An Introduction to GCC for the GNU Compilers Gcc and G++ Revised and Updated
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An Introduction to GCC for the GNU Compilers gcc and g++ Revised and updated Brian Gough Foreword by Richard M. Stallman Copyright c 2004, 2005 Network Theory Ltd. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover Texts being \A Network Theory Manual", and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled \GNU Free Documentation License". (a) The Back-Cover Text is: \The development of this manual was funded entirely by Network Theory Ltd. Copies published by Network Theory Ltd raise money for more free documentation." i Table of Contents Foreword ..................................... 1 1 Introduction............................... 2 1.1 A brief history of GCC ...................................... 2 1.2 Major features of GCC ...................................... 2 1.3 Programming in C and C++ .................................. 3 1.4 Conventions used in this manual.............................. 3 2 Compiling a C program .................... 5 2.1 Compiling a simple C program ............................... 5 2.2 Finding errors in a simple program ........................... 6 2.3 Compiling multiple source files ............................... 7 2.4 Compiling files independently ................................ 8 2.4.1 Creating object files from source files ..................... 8 2.4.2 Creating executables from object files .................... 9 2.5 Recompiling and relinking ................................... 9 2.6 A simple makefile .......................................... 10 2.7 Linking with external libraries............................... 11 2.7.1 Link order of libraries .................................. 13 2.8 Using library header files.................................... 13 3 Compilation options ...................... 15 3.1 Setting search paths ........................................ 15 3.1.1 Search path example ................................... 15 3.1.2 Environment variables ................................. 17 3.1.3 Extended search paths ................................. 18 3.2 Shared libraries and static libraries .......................... 18 3.3 C language standards ....................................... 20 3.3.1 ANSI/ISO ............................................ 21 3.3.2 Strict ANSI/ISO....................................... 22 3.3.3 Selecting specific standards ............................. 23 3.4 Warning options in -Wall ................................... 23 3.5 Additional warning options ................................. 25 3.6 Recommended warning options .............................. 28 4 Using the preprocessor .................... 29 4.1 Defining macros ............................................ 29 4.2 Macros with values ......................................... 30 4.3 Preprocessing source files ................................... 31 ii 5 Compiling for debugging .................. 34 5.1 Examining core files ........................................ 34 5.2 Displaying a backtrace ...................................... 36 5.3 Setting a breakpoint ........................................ 36 5.4 Stepping through the program............................... 37 5.5 Modifying variables......................................... 37 5.6 Continuing execution ....................................... 38 5.7 More information .......................................... 38 6 Compiling with optimization .............. 39 6.1 Source-level optimization ................................... 39 6.1.1 Common subexpression elimination ..................... 39 6.1.2 Function inlining ...................................... 39 6.2 Speed-space tradeoffs ....................................... 41 6.2.1 Loop unrolling......................................... 41 6.3 Scheduling ................................................. 42 6.4 Optimization levels ......................................... 42 6.5 Examples .................................................. 43 6.6 Optimization and debugging ................................ 45 6.7 Optimization and compiler warnings ......................... 45 7 Compiling a C++ program ................. 47 7.1 Compiling a simple C++ program ............................ 47 7.2 C++ compilation options .................................... 48 7.3 Using the C++ standard library.............................. 49 7.4 Templates ................................................. 49 7.4.1 Using C++ standard library templates ................... 49 7.4.2 Providing your own templates .......................... 50 7.4.3 Explicit template instantiation .......................... 52 7.4.4 The export keyword ................................... 53 8 Platform-specific options .................. 54 8.1 Intel and AMD x86 options ................................. 54 8.1.1 x86 extensions ......................................... 54 8.1.2 x86 64-bit processors ................................... 55 8.2 DEC Alpha options ........................................ 55 8.3 SPARC options ............................................ 56 8.4 POWER/PowerPC options ................................. 56 8.5 Multi-architecture support .................................. 57 8.6 Floating-point issues........................................ 57 8.7 Portability of signed and unsigned types ..................... 59 iii 9 Troubleshooting .......................... 62 9.1 Help for command-line options .............................. 62 9.2 Version numbers ........................................... 62 9.3 Verbose compilation ........................................ 62 9.4 Stopping a program in an infinite loop ....................... 63 9.5 Preventing excessive memory usage .......................... 64 10 Compiler-related tools ................... 66 10.1 Creating a library with the GNU archiver ................... 66 10.2 Using the profiler gprof ................................... 68 10.3 Coverage testing with gcov ................................ 70 11 How the compiler works ................. 72 11.1 An overview of the compilation process ..................... 72 11.2 The preprocessor .......................................... 72 11.3 The compiler ............................................. 73 11.4 The assembler ............................................ 73 11.5 The linker ................................................ 73 12 Examining compiled files ................. 75 12.1 Identifying files ........................................... 75 12.2 Examining the symbol table................................ 76 12.3 Finding dynamically linked libraries ........................ 76 13 Common error messages ................. 78 13.1 Preprocessor error messages ................................ 78 13.2 Compiler error messages ................................... 79 13.3 Linker error messages...................................... 86 13.4 Runtime error messages.................................... 87 14 Getting help ............................ 88 Further reading .............................. 89 Acknowledgements ........................... 91 Other books from the publisher ............... 92 Free software organizations ................... 93 GNU Free Documentation License ............ 94 Index ....................................... 98 1 Foreword This foreword has been kindly contributed by Richard M. Stallman, the principal author of GCC and founder of the GNU Project. This book is a guide to getting started with GCC, the GNU Compiler Collection. It will tell you how to use GCC as a programming tool. GCC is a programming tool, that's true| but it is also something more. It is part of a 20-year campaign for freedom for computer users. We all want good software, but what does it mean for software to be \good"? Convenient features and reliability are what it means to be technically good, but that is not enough. Good software must also be ethically good: it has to respect the users' freedom. As a user of software, you should have the right to run it as you see fit, the right to study the source code and then change it as you see fit, the right to redistribute copies of it to others, and the right to publish a modified version so that you can contribute to building the community. When a program respects your freedom in this way, we call it free software. Before GCC, there were other compilers for C, Fortran, Ada, etc. But they were not free software; you could not use them in freedom. I wrote GCC so we could use a compiler without giving up our freedom. A compiler alone is not enough|to use a computer system, you need a whole operating system. In 1983, all operating systems for modern computers were non-free. To remedy this, in 1984 I began developing the GNU operating system, a Unix-like system that would be free software. Developing GCC was one part of developing GNU. By the early 90s, the nearly-finished GNU operating system was completed by the ad- dition of a kernel, Linux, that became free software in 1992. The combined GNU/Linux operating system has achieved the goal of making it possible to use a computer in freedom. But freedom is never automatically secure, and we need to work to defend it. The Free Software Movement needs your support. Richard M. Stallman February 2004 Chapter 1: Introduction 2 1 Introduction The purpose of this book is to explain the use of the GNU C and C++ compilers, gcc and g++. After reading