xi) Training to all personnel and information, communication hazards/visual and education programme to local community on waste impacts from poor management (segregate recyclable waste, hazardous waste, disposal of waste oil and other non‐combustible, combustible general waste). Dried brush from clearing and excavated sediments /dead coral rocks shall be buried in appropriate locations (to be identified in consultation with Songo Songo village government) to assist with soil stabilization or used to fill up any other infrastructures (roads, pits etc) that needs filling; Combustible non‐hazardous wastes (clean burning material) including kitchen scraps will be buried, composed or incinerated and burying the residues; Inert wastes not suitable for incineration i.e. salvageable wastes, shall be sold for a nominal fee and/or given, to local persons for re‐use or recycled. Planning for 12. Water‐related xii) Make a proper assessment of water needs. Increase Availability of health and sanitary /maintain existing water extraction (desalinated sea water) Resources and problems for and storage capacity. Put in place water saving measures Use of personnel Materials 13. Employment xiii) Optimise local employment particularly youths, as the Design phase Design opportunities and project proceeds. Contractor to observe national and increased income to international labour standards. Jobs to be allocated fairly local suppliers among villagers (women and men) by working with Village Leadership. Establish a system to manage local expectations. Procure supplies from local sources e.g. food, water, construction materials, etc. Planning 14. Occupation xiv) Comply with relevant Tanzania (OSHA, 2003) / Management health and safety International Performance Standards on health and safety of Health and (OH&S) hazards requirements: e.g. all workers to wear Personal Protective Safety Issues Equipment (PPE) and enforce the use of the same, reasonable working hours, conditions and facilities. Establish system to minimise sources for health and safety hazards. Develop in‐ house health and safety manual /guidelines. 15. Public health xv) Cooperation with and support local CSOs, public health and safety (PH&S) offices in undertaking awareness / education programmes to Hazards workers and public. Develop workers health procedures i.e. make free condoms available to workers; provision of vector protection to workers; institute malaria protection programme (use of anti‐malarial drugs, insect repellents, and clothing); provision of medical personnel to test workers for potential infections and provide treatment to those infected.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 60 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
Table 3. Continued..
PHASE ACTIVITY POTENTIAL IMPACT MANAGEMENT MEASURE 16. Disturbance / xvi) Undertake pre‐construction survey to verify and mark Damage to natural locations of coral bommies and areas of coral‐on‐rock. Instruct marine life and vessel operators to avoid coral areas when anchoring. During potential loss of dredging, attempt to conduct operations when tides and biodiversity currents are weakest to reduce impact of re‐suspended silt and fine sediment; reinstate immediately, any extra temporary areas used during construction Accidental / 17. Contamination / xvii) Provide training and instruction to crew on proper incidental impaired quality of handling and clean up of contaminating spills; limit re‐fuelling spillages / receiving bodies activities to areas far from sensitive areas (e.g. sea shores). leakages of oils, fuel, and lubricants Residual 18. Impairment of xviii) Mitigation viii above. emissions local air quality from bodies construction equipment Residual noise 19. Disturbance / xix) Mitigation viii and ix above. from nuisance to equipment receptors Mobilisation / Construction Phase Phase / Construction Mobilisation and activities Jetty Usage 20. Increased trade xx) Mitigation vii above. / income and improved social services Inadequacies in 21. Occupation / xxi) Mitigations xiv and xv above Operation and public health and Maintenance safety hazard 22. Contamination xxii) Mitigations x and xi above of water body and fishing grounds Operation Phase Operation Phase Disposal of the 23. Loss of aesthetic xxiii) Disposal of the jetty and associated structures shall be demolished value according to the decommissioning plan to be approved by jetty structures NEMC Closure of the 24. Loss of xxiv) Assist workers to be employed elsewhere on Songo Project employment and Songo island i.e. oil/gas exploration and production facilities income on the island.Ensure that long term employed workers (contract of more than one year) are members of the National Social Security Fund and ensure that the company contributions are paid to NSSF Decommissioning Phase Phase Decommissioning
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 61 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
8.0 Environment and Social Management Plan 8.1 Introduction The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMaP) provides the way forward for implementation of the identified mitigation measures (see Tables 4a‐c and 5). PMO‐RALG and the consultant shall implement components related to design (e.g. choice of technology, final design and impact areas), while the contractor shall implement components relevant to mobilisation and construction/installation. PMO‐RALG shall be responsible for overall implementation of the ESMaP. An Environmental Control Officer (ECO) shall be designated to make day‐to‐day follow‐ups (supervision and liaising with stakeholders). The estimated costs for implementing the mitigation measures are mainly the cost of the ECO and the equipment to relocate the coral.
8.2 Institutional Capacity The Project Proponent: PMO‐RALG
Implementation of the ESMaP is solely the responsibility of the project proponent. PMO‐ RALG shall supervise and monitor all components implemented by the Contractor. PMO‐ RALG shall provide the necessary supervisory oversight to ensure the mitigation measures are implemented.
In the implementation and operation of the project, PMO‐RALG will apply a systematic approach to optimize the HSE performance of the project and ensure that its HSE objectives and management standards are achieved. The project’s HSE performance has been and continues to undergo comprehensive planning process to ensure that the management requirements identified are implemented on site through clear designation of roles and responsibilities.
Efforts should therefore go into establishing proper jetty management and operating procedures and the enforcement of THA/TPA regulations and the Merchant Shipping Act, to minimize these risks, along with a local oil spill contingency plan. These are as follows:
Environmental Control Officer (ECO)
The PMO‐RALG shall designate among its staff a full‐time representative to be the Environmental Control Officer (or ECO) on site to provide day‐to‐day supervisory role during the entire rehabilitation period. The ECO shall be capacitated to coordinate the implementation of the various activities in the ESMaP and ensure all PMO‐RALG’ HSE management requirements are met by all aspects of the rehabilitation programme. The ECO shall be the main contact person on all environmental and social matters related to the project (shall maintain contacts with officials in the various relevant Ministries, Departments and agencies both central and within Local Government Authorities).
The environmental and social management requirements will be incorporated into the implementation strategy for the project via the following key procedures:
• Pre‐tender HSE qualification process including development of ESMP specifications • Contractual and procedural controls on the selected Contractors • Development of project specific work procedures • Direct project supervision (Company representative) • Review and improvement of implementation
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 62 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
Consultant
The Consultant shall ensure that those mitigation measures that are to be incorporated in the designs are completed before the implementation of the project.
Contractor
The Contractor shall ensure that those mitigation measures that are to be implemented during mobilisation and construction are attended to. The Contractor shall designate among its staff /appoint new officer to act as Environmental Liaison Officer (ELO) and he/she will be responsible to ensure the environmental and social management mitigation measures are implemented during the contract period. The ELO will report to the PMO‐RALG ECO. The ELO after being provided with the required capacity shall be responsible for: • Establishing procedures, contracts, memorandum of understanding (MOU), where applicable, for interaction with authorities and local communities. • Keeping record of materials and technologies used and actions performed and reporting on the same (environmental monitoring and reporting). • Documenting all complaints/conflicts/disagreements with details of the persons involved and the subject matter. • Coordinating necessary studies/inspections of environmental performance (self‐ audits).
8.3 Stakeholders A number of stakeholders will come into play during implementation of the ESMaP. Taking cognizant of the fact that much of the project activities will take place on Songo Songo island, it will be the responsibility of PMO‐RALG ECO to coordinate the involvement of relevant government authorities and service providers on the mainland particularly Kilwa Masoko (Hq. of District Council) and Dar es Salaam and meet related costs. Roles of some of the key stakeholders are summarized below, and included in the management plans (Tables 4a‐4c).
Stakeholder Role in ESMP implementation Kilwa District Council offices ‐ Defining and assisting on issue of land take, Rights of Occupancy and (Land, Community compensation as relevant Development, Environment ‐ Community mobilization and awareness (jetty rehabilitation, operations Management, etc.) and related safety hazards, HIV/AIDS) ‐ Restoration of affected sites Songo Songo Wards / Village ‐ Transfer of land / land rights Offices ‐ Involving various village leaders and committees (e.g. security, etc.) ‐ Community mobilization, training and awareness PMO‐RALG ‐ Implementing institution Songas ‐ Financier (from World Bank) ‐ Transfer of land / land rights ‐ Gas processing procedures and standards ‐ Water supply and other support services TPDC ‐ Transfer of land / land rights
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 63 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
Table 4a Site Selection and Design Phase
PROJECT MITIGATION / MANAGEMENT ACTION TARGET LEVEL RESPONSIBILITY COST ASPECT /STANDARD (Tsh) Potential Environmental and Social Impacts 9 General environmental degradation and pollution 9 Occupation / Public Health and Safety hazards The Contractor shall arrange Environmental Awareness Training Programme for personnel on site to the satisfaction of the ECO, and Personnel Contractor Part of familiarise the employees with the contents of the EMP. trained as per H (ECO) the BoQ Training materials delivered either in written format or verbally to personnel on key themes i.e. health and safety, good site practices, sound & S waste management (handling and clean up of contaminating spills; proper use / handling, storage and disposal of hazardous materials and requirements other wastes) and interactions with local community of Songo Songo Island. The ECO shall arrange for Community Awareness Raising programmes for Songo Songo Village Council and familiarise the various committees Members of the Proponent ECO, 200,000 with the contents of the EMP, either in written format or verbally. Focus of the Information, Communication and Education materials shall be Village Council Songo Songo on project activities and scheduling, jetty rehabilitation and operation safety hazards, hazards related to interactions with construction crew Involved in Village Council etc.. project within and Committees
EMP TRAINING AND ORIENTATION AND ORIENTATION EMP TRAINING first month. (Health, Security, & Environment) Potential Environmental and Social Impacts 9 Change of natural settings at jetty site / Songo Songo Island 9 Deterioration of landscape/marine aesthetics The ECO (in consultation with Site Engineer, representatives of, Proponent, Songas and Songo Songo Village Council) shall clearly Minimal ECO Contractor, indicate/point out to the Contractor the areas that they will have in their possession for the duration of the contract (i.e. extension of existing changes in Site Engineer, 0 jetty, site for relocation of excavated coral reef, access roads to be used, construction lay‐down areas, material storage and delivery marine (Proponent and requirements, contractors’ offices, operational demarcation, workers camp). environment / Songo Songo CONTRACT AREAS land use Village Council representatives) Potential Environmental and Social Impacts 9 Disturbance / damage to natural habitats and loss of contained biodiversity 9 Disturbance /disruption of sites and resources of socio‐economic sensitivity Prior to the commencement of jetty rehabilitation, Proponent ECO & Contractor, Songas, Songo Songo Village Government will undertake Avoid all Proponent ECO, 0 pre‐construction survey /site inspection to verify and mark locations of coral bommies and areas of coral‐on‐rock, demarcate all ecologically sensitive Contractor, “sensitive” areas, habitats & species and sites of socio‐economic sensitivity (i.e. shipping and navigation channel, fishing grounds, fresh ecology as much (Songas, Songo water “panga”, slow growing areas, shore areas, landing sites, drainage lines, cross‐roads etc. as possible Songo village SENSITIVE ECOLOGY The project shall use existing clearings, facilities, tracks/roads for access. government) Potential Environmental Impacts 9 General environmental degradation and pollution o Disturbance / damage to natural habitats and loss of contained biodiversity SITE MENT o Contamination / Impaired quality of receiving media (land, water, air) ESTABLISH 9 Disturbance /disruption of sites and resources of socio‐economic sensitivity
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
PROJECT MITIGATION / MANAGEMENT ACTION TARGET LEVEL RESPONSIBILITY COST ASPECT /STANDARD (Tsh) Before jetty rehabilitation, the Contractor/ Resident Engineer shall submit to the ECO for approval a Site Plan showing all intended mitigation Keep within the Contractor, Part of measures that include the following aspects: planned site Resident BOQ Engineer, ECO, Existing Jetty and proposed extension Songo Songo The Contractor in consultation with Proponent ECO shall ensure that the jetty is laid out in such a way that the total footprint area is village minimised and limited to existing and/or extension areas. government
Crew camp facilities: The Contractor shall establish workers camp in consultations with, Proponent ECO, Songas, Songo Songo village council at an appropriate location, preferably at existing camp site on the north end of the island or within already disturbed areas.
Storage areas: Storage areas for all materials, machinery, and equipment (including hazardous substances such as fuel and chemicals if any) only at designated areas. Preferred locations would be disturbed areas.
Equipment servicing /fuel storage and refuelling areas, temporary fuel storage tanks and transfer areas All these area shall be designated as hazardous and shall be: • Located on an impervious surfaces adequately bunded/lined (i.e. surfaced with concrete) to contain accidental spills / avoid percolation of fuels and oils; • Fitted with oil traps through which all water runoff from service area shall be discharged; Waste management facilities: Solid waste collection facilities and waste treatment facilities for litter, kitchen refuse, sanitary and workshop‐derived effluents.
Other aspects of the site plan shall include: o Site access: both entry and exit points. o Construction/site office and other structures. o Security requirements and accommodation for security staff. o Vegetation clearance areas and extent. o Storm water control measures. o Potable water provisions and temporary ablution facilities Part of BOQ Potential Environmental and Social Impacts 9 Deterioration of public health and sanitary condition (due to inadequate safe water supply 9 Depletion at points of source of construction materials Water No or minimum Contractor, Part of The Contractor shall water wastage Resident BoQ Make proper assessment of water needs and submit in BOQ source of water supply (e.g. water for crew camp: bathing, washing, and Engineer SUPPLY) drinking). ECO Not make use of/collect water from any other source than those indicated out and as suitable for use. MATERIALS UPPLIES Make use of existing water desalination system and existing storage capacity (CONSTRUCTION, WATER Establish water saving measures including Education, Information, and Communication (EIC) package for workers with “ DO and DON’T” April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 65 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
PROJECT MITIGATION / MANAGEMENT ACTION TARGET LEVEL RESPONSIBILITY COST ASPECT /STANDARD (Tsh) Construction materials No or minimum Contractor Part of The Contractor shall draw out a material delivery and storage plan and communicate it to the ECO and the Village Leadership. disturbances of ECO BoQ The Contractor shall procure construction material from licensed suppliers where necessary obtain materials directly from borrow pits. new areas The ECO shall ensure that no materials are extracted from closed down/ unauthorized areas (on the island or mainland). Potential Environmental and social Impacts 9 General environmental degradation and pollution o Disturbance / damage to natural habitats and loss of contained biodiversity o Contamination / Impaired quality of receiving media (land, water, air) 9 Loss of visual / landscape aesthetic (due to haphazard waste disposal 9 Public human health and safety hazards Sound waste management Procedures All solid wastes Contractor The Contractor shall develop waste management procedures based on principles of segregation into recyclable waste, hazardous waste, oil are properly ECO Part of and other non‐combustible and combustible general waste. managed BoQ The Contractor must make prior arrangement for management and disposal of the various waste types: All waste oil and Contractor Part of Gases discharge inert wastes are ECO BoQ Programme for regular inspection and maintenance of construction equipment, excavators, supply boats, and camp generators to control collected and exhaust emissions from machinery and equipment. transported Effluents from the Island At the camp sewage and grey water shall be collected and treated on site by a controlled waste management system e.g. by biological conventional anaerobic digester e.g. septic tanks Waste oil
The Contractor shall make prior arrangements for collection and transportation of waste oils for off‐site disposal in Dar es Salaam where they will be sold/or given for free to facilities capable of handling such waste liquid e.g. where the waste oil will be used as fuel ‐ combustion in furnaces, kilns, boilers etc. Solid waste Contractor shall make prior arrangements for collection and transportation of salvageable / consumable wastes and inert wastes not suitable for incineration such as crates / packaging materials, metal items, assorted plastics, to Dar es Salaam for sale for recycling or re‐ use. If possible sold at a nominal fee and/or given to local persons for re‐use. Consult with Songo Songo village authority for disposal for means/sites for disposal of any cleared vegetation Accidental Events No or Minimum Proponent ECO, Proponent shall select a Contractor with a clean track record, trained personnel, appropriate competence and with demonstrable expertise accidents Songas 500,000 to minimise human errors in jetty construction. Prior to commissioning of the jetty Proponent shall develop and deliver community awareness on jetty rehabilitation and operation safety hazards PROJECT MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 66 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
Table 4b Mobilization and Construction Phase.
MITIGATION / MANAGEMENT ACTION PROJECT TARGET LEVEL RESPONSIBILITY COST ASPECT /STANDARD (Tsh) Potential Environmental Impacts 9 Disturbance / damage to natural habitats and loss of contained biodiversity The Contactor shall As minimum Contractor Part of Use low ground pressure equipment to minimise compaction of soil and destruction of vegetation environmental BoQ Use of hand machetes and avoid clear cutting by use of e.g. graders foot print as Proponent ECO
VEGETATION CLEARING Not disturb indigenous vegetation in areas that will not be impacted by the project. possible Potential Environmental Impacts 9 Contamination / Impaired quality of receiving media (land, water, air) All maintenance and repair work, change of oil or lubricant shall be carried out at the main construction WHO standards Contractor Part of camp within designated area – lined/bunded. (20mg/L) Proponent ECO BoQ In case of breakdown or emergency repair, any accidental spillages shall be cleaned up/removed immediately with drip trays available to collect any oil or fluid. The Contractor shall ensure that: Construction vehicles/ machines are undergoing weekly maintenance to minimise leakages No leaking vehicles or equipment is allowed to operate at the construction site. In case a vehicle is found WHO standards Contractor Part of leaking, it will be sent immediately back to the maintenance yard for repair and if it cannot be repaired it (20mg/L) Proponent ECO BoQ will be removed from site/operation. Pumps and other machinery requiring oil, diesel, etc., which are to remain in one position longer than two WHO standards Contractor 500,000 AND JETTY REHABILITATION days shall be placed on watertight drip trays emptied regularly and the contaminated water disposed of as (20mg/L) Proponent ECO per hazardous wastes (see below) month Drip trays shall be drained before any possible rain to prevent overflowing. Fuels for construction shall be stored at the construction camp. WHO standards Contractor Part of Spilled fuel and water from slab shall be collected at a sump. (20mg/L) Proponent ECO BoQ
FUELLING OF CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT Any wastewater collected at the sump must be disposed of as hazardous wastes (see below) ‐ All water runoff from service areas shall be discharged through oil traps. WHO standards Contractor Part of (20mg/L) Proponent ECO BoQ
MOBILIZATION, CLEARING Refuelling and refilling lubricants shall be done by using pumps only (i.e. no refilling using gallons or any >91 metres Contractor Part of other container shall be allowed) BoQ Re‐fuelling activities shall be limited to areas far from sensitive areas (e.g. sea shores, fresh water sources) Proponent ECO SERVICING AND RE SERVICING AND Avail drip and spill pans and buckets around fuel points. Potential Environmental and Social Impacts 9 General environmental degradation and pollution o Damage to gas jetty and associated structures from climatic/oceanic conditions o Disturbance / damage to natural habitats and loss of contained biodiversity 9 Disturbance/ conflicts related to blocked/ restricted access
JETTY REHABILITATION
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 67 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
MITIGATION / MANAGEMENT ACTION PROJECT TARGET LEVEL RESPONSIBILITY COST ASPECT /STANDARD (Tsh) The Contractor shall install the jetty according to international codes and standards (e.g. use of materials Contractor Part of resilient to extreme events i.e. made of corrosive‐resistant materials) Proponent ECO the BOQ Throughout the period of jetty rehabilitation, the Contractor shall restrict all activities to within the As minimum Contractor Part of designated areas on the jetty layout plan. Any relaxation of modification is to be approved by the inconvenience as Proponent ECO the BOQ Proponent‐ECO possible Potential Environmental and Social Impacts 9 Pollution of the ground and/or water resources on and adjacent to the site and consequent reduction in water quality 9 Loss of visual / landscape aesthetic (due to haphazard waste disposal 9 Public human health and safety hazards The Contractor shall maintain ‘good housekeeping’ practices i.e. shall ensure that all work sites and No litter Contractor Part of construction sites are kept tidy and litter free. Proponent ECO the BOQ The Contractor shall ensure that waste segregation is done at source. No co‐mingled Contractor Part of waste Proponent ECO the BOQ The Contractor shall ensure that no disposal of waste and/or construction debris by burning or by burying. Bins to be placed Contractor Part of The Contractor shall install throughout the locations where construction personnel are working / living an after every 14 Proponent ECO the BOQ adequate number of ‘scavenger proof’ refuse bins (steel waste bins/skips) and containers for the disposal meters2 of construction and domestic wastes. The bins shall be labelled for various types of wastes and provided at the construction site and at the workers camp. All combustible non‐hazardous wastes (clean burning material) including kitchen wastes shall be composted Contractor Part of (e.g. using specially designed compost bins)3 or incinerated. The residues from incinerator shall be properly Proponent ECO the BOQ land filled. The Contractor shall ensure dried brush/excavated soils/coral rocks from clearing /dredging are buried in No littering on Contractor 500,000 appropriate locations (to be identified in consultation with Songo Songo village government) to assist with soil site Proponent ECO stabilization or used to fill up any other infrastructures (roads, pits etc) that needs filling. The Contractors shall use appropriate bins / containers (e.g. heavy plastic rubbish bags, dedicated solid waste No littering en‐ Contractor Part of SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT bins with lids) to transport wastes to off‐site solid waste disposal facilities. route Proponent ECO the BOQ Potential Environmental and Social Impacts 9 Pollution of the ground and/or water resources on and adjacent to the site and consequent reduction in quality of receiving media 9 Loss of visual / landscape aesthetic (due to haphazard waste disposal LIQUID WASTE MANAG EMENT 9 Public human health and safety hazards
2 sustainability.vic.gov.au/resources/documents/... 3 www.wastetrac.org/index.html April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 68 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
MITIGATION / MANAGEMENT ACTION PROJECT TARGET LEVEL RESPONSIBILITY COST ASPECT /STANDARD (Tsh) Cleaning and washing waste water Contractor Part of All washing operations shall take place at the base camp. BoQ Prohibit staff from using the only natural water source (‘panga”) for cleaning of tools or equipment, None Proponent ECO bathing, or washing of clothes, etc. Provide adequate ablution facilities at the construction site, conveniently located near to work areas to All avoid localised ground pollution from sewerage. WHO standards
Waste oils (20mg/L) 500,000 The Contractor shall maintain machinery and vehicles in good running conditions by conducting weekly per inspection and preventive maintenance month No oil spills shall be allowed to drain into storm water or into the surrounding natural environment. Fuel filling to happen at paved sites to minimise soil contamination. Containing wash water from any operations by directing the water into a sump for collection. The material contained in the sump shall only be disposed through high performance oil traps. Any wastewater collected at the sump must be disposed of as hazardous wastes off‐site at facilities in Dar es Salaam capable of handling such waste liquid e.g. disposal in furnaces, kilns, boilers etc. Potential Environmental and Social Impacts 9 Pollution of the ground and/or water resources (on and adjacent to the site and final disposal site) and consequent reduction in quality of receiving media 9 Public human health and safety hazards The Contractor shall Contractor Part of Comply with all national, regional and local legislation with regard to the storage, transport, use and All legislation (e.g. BoQ disposal of petroleum, chemical, harmful and hazardous substances and materials Industrial and Proponent ECO Provide requisite storage facilities for hazardous materials (these shall be safe, tamper proof and shall be Consumer Act kept under strict control). 2003) are Ensure that petroleum, chemical, harmful and hazardous waste are stored in enclosed, clearly marked complied with paved and bunded areas to contain spillages/leakages Hazardous wastes shall be disposed of offsite using licensed hazardous waste handler or in accordance to the guidance by NEMC.
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS Accidental chemical/fuel spills shall be dealt instantly Potential Environmental and Social Impacts 9 Damage to gas jetty and associated structures and consequent economic loss 9 Safety hazards (injuries, fatalities) to public and workers The Contractor shall take all necessary precautions to ensure fires are not started from activities on site: No fire incidence Contractor 0 No fuels or chemical is stored under trees /bush. Total segregation Proponent ECO Gas and liquid fuel are not stored in the same storage area Contractor and proponent shall install fire‐fighting facility, regularly tested and certified by appropriate No fire incidence Contractor 500,000 authority (all fuel stores, living quarters, site offices, kitchen and workshop areas, material stores etc. covered). Proponent ECO per The Contractor and Proponent shall conduct regular fire drills to keep the workforce prepared. Once every Contractor month
FIRE month Proponent ECO
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 69 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
MITIGATION / MANAGEMENT ACTION PROJECT TARGET LEVEL RESPONSIBILITY COST ASPECT /STANDARD (Tsh) Potential Environmental and Social Impacts 9 Nuisance to people in neighboring areas 9 Impairment of local air quality 9 Caking of nearby surfaces (plants, built structures, etc) The Contractor shall use water sprinklers on loose surfaced roadways and work sites to limit dust during WHO Contractor Part of 3 construction. 50 μg/m (PM10) Proponent ECO BoQ 3 Restrict speed on loose surface roads to 25 km/hr during dry or dust conditions 25 μg/m (PM2.5) DUST Protect/cover flyable materials (stockpiles or during transportation of materials or wastes) Potential Environmental and Social Impacts 9 Nuisance and disturbance to nearby receptors and flight of resident fauna The Contractor shall ensure that noise levels are kept within acceptable limits WHO and OSHA Contractor Part of Machinery and equipment ≤85 dB Proponent ECO BoQ Fitting silencers and mufflers on machinery, generators and vehicles were possible Conducting regular maintenance on machines and vehicles Offending machinery and/or vehicles e.g. high pitched machines are not used on the Island Installing heavy and noisy equipment in close rooms (with adequate acoustic designs PPE ‐ Providing and enforcing use of protective equipment to all personnel working in noisy zones Activity scheduling All affected Proponent ECO 200,000 Conducting construction during day time people are aware CDO Proponent‐ECO and the Community Development Officer (CDO) shall undertake communications and of the intended community awareness programme to inform residents / land users within 250 m of the intended jetty construction NOISE rehabilitation schedules and activities. Potential Environmental and Social Impacts 9 General environmental degradation and pollution 9 Conflicts with other resource users / authorities The Contractor shall ensure that all temporary structures, construction and jetty rehabilitation materials, All structures Contractor Part of concrete slabs, wastes, crew/labourers’ accommodation and office facilities are removed upon completion of Proponent ECO BoQ the construction activities. The Contractor shall rehabilitate fully areas occupied by project structures (e.g. service roads, stockpile areas, All disturbed site Contractor Part of stop/go facilities, windrows and temporarily material storage area) and protect them from erosion by re‐ are returned to Proponent ECO BoQ spreading the topsoil to generate vegetation their original state The Contractor shall restore to original state all disturbed areas by seeding or planting indigenous vegetation All cleared sites Contractor 500,000 UP AND REHABILITATION
‐ only which are able to establish easily and will need less maintenance (in other words non‐native and exotic are restored Proponent ECO species shall not be used). Where re‐vegetation is not possible protect (by live fencing) cleared areas to allow natural regeneration. The Contractor shall reclaim /reinstate disturbed borrow pits and materials extraction sites to its original state Minimal impacts Contractor 1,000,000 SITE CLEAN – through levelling, seeding / replanting. Proponent ECO
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 70 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
Table 4c Decommissioning Phase.
PROJECT MITIGATION / MANAGEMENT ACTION TARGET LEVEL RESPONSIBILITY COST ASPECT /STANDARD (Tsh) Potential Environmental and Impacts 9 General environmental degradation and pollution o Damage to gas jetty and associated structures from climatic/oceanic conditions o Disturbance / damage to natural habitats and loss of contained biodiversity UP AND ‐ Proponent shall conclude the Decommissioning Plan (based on the preliminary plan presented in Chapter 11) for Approved Proponent 2,000,000 approval by NEMC. decommissioning Proponent shall ensure that the disposal of the demolished jetty and associated structures shall be according to plan
REHABILITATION the approved Decommissioning Plan SITE CLEAN DECOMMISSIONING Dismantle built areas, fill and restore to original state. To original state Contractor 1,000,000 In case new borrow pit is opened the Contractor shall rehabilitate it at the end of the sourcing of the materials All affected site Proponent ECO
Table 5 Management of key Social Aspects.
PHASE ASPECT MITIGATION / MANAGEMENT ACTION TARGET LEVEL RESPONSIBILITY COST /STANDARD (Tsh) EMPLOYMENT Potential Social Negative impacts: AND BENEFITS 9 Unclear benefits of project to recipient community TO LOCALS 9 Unfair allocation of jobs to local residents v/s outsiders Potential Social Positive impacts: 9 Increased income to employees and local supplies The Contractor shall give preference to local people for employment and will work with Songo Songo village National / Contractor 0 leaders to allocate job fairly among villagers particularly youths (women and men) international Proponent shall offer skills training to locals to enhance their ability to earn a living on/ outside the island labour standards Proponent shall register all employees (contract of more than 1 year) with National Social Security Fund (NSSF) and shall ensure employer’s and employees’ contribution are paid fully each month. Proponent CDO Proponent shall embark on continuous awareness campaign as a means of managing local expectations. 500,000 The Contractor and Proponent shall give preference to local produce e.g. food, domestic items, materials, etc. (Social Security per
CONSTRUCTION as a means of supporting social wellbeing of the communities Fund) month ‐ Potential Social Impacts PRE 9 Safety hazards to workers (workplace injuries, fatalities and other health effects) 9 Loss of human resource and consequent delays in project implementation The Contractor shall comply with relevant national / International health and safety requirements Tanzania (OSHA, Contractor 0 The Contractor and Proponent shall develop in‐house health and safety manual /guidelines e.g. providing 2003) Interna‐ Proponent ECO 1,000,000 protective gear and equipment, reasonable working hours, conditions and facilities. tional performa‐ Proponent shall develop good work practices as a means of protecting health and safety of the workers. nce standards on health and safety OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 71 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
PHASE ASPECT MITIGATION / MANAGEMENT ACTION TARGET LEVEL RESPONSIBILITY COST /STANDARD (Tsh) Workers camp None Contractor 0 Construction personnel will be accommodated at the workers camp located away from local communities and Proponent ECO 1,000,000 residential areas per The Contractor shall enhance camp security by employing a reputable security company and by conducting month proper screening of security personnel. 0 The Contractor shall institute safety and security measures and conduct at work place: e.g. it shall prohibit use of alcohol within the camp and other forms of rowdiness. Potential Social Impacts 9 Safety hazards (injuries, fatalities) to public and workers 9 Risks of infection/ exposure to diseases (increased cases of STDs, HIV/AIDS, Malaria and communicable diseases) 9 Conflicts / dissatisfaction with the project among affected community members Accidents prevention Contractor Part of Proponent shall put in place a First Aid and Emergency Response facility. No accident Proponent ECO BoQ Proponent shall support local medical services providers (Songo SongThe Contractor shall develop procedures All villagers are Proponent EC for Good Site Practices (e.g. secure equipment and demarcate any excavations, use barriers, post warning signs aware of dangers 500,000 with appropriate text (local language) and graphics). of jetty Proponent ECO per year Proponent shall develop information dissemination and awareness programme on jetty safety use. Agreed schedules Proponent shall inform jetty users and local authorities who are responsible for its maintenance of intended 0 jetty rehabilitation schedules and activities HIV/AIDS Proponent shall cooperate with and support public health offices and on‐going local efforts on awareness / No or minimum Proponent CDO 500,000 PUBLIC HEALTH AND SAFETY education programmes to workers and public. number of new Contractor per The Contractor shall put in place workers health protection procedures e.g. make available free condoms to infections month workers Vector protection to workers The Contractor and Proponent shall institute malaria protection measures information provided to all Minimum malaria Contractor 500,000 expatriate and national workers that set out recommended measures to limit exposure to disease, including use incidences Proponent ECO per of anti‐malarial drugs, treated bed nets, insect repellents, and clothing etc. month Potential Social Impacts 9 Loss / damage of properties from theft, vandalism, disorderliness 9 Conflicts / dissatisfaction with the project among affected community members
Proponent shall employ a reputable security company to provide security services No security Proponent ECO 1,000,000 Proponent in collaboration with Songas, Village government / village security committee to enhance security of hazard month the communities.
PUBLIC SECURITY Potential Social Impacts 9 Same as above: Occupation Health and Safety and Public Health and Safety Hazards The Contractor and Proponent shall implement developed H& S measures and actions for workers and the Contractor 0
JETTY REHABILITATION public. HEALTH &SAFETY Proponent shall provide information, education and communications to local leaders and general public on the Proponent ECO / 500,000 AND PUBLIC MOBILIZATION, CLEARING AND OCCUPATION various aspects of the jetty rehabilitation and operation activities. CDO April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 72 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
PHASE ASPECT MITIGATION / MANAGEMENT ACTION TARGET LEVEL RESPONSIBILITY COST /STANDARD (Tsh)
Contractor enforce the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE ) by all workers All workers and Contractor 0 visitor to the site Proponent ECO / CDO Proponent shall put in place a system that allows voluntarily test for potential disease infections and provide Contractor Contractor 0 treatment to those infected, where applicable. Proponent ECO / Proponent shall monitor and maintain records of infections ‐ where an unusual number of infections occurs CDO respond appropriately e.g. provide supplemental anti‐malarial indoctrination 0 Proponent shall endeavour to recommend and facilitate employment elsewhere on the island i.e. oil/gas All workers who Proponent 0 exploration and production industry. seek re‐ employ‐ Facilitate payments from National Social Security Fund (NSSF) ment. All workers 0 ON
SIONING are registered WORKERS TERMINATI DECOMMIS with NSSF
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 73 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
9.0 Environment and Social Monitoring Programme 9.1 Background The monitoring plan is based on a detailed baseline survey conducted over the broad area affected by the project during October 2010 which serves as a starting point for monitoring the marine environment. The data also describes the environment, a necessary condition should restoration efforts be needed, in the event of an un‐predicted negative impact on coral reefs. During the jetty rehabilitation, monitoring, especially with respect to human activities is important to minimise possible impacts. To achieve this, an observer should be present on site also equipped with a small and manoeuvrable boat in case access to local mariners is needed. Monitoring of the coral reefs and local human activities should be sufficient to detect any un‐predicted negative impacts and design immediate mitigation measures. The present design of jetty does not require that the port facility be subjected to environmental monitoring during its operational life. The jetty itself does not pose and environmental hazard. Instead, the biggest environmental risks are likely to be associated with accidents such as collision and the spillage of oils, with potentially serious consequences for the wider Archipelago. Efforts should therefore go into establishing proper jetty management and operating procedures and the enforcement of TPA regulations and the Merchant Shipping Act, to minimize these risks, along with a local oil spill contingency plan. The jetty location’s inclusion in the RAMSAR site is justification for additional care during the construction period. It is therefore recommended that the project proponent (or their representative) monitors the contractor, to ensure that all the mitigation measures suggested in this report are followed. As a precaution, it is also recommended that some basic monitoring of the local marine environment and terrestrial vegetation is undertaken during the jetty construction.
9.1 Objectives of monitoring (Construction period only) The monitoring plan should be based on a detailed baseline survey conducted over the broad area affected by the project, once the exact position and length of the jetty, and especially the approaches area to be dredged and cleared of obstacles, have be finalised. The pre‐ construction survey will define the condition of the marine and terrestrial natural environments before construction activities, so that in the event that construction has an un‐ predicted negative impact on the environment, it will be possible to attempt to restore the natural environment to its original condition. Environmental monitoring during the construction period will help determine how the natural environment changes during the period of construction. The areas for which baseline surveys should be conducted are: a) Terrestrial vegetation ‐ Baobabs and other trees of significance (environmental, aesthetic or cultural) plus any vegetation of interest in the jetty landfall area should be clearly identified and impacts minimised whenever possible. b) Inshore marine habitats ‐ Marine life, from the lower intertidal and shallow subtidal areas especially, should be monitored continuously during construction.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 74 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
10.0 Cost Benefit Analysis
A cost‐benefit analysis is normally done in the framework of the feasibility study of an activity. The aim of cost‐benefit analysis is to inform the project developer to make a decision on:
• Whether it makes economic sense to continue with the project; • Whether the chosen option is a cost effective alternative; and, • Whether the chosen size of a project is appropriate. • In this project, the costs will include: • Capital expenditures; • Operating and maintenance costs; • Staff costs; • Materials; and • Environment, health and other social costs.
Benefits of the rehabilitated jetty include:
• Better understanding of the target market niche; • Accurate targeting of the resource to avoid unnecessary costs to access the market niche; • Potential for additional revenues generated from new ventures; • Protection of environment and human health; and • Provision of other social benefits.
This project is economically feasible and is an essential component for future utilisation of the village jetty by the local community, which has already been constructed, and is proven to be of economic and health and safety necessity to the island. As such, the cost benefit analysis of this development is considered from the local perspective.
10.2 Community Benefits There will be direct and indirect benefits to the communities as follows: • The project will employ about 40 people, with half being locals. • Contractors will procure local produce e.g. fish, vegetables and fruits. • Through taxes to the Government, from increased trade using the improved jetty, will be indirectly contributing to national development projects such as roads, medical care and education services. • Availability of a suitable jetty will help sustain economic development, including tourism, expected to have a multiplier effect on the local economy.
10.3 Possible Costs to Communities Some of the impacts, for example noise, are considered to be of residual natures and will not be mitigated against. Because of the nature of the project, some restrictions to jetty usage have to instituted, which will inevitably inconvenience the communities. Finally, the movement of new people into the area may bring with them or may enhance STIs / STDs including HIV/AIDS.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 75 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
10.4 Possible Costs to Government Apart from the general environmental and social impacts that have been identified in Chapter 6 there are no apparent direct costs to the government.
10.4.1 Environmental Cost Benefits Analysis Environmental cost benefit analysis is assessed in terms of negative and positive impacts. Furthermore, the analysis considers whether the impacts are mitigatable and the costs of mitigating the impacts are reasonable.
As has been mentioned in Chapters 6 to 9, the potential benefits of the project, in terms of financial and social benefit are substantial. The environmental impacts, principally of destruction of some marine habitat (including relocation of 20‐30 m2 of coral) are reasonably mitigatable and the financial resources needed to mitigate negative impacts, when compared to the required investment, are relatively small.
10.4.2 Social Economic Cost Benefits Analysis The availability of a suitable jetty gas will have a multiplier effects to the local economy of Kilwa.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 76 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
11.0 Decommissioning Plan
Decommissioning is contingent on longevity of the rehabilitated jetty and the continued need for the facility to serve the population of Songo Songo Island. The design expectations are of duration of 30 years, pending maintenance and dependent on form of usage. As such there is no specific decommissioning plan, the assumption being that the jetty will continue to be used. Should the jetty require removal, the structure can be dismantled and transported away from the Songo Songo Island for disposal or recycling on land or construction of submerged artificial reefs, to enhance local fisheries.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 77 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
12.0 Summary and Conclusions
Jetty rehabilitations are conducted routinely around the world, generally with minimal negative impacts on the natural environment and on economic activities. Nevertheless, the shallow areas within the Songo Songo Archipelago have greatest potential to suffer impacts from navigation activities, oil spills and other forms of pollution. The environmental and socio‐economic impacts arising during jetty rehabilitation will be reduced to acceptable levels if the mitigation measures recommended in this report are adhered to. In particular the following should be strictly addressed: 1. Design ‐ The design suggestions from the local communities during the stakeholder workshop in Kilwa should be considered and ideally be integrated into the final jetty design. 2. Jetty and project management ‐ The Prime Ministers Office, Regional Administration and Local Government (PMO‐RALG) through the District Engineer at Kilwa should take over the management and supervision of the jetty including approve designs and supervise construction. The PMO‐RALG is a competent authority responsible for local government development and is better placed to manage the jetty than the MEM. It should work to establish a Local Community Jetty Management Committee (LCJMC), and assist development of its capacity to carry out routine management of the jetty as part of the local ownership. 3. Reduced access to jetty during construction ‐ Local communities must be informed and involved in the rehabilitation of the jetty as part of the community participation, notably during mobilization and construction phases, during which times the contractors should provide options of jetty utilization, although local people are prepared to endure the hardship and inconveniences during the construction phase. In cases of emergencies, Songas office on Songo Songo Island shall be contacted with a view to use their jetty. 4. Impacts on coral and coastal vegetation ‐ Close monitoring should be undertaken (before, during and after) to minimse and mitigate impacts from the dredging for the approaches to the new jetty head and the relocation of coral, to form a new ‘relocated’ reef (suggested 100 m to the north ‐ but to be confirmed following consultations with local users). The chosen location should avoid navigation and shipping routes. Similarly, any impacted local vegetation should first be surveyed for large or important trees and monitored, should it be decided that a temporary accommodation camp and laydown area is needed close to the jetty.
Conclusions The positive outcome of a jetty better designed to serve the Songo Songo community is long awaited. The few weeks of inconvenience when engineering works reduce access to the existing jetty can comfortably be accommodated with other arrangements. There will be disruption to sensitive environmental features in the region, notably the 1,800 m2 of seabed that will be dredged that includes 200‐300 m2 of coral reef plus other seabed habitats (seagrass and sand) immediately adjacent to the new jetty head, and possibly coastal forest at the road access to the jetty. Impacts can be mitigated and with a low likelihood of oil or fuel spills occurring from vessel movement, the overall risks to the environment are regarded as tolerable and manageable. The consultants from Samaki Consultants Ltd. and JSB‐EnviDep Ltd. (Environment and Development Management Consultants), both of Dar es Salaam, are of the opinion that almost all potential environmental and social impacts identified in the project to rehabilitate the village jetty at Songo Songo Island, may be mitigated. There are few, minor impacts that are considered residual in nature.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 78 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
Bibliography Baker, N.E. & Baker, E.M. 2002. Important Bird Areas in Tanzania: A first inventory. Wildlife Conservation Society of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 303 pp. Besha, R.M. 1996. Songo Songo Island Socio‐Economic Assessment. Task 1: Plan for the Island Socio‐ economic Assessment Final Report. Oct. 1996. 14pp. + Way‐leave Report + General Considerations. Besha, R.M. 1997. Songo Songo Island Socio‐Economic Assessment. Task 2: Information Collection Final Report. Feb. 1997. 19pp. Besha, R.M. 1997. Songo Songo Island Socio‐Economic Assessment. Task 3: Impact Evaluation and Mitigation Measures. Jul. 1997. 26pp. Besha, R.M. 1997. Songo Songo Island Socio‐Economic Assessment. Task 4: Well Servicing and Testing Program, Monitoring and Reporting. Draft Report. Dec. 1997. 12pp. Besha, R.M. 1998. Songo Songo Island Socio‐Economic Assessment. Task 5: Final Report. Feb. 1998. 12pp. Besha, R.M. 2002. Songo Songo Island Socio‐Economic Study Update. Apr. 2002. 18pp. + Appendices. CEEST, 2000. Songo Songo Gas to Electricity Project. Environmental Studies. Songo Songo Flora Biodiversity Study. Dec. 2000. 35pp. CEEST, 2000. Songo Songo Island Environmental Pre‐Acquisition Assessment. Review Study. May. 2000. 29pp. CEEST, 2001. Songo Songo Gas to Electricity Project. Environmental Studies. Songo Songo Fauna Biodiversity Study. May 2001. 42pp. CEEST, 2002. Songo Songo Gas to Electricity Project. Environmental Studies. HIV/AIDS information for Songo Songo Island and pipeline route communities and impact on project followers. Dec. 2002. 18pp. Darwall, W.R.T., Choiseul, V.M., Guard, M., Whittington, M. & Kamwela, H. 1997. Report 5: Songo Songo Island. The Society for Environmental Exploration and the University of Dar es Salaam. 36pp. ESRF, 2008. Songo Songo Social Services and Economic Survey. Economic and Social Research Foundation. PanAfrican Tanzania Ltd. 63 pp. L&T, 2002. Environmental Policy for Songo Songo Gas Development and Power Generation Project. Lot 1. Contract J494‐99. L&T, 2002. QA/QC Procedures and Formats. Dec. 2002. L&T, 2003. Environmental and Social Management Programme. Songo Songo Gas to Electricity Project, Tanzania. Lot 1. Larsen and Toubro. E&C Division, Oil and Gas and Special Projects, Mumbai, India. For Songas, Tanzania. 30 pp + Appendices A‐F. L&T, 2004. Environmental and Social Management Programme. Final Report. Songo Songo Gas to Electricity Project, Tanzania. Lot 1. Larsen and Toubro. E&C Division, Oil and Gas and Special Projects, Mumbai, India. For Songas, Tanzania. 35 pp. NEMC. 2002. Tanzania Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure & Guidelines. Vol 1‐5 (revised) RAMSAR Convention, 2005. www.ramsar.org (see Annex) Richmond, M.D. 2004. Baseline s of the marine and terrestrial environments associated with the proposed dhow jetty at Songo Songo Island for village use. CDC Globeq. 10 pp. Songas, 2001. Environmental and Social Assessments and Management Plan. A summary of Environmental and Social Impact Studies and a Detailed Management Plan. 169 p. Songas, 2002. Environmental and Social Management Programme for the Songo Songo Gas to Power Project. World Bank/TPDC. Songas, 2002. 80‐001 – Environment and Social Management Plan. Jan. 2002. Songas, 2002. Offshore Pipeline Construction. Addendum 2. Somanga Landfall. Mar. 2002. Sosovele, H. 2010. Songo Songo Socio‐Economic Impacts/Livelihood Assessment and Jetty Utilization (May, 2010). TCMP, 2001. Tanzania State of the Coast 2001, People and the Environment. UNEP, 2001. Eastern Africa Atlas of Coastal Resources – Tanzania. WWF 2004. Eastern Africa Marine Eco‐Region 2050 Vision Report. WWF TZ Office. 54pp.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 79 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
Annexes
Annex 1 ‐ Stakeholder’s consulted
No Name Position 1 Peter Amos Mallekela Ag District Executive Director 2 Ahmed Mkali Ag District Fisheries Officer 3 Iddi Kassim Ramadhani Fisheries Officer 4 Yahya Wahab Nyamzungu District Engineer 5 Sheikh Chande Engineer 6 Jeremiah Owino TANPESCA‐Fish agent company 7 Mwinyi Abdulabi Village Chairman 8 Safi Mtuli Ag. Village Executive Officer 9 Yusuf Said Fikirini Member 10 Said Bakari Member 11 Msimu Seifu Member 12 Ahmad Hassani Member 13 Fatuma Ababuu Member 14 Chiku Abdalla Member 15 Msimu Swalehe Member 16 Ruzuna Abdalah Member 17 Darasa Ali Member 18 Mwishe Hassan Member 19 Mussa Seleman Member 20 Yusuph Hassan Member 21 Shausi Mgoa Member 23 Athman Eliasa Member 24 Salama Saidi Member 25 Said Haji Member 26 Aisha Mwinyo Member 27 Tatu Salum Member 28 Abullah Hamis Member 29 Juma Hamisi Joshi Boat owner/transporter 30 Swaumu Maarufu Business woman 31 Jumanne Peter Mkuka Employee Business premises 32 Alawi Hamadi Business man 33 Muhamed Shariff Shopkeeper 34 Salima Salum Women representative 35 Asia Hamadi Women representative 36 Latifa Ahmad Women representative 37 Sophia Thabiti Women representative 30 Fatuma Hassan Midwife‐ Village Dispensary 38 Subira Shekalaghe Nurse Assistant‐ Village Dispensary 40 Mahazi Mjaka Porter at the Jetty 41 Kibaden Youth/Fisherman 42 Hassan Kombo Youth /Fisherman 43 Ibrahim Athumani Youth/ Fisherman 44 Hali Ismail Youth/Fisherman 45 Kachelewa Youth/Fisherman 4 Haji Hassani Youth/Fishermen 47 Mohamed Yusuf Youth/Fisherman 48 Juma Mjaka Youth/Fisherman 49 Joka Youth/Fisherman 50 Juma Ashim Youth/Fisherman 51 Hemed Ally Youth/Fisherman 52 Maulid Youth/Fisherman 53 Selemani Ahmed Mjaka Sea weed Buyer‐ ZASCO Ltd 54 Kombo Sabuni Village Elders 55 Ahmed Ally Mgunya Village Elders
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Annex 2 ‐ Stakeholder’s signatures
Attendees and Workshop Time Table: Kilwa Sea View Resort, Kilwa District; 26 March 2010.
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Consultation with Ministry of natural resources and Tourism - Forestry & Bee Keeping
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Annex 3 ‐ Stakeholder’s concerns
Annex 3.1 Minutes of the Workshop Proceedings and Summary of Key Discussion Points
Workshop agenda • Present the report findings and the proposed designs • Discuss the findings and the proposed designs • Discuss as to what should be done with regard to jetty utilisation during construction • Presentations of the report ‐ A simplified version of the report was presented in Kiswahili and photographs were used as evidence. Basically the report presented the problems, methodologies, findings, recommendation and a proposed action plan. • Presentation of the proposed design ‐ Two designs were presented; one which will involve rehabilitating the current jetty by increasing its width by two metres, its length by 20 metres and its height to 4.85 metres from the current 4.08 metres. The other design will involve extension using a pontoon and linkspan arrangement (the deck raising works for the existing jetty head would remain the same as already designed).
Discussion With regard to findings, most stakeholders revealed that they were consulted and all issues that were raised regarding the jetty utilization have been incorporated in the report. Stakeholders indicated that the exercise has been very participatory and therefore they are assured that this time the jetty will be more user friendly compared to the current one. Discussions were centred on issues of payment for jetty utilisation and establishment of a jetty management committee. All stakeholders agreed that there is a need for users to pay for the jetty so that the money obtained can be used for maintenance of the jetty under the supervision of the jetty management committee. It was agreed that issues of modality of payment and establishment of the committee will involve villagers, village government and the District officials. With regard to design stakeholders both from the District and Songo Songo village agreed on the first design. Stakeholders especially transporters from Songo Songo discussed at length issues on safety matters and suggested ways to deal with such issues.
Suggestions with regard to jetty utilisation during construction Another important discussion was on establishing mitigation measures especially with regard to utilisation of the jetty during construction. It was made very clear that at a certain point, the jetty will have to be closed to give way to construction activities. It was therefore important to know what will the villagers do or what are their opinions. The villagers agreed to ensure the hardship during construction phase and that will continue to use other alternatives as is the case now. They also agreed to communicate this information to other villagers so that they too, are prepared to wait until the new and more reliable jetty is constructed.
Workshop conclusions Songo Songo villagers have agreed to establish a jetty management committee. They have also agreed that it is important for people who utilise the jetty to pay for the services. They have also agreed that the jetty needs some major renovation and that during the renovation they will use other means available and discuss with Songas to sue their jetty to transport sick people on emergencies. They have agreed that they would prefer the first design of the jetty. The Kilwa District Council that is TAMISEMI has accepted the responsibility of supervising the process of renovating the current Songo Songo jetty.
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Annex 3.2 Summary of Stakeholders views and Key Discussion Points Views/Concerns Response Raymond Ndumbaro‐Acting DED The design of the jetty should consider people with disabilities. The jetty can be a source of income for the village, example at the village they do pay for water and the money is used for maintenance of infrastructures We advice the villagers to consider charging jetty utilisation Joseph Msuya‐District Community Development Officer Dr Sosovele‐Consultant We are told that the jetty has no administrator, but after Handling over of the jetty was not properly done; this might completion of construction whom did they handle over to? be the source of the problem. Were local people consulted/involved? This might be the reason Mr Shoo‐ MEM why villagers still think the jetty belongs to SONGAS Local communities were partly involved in the process for With regard to payment at the jetty, we need to ensure that instance on site selection, however the project had time and you provide them with better service resources limitation Dr Sosovele‐ Consultant It is important to have a well defined management system at the jetty, also the money collected at the jetty can be used for maintenance or even paying watchmen salaries Mr Abdullah Ndulu‐ Acting DAS It should be clear that we are requesting jetty users to contribute and not to pay tax, it will be a participatory exercise where all stakeholders will be involved Juma Joshi‐ Transporter Songo Songo Island Dr Sosovele‐ Consultant I think it is good and important for people to contribute towards The district is in charge of keeping and managing all the the use of the jetty; however it is important the district and the infrastructures within the district, likewise the jetty. The village government to work together and not the district to use jetty can be under the district Engineer but the villagers force and dictate what is to be paid. /communities will be involved in deciding how the jetty We should also consider local people income especially those at should be managed Songo Songo while discussing jetty chargers. The amount and modality of payment for utilizing the jetty We see that now there has been a lot of local people will be agreed between the Songo Songo communities and involvement before the renovation; this is very important. the district council. The jetty should also facilitate local people to improve their The money collected can be used for small maintenance and livelihood other requirements as agreed by the committee I propose the length to be increased by 25metres and not The committee can start now 20metres as proposed Michael Tham – Songas The jetty committee should be formulated now before the The length of the jetty will be determined by the shape of renovation starts; we need to know who will facilitate and train the sea bed so it might be more than 20metres, we need to the committee do more studies to identify the sea floor Hassan Swalehe ‐ Councillor, Songo Songo Michael Tham – Songas The process has now been very participatory The design will provide some safety measures including The consultant report has considered and in cooperated stairs. Also we are proposing to build a wall on the direction everything that we said and the real situation that has strong wind to break the southerly monsoon wind, All suggestions given in the report has considered what we said the northerly monsoon wind has little problems as other side and we think the report has given the best recommendations is protected by the shape of the island It is important that we have a jetty management committee; without supervision even if they renovate the jetty there will still be problems. The committee will operate accordingly under the village government and district supervision There is need also to provide security at the jetty and the waiting bay to enable people use the storage facility provided, now people are really vandalising the jetty infrastructures We should not repeat previous mistakes We should ensure that villagers prefer using the jetty and not running away from it even if we are going to charge. Currently the Kilwa District operates another jetty to kilwa kisiwani and they are well organised and also keep records; we at Songo Songo need to do the same. Now that the jetty is sometimes not used we don’t even have records of who is getting in or out of the island On technical aspects, the island has problems with monsoon winds; therefore the proposed design should consider this Hassan Swalehe‐ Councillor, Songo Songo Michael Tham – Songas Is the wall height going to be higher or lower than that of the There is no need of raising it higher than the jetty because jetty? during low tides there is no strong wind
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 84 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
Mr Abdullah Ndulu‐ Acting DAS Michael Tham – Songas It is important engineers at various levels to be involved but they must also involve local people for them to obtain local We shall consider suggestions from local transporters to knowledge as well as other stakeholders. minimise jetty impacts Juma Joshi‐ Transporter Songo Songo Island Engineer/designer should have a detailed involvement of local transporters as they have experience and local knowledge Mr Iddi Kassim Ramadhani – Acting District Fisheries Officer Michael Tham – Songas The design does not have provision of signs indicating the edges We are constructing half a metre above astronomical tide of the jetty for the purpose of avoiding accidents therefore most of the time the jetty will be visible However we can still provide those signs and they shall be Joseph Msuya‐District Community Development Officer international I think we should have international signs as the jetty is not only Juma Joshi‐ Transporter Songo Songo Island for Songo Songo villagers but other users as well Its important to have those signs example buoy or light especially at night to avoid accidents Ebahart Dilliwa‐ MEM Dr Sosovele How will the Songo Songo village government follow up the We shall propose the best way of handling over these constriction issue as we are now changing institutions to responsibilities, they will be in cooperated in this report manage the jetty? Yahaya Wahab‐ District Engineer Michael Tham – SONGAS I suggest that we should opt for design one (1) as it is easy to The only problem with the first design is that it is expensive manage, the other design needs experienced personnel to and time consuming, therefore villagers will have a long manage and supervise and this has cost implications. period of not having a jetty Mr Iddi Kassim Ramadhani – Acting District Fisheries Officer I also suggest the first design as the other one need concrete to hold on at the main land and it can only stretch for few metres while for Songo Songo we need at least 20 metres. Hassan Swalehe‐ Councillor, Songo Songo For a long time Songo Songo villagers have had problems with the utilisation of the current jetty, therefore we prefer the fist design as we are sure it is a permanent solution. Therefore to us giving way for the construction is not a problem as we want a sustainable jetty. Mwinyi Mjaka – Chairman Songo Songo Village We prefer the 1st design, to a local villager they will not under‐ stand how come vessels are floating and the jetty is floating! Dr Sosovele‐ Consultant Yusuf Falaki‐ Villager, Songo Songo village You have said that you are ready to give way for the jetty to be We do have alternatives if we are not using the jetty, we constructed as you want a sustainable jetty; do you have have traditional ways. Therefore we shall not complain when alternative means for those activities that take place at the the jetty is temporarily closed. jetty? Incase of emergencies especially if there is a sick person we know Songas will assist by either providing transport or allowing us to use their jetty Hassan Swalehe‐ Councillor, Songo Songo On behalf of Songo Songo villagers we understand that any development activity must have some impacts we are therefore accepting that there will come a time that the jetty will be temporarily closed and we shall have to consider other alternatives. Yahaya Wahab‐ District Engineer Dr Sosovele‐ Construction activities will start soon after What is the time frame for this project completion of various logistics that have been highlighted in the report Mr Abdullah Ndulu‐ Acting DAS On behalf of the District I want to assure you that we shall provide all the necessary support because we know the project aims at improving the livelihood of the Songo Songo people, the district and the Nation at large We also have the obligation of educating our people especially on various recommendations that the report has provided I also argue Songo Songo villagers to be patient especially during construction of the jetty
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Annex 4 ‐ Jetty Rehabilitation Plans
Annex 4.1 General plan showing existing jetty with proposed extension and breakwater
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Annex 4.2 Jetty extension and steps in plan and section
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Annex 4.3 Jetty extension section, rails and lights
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Annex 4.4 Section of dredged area and breakwater
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Annex 4.5 Jetty extension steps section and view
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Annex 4.6 Jetty extension ladder and mooring post
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Annex 5 ‐ Ramsar Declaration
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Specific recommendations of RAMSAR (with highlights relevant to the Songo Songo site, Tanzania)
Guidelines for reviewing laws & institutions to promote the conservation & wise use of wetlands
9. Note that the Convention on Biological Diversity requires Parties to identify and regulate or manage processes and categories of activities which adversely affect biological diversity (Article 7). ‐‐
II. The vision, objectives and short‐term target for the List of Wetlands of International Importance (the Ramsar List)
Objective 4: To use the Ramsar site network as a tool to promote national, supranational/regional, and international cooperation in relation to complementary environment treaties.
19. 4.1) To use Ramsar sites as baseline and reference areas for national, supranational/regional, and international environmental monitoring to detect trends in the loss of biological diversity, climate change, and the processes of desertification.
20. 4.2) To implement conservation and sustainable use demonstration projects at Ramsar sites, which will also provide tangible illustrations of cooperation with appropriate international environment treaties such as the Convention on Biological Diversity, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Convention to Combat Desertification, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna, the World Heritage Convention, and the Convention on Migratory Species and its Agreements such as the African‐ Eurasian (Migratory) Waterbirds Agreement, and regional agreements and cooperative initiatives such as the North American Waterfowl Management Plan, the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network, the Asia‐Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy 1996‐2000, the Mediterranean Wetlands Initiative (MedWet), South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), Association of the South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), the European Union’s Natura 2000 network, the Emerald Network of the Bern Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, the Pan‐European Biological and Landscape Diversity Strategy, the Wetlands Programme for the High Andes, the Treaty on Amazon Cooperation, the Central American Commission on Environment and Development (CCAD), etc. ‐‐‐
III. Wetlands of International Importance and the Ramsar principle of Wise Use
25. Contracting Parties are expected to manage their Ramsar sites so as to maintain the ecological character of each site and, in so doing, retain those essential ecological and hydrological functions which ultimately provide its “products, functions and attributes”. Ecological character is therefore an indication of the ‘health’ of the wetland and Contracting Parties are expected at the time of designation to describe the site using the approved Ramsar Information Sheet (see Annex A), in sufficient detail to provide a baseline for subsequent monitoring to detect any changes to these ecological and hydrological attributes. Changes to ecological character outside the natural variations may signal that uses of the sites, or externally derived impacts on the sites, are unsustainable and may lead to the degradation of natural processes and thus the ultimate breakdown of the ecological, biological and hydrological functioning of the wetland. ‐‐‐
III. Principles & guidelines for incorporating wetland issues into Integrated Coastal Zone Management Guideline No. 2 2.6 Promote the use of various tools and techniques, such as strategic environmental assessment (SEA), environmental impact assessment (EIA), economic and other management instruments, in order to improve the understanding of coastal wetlands as an economically and ecologically critical element of coastal areas.
Guideline No. 11 11.6 Ensure that full cost/benefit assessment, including the costs of restoring or recreating coastal wetland habitat that would be lost, form an essential part of environmental impact assessments for coastal wetland development projects.
11.8 Where a coastal zone development proposal could cause loss of part or all of a designated Ramsar site, ensure that all those involved in impact assessment and decision‐making are fully aware of the obligations and procedures as established in Articles 2.5.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 93 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
Annex 6 ‐ CVs of consultants Name: Dr MATTHEW D. RICHMOND Year of birth: 1963 Nationality: British
Address: Samaki Consultants Ltd, P.O. Box 77143, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Tel/Fax: 022 266 7804; Mobile: 255 754 807 931; email: [email protected]
Key qualifications
Twenty years of professional experience with diverse tropical marine environmental issues (mainly in East Africa) including oil/gas exploration, artisanal fisheries surveys, environmental education and production of publicity materials, taxonomy of marine life and scientific editing. Since 2002, Dr Richmond has been the Managing Director of SAMAKI Consultants Limited, is a small Tanzanian‐based firm focusing on coastal and aquatic resource management, fisheries, biodiversity, and environmental education and impact assessments. Clients include the private sector, government departments, NGOs and donors. Activities currently undertaken by the company are mainly concerned with environmental advisory services for the oil, gas industries, including the various national requirements associated with exploration, Environmental Impact Assessments and Environmental and Social Management Plans.
Education
1999 PhD. Biodiversity and biogeography of shallow‐water flora and fauna of the Western Indian Ocean. University of Wales, Bangor UK; 1989 MSc. Marine Biology. University of Wales, Bangor, Wales, UK; 1984 BSc (Hons) Biology with Oceanography. Southampton University, England, UK.
Memberships of professional societies
Fellow Royal Geographical Society (RGS); Member Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association (WIOMSA); Member Club Prima (Festival Mondial de l’Image Sous‐Marine); Board Member Sea Sense
Professional training SCUBA ‐ BSAC/PADI qualified (with over 500 logged dives, mostly scientific)
Employment record
Current ‐ Director, Samaki Consultants Limited, Dar es Salaam, from 2002.
Previous ‐ 1985‐87 Field studies coordinator, Agrochemical Evaluation Unit, Southampton University, UK; Marine taxonomist, Darwin Museum of Arts and Sciences, Northern Territory, Australia; 1988 Irish Sea gas field benthic studies researcher, School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, UK; 1989. Fisheries observer, Fisheries Department, Port Stanley, Falkland Islands; 1990 Fisheries data processing, Imperial College, London, UK.
Relevant professional/consultancy experiences
Year Name of the assignment/client 2010 Team Leader ‐ EIA (with sub‐consultants) ‐ For deep‐water, offshore exploration drilling. Ophir. 2009 Principle Investigator ‐ Environmental Monitoring for gas plant operations on Songo Songo Islands, Kilwa District. PanAfrican Energy Ltd. Team Leader ‐ EIA (with JSB consultants) ‐ For onshore gas pipeline, Songo Songo Island, Tanzania. Ndovu Resources. 2008 Team Leader ‐ EIA (with JSB consultants) ‐ For three shallow‐water, offshore development wells, Songo Songo Archipelago. PanAfrican Energy Ltd. Ongoing Team Leader ‐ EIA (with sub‐consultants) ‐ Deep‐water, offshore exploration drilling. Petrobras. Local Coordination ‐ EIA (JSB consultants) ‐ Exploratory well drilling in Kilwa District.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 94 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
Dominion Coordinator ‐ Environmental services for rehabilitation of uranium prospecting sites and environmental baseline surveys (fish, plankton, benthos, birds, vegetation and hydro‐ chemistry) in Mkujuu River Project, Songea Region, SW Tanzania (with sub‐consultants). Mantra Tanzania. Team Leader – Preliminary EIA (JSB) One‐year METOCEAN study Tanzania. StatoilHydro. 2007 Team Leader – Design and implementation of Environmental and Social Monitoring Programme for development gas well drilling on Songo Songo Island, Tanzania. PanAfrican Energy Team Leader ‐ EIA (with sub‐consultants) ‐ For 3D seismic data acquisition, well drilling and pipeline way‐leave inside the Mnazi Bay‐Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park. Artumas Ltd., Tanzania. 2006 Team Leader ‐ To COWI Consult (Denmark) TZ, for assessment of potential natural resource interventions/investments for Lake Victoria Basin. Part of preparation for Lake Victoria Environmental Management Programme II (LVEMP II). Ministry Water, URT. Team Leader ‐ EIA (with sub‐consultants) ‐ For exploratory well drilling in KIlwa. Dominion. 2005 Coordinator of Taxonomy ‐ Seychelles marine invasive baseline study, of sites around Victoria harbour, Mahe Island. IUCN, Seychelles/Total Foundation. Environmental Advisor ‐ Baseline surveys of marine and terrestrial environments associated with the proposed dhow jetty at Songo Songo island for village use. Client: CDC Globeq, DSM 2004 EIA (with sub‐consultants) ‐ 1.4 km piled jetty for Mafia Island. COWI, Tanzania. Biodiversity Surveys Editor (with sub‐consultants) ‐ Habitat mapping, documentation of biodiversity of inshore fish, intertidal and shallow‐subtidal soft bottom habitats in Mnazi Bay‐ Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park, Tanzania. Dec 2003 – Jun 2005. IUCN‐EARO. 2003 Fish Aggregation Devices (FADs) trials off Zanzibar and Mafia Nov 2003‐Dec 2005. DfID, WWF. EIA (with sub‐consultants) ‐ Seismic data acquisition works, Songo Songo Archipelago. PanAfrican Energy Limited, Tanzania. Environmental Assessments of Pipeline Route ‐ Analysis of environmental implications of proposed gas pipeline route and other works in Mnazi Bay Gas Filed. Artumas G&P Ltd. Fisheries Observer Handbook (with sub‐consultants) for Tanzanian staff on foreign fishing vessels in the EEZ. Tanzania SADC Regional MCS Programme. Coordinator ‐ Aquatic resource study (fish‐preservation techniques and aquaculture) Rufiji District, Tanzania, Netherlands Government, REMP ‐ IUCN‐EARO, Nairobi, Kenya. 2002 Chief Environmental Advisor ‐ Design/implementation of Environmental and Social Management Programme for construction of gas plant and pipeline from Songo Songo Is. to mainland (Lot 1). Included baseline surveys, monthly monitoring (marine and terrestrial environments e.g. coral reefs, beaches, shorebirds, bats, sediments, etc.), construction impacts (e.g. dust, waste, etc.), workers’ health and HIV/AIDS awareness, and oil pollution contingency plan. 2003‐2004. Larsen & Toubro, Mumbai, India. Design, Research and Editing (with sub‐consultants) ‐ Toolkit for MPAs in the Western Indian Ocean. IUCN‐ EARO, Nairobi, Kenya. Jul 2003 ‐ Oct 2004. Marine Resource Specialist ‐ Coordinated Rufiji delta prawns catch study. Tanfish. Team Leader ‐ Mid‐term review of Phase 3 of the 8‐year Tanga Coastal Zone Conservation and Development Programme in Tanzania. Funded by Ireland Aid. IUCN Eastern Africa Office. Team Leader – Study of small‐holder opportunities in fisheries, coastal and related enterprises in mangrove forests and floodplains of the Rufiji River, Tanzania. IUCN/REMP. 2001 Technical editor/consultant ‐ Coordinator of writing and production of the 19‐page Eastern African Marine Ecoregion brochure and fold‐out map (participated in Dec. 2000 & Apr. 2001 Ecoregion workshops) for WWF. EU External Evaluator ‐ Є 337,000 project based in Tiwi, Kenya, attempting to use ARCON coral reef rehabilitation technology. With social scientist, following EU PCM evaluation guidelines, tasks included meeting project stakeholders, reviewing documentation and visiting project site. 1997‐ Coordinator ‐ Marine Education, Awareness and Biodiversity Programme. Sida/SAREC‐ 2000 WIOMSA (based in Zanzibar, Tanzania). 1991‐ Programme coordinator ‐ Sida/SAREC (based in Zanzibar, Tanzania). Activities included: 1996 design, production and editing of A Guide to the Seashores of Eastern Africa and the western Indian Ocean Islands, a 448‐page fully illustrated taxonomic guide, published Dec 1997. Marine science consultant ‐ Intertidal/subtidal habitat surveys; assessment of 1991 Gulf War oil spill impacts; marine habitat chart of Marine Nature Sanctuary for the Gulf, Jubail (gazetted 1994). Senckenberg Institute, Frankfurt, Germany/NCWCD, Saudi Arabia. Coral reef fisheries scientist ‐ Pilot study on sustainable exploitation of reef fisheries. UVC and coordination of local fishermen activity in fringing reef study area. Kizimkazi, Zanzibar, Tanzania. 1990 Fisheries data processing ‐ Falklands data at RRAG, Imperial College, London. 1989 Scientific coordinator ‐ Design and implementation of marine habitat surveys of mangroves, coral reefs and lagoon habitats in the proposed Mafia Island Marine Park using non‐expert
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volunteers. Marine Park gazetted July 1995. Frontier Tanzania/UDSM. Mafia Island, Tanzania. Fisheries observer aboard commercial vessels (Polish, Spanish, Japanese and British) Fisheries Exclusion Zone. Falklands Fisheries Department, Port Stanley. Research assistant ‐ Planning & implementation of field/laboratory pesticide trials (UK and Spain), Agrichemical Evaluation Unit, Southampton University. 1986 Scientific SCUBA diver ‐ Survey of Acanthaster planci (crown‐of‐thorns starfish) on Great Barrier Reef. Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Crustacean taxonomist ‐ Northern Territory Museum of Arts & Sciences, Darwin. Invertebrate Taxonomist ‐ Operation Raleigh Expedition “Pacific Island Crossing” May‐Sep. From Chile to Australia via Juan Fernandez, Easter, Henderson, Pitcairn, Cooks, American Samoa, Western Samoa, Tonga, and Fiji. Collecting caridean shrimps and Nautilus.
Selected peer‐reviewed articles Richmond, M.D. & Linden, O. 2007. First record of Red‐footed Booby Sula sula and Brown Booby Sula leucogaster for Tanzania and other notes from Latham Island (Fungu Mubarak). Scopus (January) 26 p 46‐47. Gerlach, J., Muir, C. & Richmond, M.D. 2006. The first substantiated case of trans‐oceanic tortoise dispersal. Short communication. J. Nat. History. 40: 2403‐2408. Rowe, F. & Richmond, M.D. 2004. A preliminary account of the shallow‐water echinoderm fauna of Rodrigues Island, Mauritius. J. Nat. History. 38 (23/24). 42 pp. Richmond, M.D. 2001. The marine biodiversity of the western Indian Ocean and its biogeography: How much do we know? p. 241‐262. In: Richmond M.D. & Francis, J. (eds.) Marine Science Development in Tanzania and Eastern Africa. Proceedings of the 20th Anniversary Conference on Advances in Marine Science in Tanzania. 28 June ‐ 1 July, 1999, Zanzibar, Tanzania. IMS/WIOMSA. 569 pp. Richmond, M.D. 1999. Data collected by fishers provides insight into the fishery for large pelagic species in the southern Pemba Channel. p. 112‐124. In: Jiddawi, N. & Stanley, R.D. (eds.) Fisheries Stock Assessment in the Traditional Fishery Sector: The Information Needs. Proc. Nat. Workshop on the Artisanal Fisheries Sector, Sept. 22‐24, 1997, Zanzibar, Tanzania. UDSM/CIDA (Canadian International Development Agency). Richmond, M.D. 1994. Ecological status of marine subtidal habitats and effects of the 1991 Oil Spill, with special reference to soft‐substrata communities. Cour. Forsch. Inst. Senckenberg 166: 55‐60. Jones, D.A., Watt, I., Woodhouse, T. & Richmond, M.D. 1994. Intertidal recovery in the Dawhat ad‐ Dafi and Dawhat al‐Musallamiya region (Saudi Arabia) after the Gulf War Oil Spill. Cour. Forsch. Inst. Sencken. 166: 27‐33. Richmond, M.D. & Seed, R. 1991. A review of marine macrofouling communities with special reference to animal fouling. Biofouling 3: 151‐ 168.
Chapters and books Mohamed, A., Mohammed, N. & Richmond, M.D. 2007. Bahari Yetu: Kitabu cha Muongozo wa Maisha ya Viumbe wa Baharini kwa Afrika Mashariki. (Pocket guide to marine life of eastern Africa, Swahili). Samaki Arts, SEATrust. World Bank. 91pp. Souter, D., Obura, D., Wilhelmsson,, D., Sheppard, C., Richmond, M.D., Lindén, O. Payet, R. & Bijoux, J. 2005. Status of Cosmoledo Atoll, Southern Seychelles, four years after bleaching‐related mass coral mortality. Coral reef Degradation in the Indian Ocean. CORDIO Status Report 2005. Souter, D. & Linden, O. (eds.). p. 146‐166. Richmond, M.D. (ed.) 2002. A Field Guide to the Seashores of Eastern Africa and the western Indian Ocean Islands. (2nd ed.) Sida/SAREC/UDSM. 461 pp. WINNER Best Field Guide, Festival Mondial de l’Image Sous‐Marine. Antibes, France 2003 Richmond, M.D. & Francis, J. (eds.) 2001. Marine Science Development in Tanzania and Eastern Africa. Proc. 20th Anniv. Conference on Advances in Marine Science in Tanzania. 28 June ‐ 1 July, 1999, Zanzibar, Tanzania. IMS/WIOMSA. 569 pp. Francis, J., Mwinuka, S. & Richmond, M.D. 2000. A Schoolteacher's Guide to Marine Environmental Education in the Eastern Africa Region. UNEP/FAO. 40 pp. Richmond, M.D. (ed.) 1997. A Guide to the Seashores of Eastern Africa and the western Indian Ocean Islands. Sida/Department for Research Cooperation, SAREC. 448 pp. Ngoile, M.A.K., Richmond, M.D. & Gaudian, G. 1991. Coastal studies on Mafia and Zanzibar Islands. p. 28‐32. In: Niemi, E. & Outwater, A. (eds.) Window on Wildlife. Research in Tanzania. Gombe 30 Wildlife Week, Feb. 1991. Tanzania Printers, DSM.
Languages English and Portuguese fluent; Spanish well spoken and fair written; Kiswahili well spoken and fair written; French fair spoken.
April 2011 Environmental Impact Statement 96 PMO‐RALG Songo Songo Village Jetty Rehabilitation and Extension, Kilwa District, Tanzania
Name: SAADA KATANGI JUMA Year of birth: 1957 Nationality: Tanzanian
Address: JSB‐ENVIDEP Ltd., Ubungo Plaza, Ground Floor, Box no. 32312, dar es Salaam. Tel. 022 2452137; 022 2775219; 0754 291997/0784 291997; Email: [email protected]; [email protected].
Key qualifications
Saada Juma’s professional expertise is Environmental Planning and Management with over 50 assignments to her credit and 20 years working experience. Formally a high school biology teacher for 10 years and founder member of one of the first environmental NGO in Tanzania in 1985 (AGENDA), followed by five years with a business consultancy firm (JSB‐Envidep Limted). Through the years she has attended several training programmes and fora in the field of environmental management/natural resources conservation and NGO management. After her postgraduate studies Saada K. Juma has worked as a consultant for several national and international organizations. Her expertise lies in Environmental Assessment; Environmental Planning/Mainstreaming; Conventional and Participatory Project Planning, Management and Evaluation; Feasibility and Market Studies; Training; Mobilization, Promotion and Sensitization; and other field and desktop assessments and evaluation. She has skills in several non‐technical areas. She has managed a number of projects under the auspices of the AGENDA NGO and she is Director of the JSB EnviDep Ltd. Consulting firm. She has served on numerous national environmental and development committees including several of the NEMC
Education
B.Sc. (Zoology, Botany. Education) 1992; M. Sc. (Applied Zoology) 1981
Professional training
Participatory Approach in Environmental Project Management IRED/ENDA Harare (Zimbabwe) 1991 Environmental Assessment and Management CEMP, Aberdeen Uni. (UK) 1994 Cleaner Industrial Production Procedure, USAID (Tanzania), Tanzania Cleaner Production Center, Dar es Salaam 1996 Environmental Assessment, Fellow, LEAD Programme, LEAD International New York, (USA) 1999 NGO Management , Aarhus School of Architecture (Denmark) 1997 Management and Development of Small & Medium Enterprises, Faculty of Commerce and Management (UDSM) 1999 Summer Institute Management, Coastal Resource Centre, Univ.Rhode Is., (USA) & Certificate Management of PCBs and Dioxins/ Furans, UNEP 2000.
Employment record
Current ‐ Director, JSB‐ENVIDEP Ltd (Environment and Development Management Consultants Firm): Box 32312 Dar es Salaam Tel: +255 (022) 2452137; and Manager of Programs and Treasurer, AGENDA for Environment and Responsible Development: Box no.77266 Dar es Salaam, Tel: +255 (022) 2450213.
Previous ‐ 1997 – 2002: AGENDA: Executive Director; 1994 to 1997: Business Care Services Ltd. Environmental Management Consultant; 1981 to 1992: Ministry of Education, P.O. Box 9121, Dar es Salaam, Biology and Chemistry Teacher: Tambaza High School.
Memberships of professional societies
Leadership in Environment and Development (LEAD) International Programme ; Association for Environmental Impact assessment East Africa; Tanzania Association of Women Leaders in Agriculture & Environment
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Relevant professional/consultancy experiences
Year Name of the assignment/client 2010 ESIA Ngombezi Mini‐HPP, Korogwe, Tanzania. Mkonge Energy Systems Ltd. ESIA Sawmill Plant and Supporting Facilities at Sao Hill Industrial Complex‐Mafinga, Iringa Region. Sao Hill Industries Ltd. PEA Electric Cables and Wires Manufacturing Plant, BWM Special Economic Zone, Mabibo Dar es Salaam. Konectt Industries Ltd. ESIA Manufacturing Industry For Electric Wires And Cables At Plot No. 60, Mikocheni Light Industrial Area, Kinondoni District, Dar es Salaam. Konectt Wires and Cables Ltd. 2009 RPF: Tanzania Housing Finance Project. Bank of Tanzania. 10 Separate RAPs: MCA‐T Energy Sector Project: Zanzibar Interconnector; Malagarasi HPP and Kigoma Distribution; Transmission and Distribution in Dodoma Iringa, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mwanza & Tanga Regions. Africare Tanzania Office / ESBI (Ireland). PEA: 2D Seismic Survey at Songo songo Island /Panafrican Energy Ltd. Environmental Impact Assessment of Mtwara Port Expansion Project/ Ophir Tanzania (Block 1)/ ongoing Environmental Impact Assessment of the proposed shallow‐water gas well drilling programme in songo songo block, Kilwa District, Lindi Region, Tanzania / Panafrican Energy Ltd. / Ongoing Environmental Impact Assessment of the Proposed onshore exploration drilling in Lindi Block, Tanzania / Tullow Tanzania B.V. Ltd. / 2009 ongoing Environmental Impact Assessment the Gas pipeline from Kiliwani North‐1 to Songas Gas Plant, Songo Songo Is., Kilwa / Ndovu Resources Ltd. / Ongoing 2008 EIA: Msoga Dam and Irrigation Scheme, Bagamoyo, Tanzania EIA: Electricity Transmission Pole Treatment Plant, Iringa, Sao Hill Industries Preliminary Environmental Assessment: Relocation of Laboratory for Inspection and Certification of Petroleum Products, Intertek Caleb Brett, DSM Seven separate EIAs: Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Airports: Arusha, Bukoba, Kigoma, Mafia, Shinyanga, Sumbawanga and Tabora. BELVA Consult Ltd/Tanzania Airports Authority, EIA: Oil/Gas Exploratory Drilling at North Mandawa Block, Kilwa / Dominion EIA: Cultured Marble Manufacturing Plant at Kingolwira, Morogoro / ATMA EIA: Tanga Cement Power Generating Plant/ Tanga Cement Company Ltd. Environmental Impact Assessment Toolkit for Micro‐Small‐Medium Enterprises Operations under SIDO, IFAD 2007 EIA: Mtwara Energy Project Phase III Activities / 3D Seismic Survey, Well Drilling, Pipeline for SCADA and Way Leave/ Artumas EIA: Dominion Oil/Gas Exploratory Drilling Project at S Mandawa Block, Kilwa District Tanzania. RSK Environment Ltd (UK) /Dominion Oil and Gas Ltd. Research Into Use Programme (RIUP), Strategy and Implementation Plan (Tanzania). Natural Resources International (UK). Mid‐ Term Review: Strengthening and Empowering Civil Societies for Participatory Forest Management in East Africa (Tanzania). Support Consultant. Care (Tanzania). 2006 EIA: Coal Fired Power Station at Kabulo/Kiwira Area. Mbeya Region. TAN Power Resources Company Limited Formulation of the Danida Environment Sector Programme Support Document. Nordic Consulting Group, Denmark 2005 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) and Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF), for the Tanzania Accountability, Transparency and Integrity Project, Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs Public Consultation for the Mtwara Gas to Power Project / Artumas / January Development of a General Management Plan for the Dar es Salaam Marine Reserves – Marine Parks and Reserves Tanzania (MPRU). Review of year 1 of the Exit phase: Tanga Coastal Zone Conservation and Development Programme. IUCN / EARO. 2004 Environmental and Social Management Framework for the Tanzania Marine and Coastal Environment Management Project (MACEMP), Fisheries Division, Ministry of Natural Resource and Tourism
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EIA: Mafia Island Port Facility (Jetty), Samaki Consultants/COWI/ THA Environmental Audit: Mukwano Oil Refinery Industry, Mkwano Industries (T) Ltd, Concept Paper for Phase III Misali Island Marine Conservation Project (MICODEP), CARE Tanzania Rufiji‐Mafia‐Kilwa Seascape Marine and Coastal Resources Management Programme, WWF‐TPO, Dar es Salaam 2003 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) and Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) for the Local Government Support Programme (LGSP), PriceWaterHouse and Coopers EIA: Bulk Liquid Storage Tank Farm Project, Gulfstreams Investment (T) Limited Grant Proposal Sustainable Livelihood Project Coastal Communities, WB Study on the Ecological Basis for Establishing a System of Marine Management Areas in the United Republic of Tanzania, World Bank, (Tanzania) 2002 Design Research Projects for the WEHAB Agenda and UN Millennium Development Goals, LEAD International & Imperial College, London, UK,. Communication Strategy for Participatory Forest Management, Danish Embassy Evaluation of Swedish Support to Forestry in Tanzania, Indufor Oy, Finland/Sida 2001 Environment‐gender mainstreaming Kahama‐Ngara District Planning, Korongo District Integrated Coastal Management Planning. TCMP Mid‐evaluation of the Kigoma Lake Tanganyika Catchment Conservation and Reforestation Project (TACARE), Local Perspective Ltd/ JGI (Tanzania)/EU 2000 Implementation of the Communication Plan for the National Forestry Programme Formulation in Tanzania, Indufor Oy, Finland. Market study on the Feasibility for Compost Derived from Organic Municipal Solid Waste, EAWAG ‐ SANDEC (Switzerland) / AGENDA (Tanzania). 1999 Programming of the Kunduchi Integrated Coastal Area Management Programme, SWEDMAR / SIDA Country Report Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Tanzania, SEACAM Global Evaluation of UNDP LIFE Programme, UNDP 1998 Formulation of Integrated Coastal Management Policy/Strategy for Tanzania, Tanzania Coastal Management Partnership/USAID/NEMC State of Environment Reporting Programme in Zambezi River Basin: Inception Mission for Tanzania, IUCN Regional Office for Southern Africa Feasibility Study for Programme on Participatory Conservation and Restoration of Coastal Marine Ecosystems DSM Coast, African Development Foundation 1997 State of the Environment Report for Tanzania, (Draft) The National Environment Management Council (NEMC), 1997 ‐ 1999
Languages ‐ English and Kiswahili fluent.
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