and Technology Gaps in Camel Production Edited by Seyoum Bediye Sisay Tilahun GetachewAnimut Mehadi Egie Tezera Getahun m 4 Technology Gaps in Camel Production Proceedings of International Conference on Camel Research and Development Held in Jigjiga, Ethiopia October 27-29, 2011 Copy editing and design Abebe Kirub Contents Preface Welcoming Speech 11 Opening Address in Keynote Address v Keynote Address IX The International Society of Camelid Research and Development: A Challenge for the Camel Scientist Community Bernard Faye, Alhadrami G, Khallafala A, Bomstein S, Touhami K, Al-Jassim R 1 Curing Diseases Associated with Immune Disorders Levy, A, van Creveld, C and Yagil, R 9 Achievements and strategy of Camel Research and Development in India N. V.Patil and Raj an Gupta 13 The Situation of Camel Population in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Mahmoud Abdel Aziz 31 Camel Research and Development in the Sultante of Oman Osman Mahgoub and Isam T. Kadim 45 Achievements and Direction of Camel Research in Ethiopia Mohammed Y Kurtu 63 Camels: Past, Present, and Future the Israel Experience Levy, A, van Creveld, C and Yagil, R 73 The Status of Camel Research and Development in Kenya Kisa Juma Ngeiywa 79 Status of Camel Research and Development in Sudan Atif Elamin Abdelgadi and Adil Salim Elsheikh Elgarrai 91 Theories of the Dromedary Entry into Africa Based on the Archeological Evidence: a new concept Ashraf Sobhy Saber 95 The Mineral Nutrition and Imbalances in Camel: A Constraint in Pastoral Areas Bernard FA YE, Mohammed. BENGOUMI, Rabiya SEBOUSSI 109 Phenotypic Characterization of Camels in Afder, Jijiga and Shinile Zones of Somali Regional State Hassen Abdurehman, Muhycidin Mohammed, Sisay Tilahun, and Barre A bdurehman 12 5 Butter making from Camel Milk by blending it with Goat Milk Aleme Asresie, Eyassu Seifu and Mohammed Yusuf Kurtu 137 Making Butter from Camel Milk Tesfemariam Berhe, Eyassu Seifu, Mohammed Yusuf Kurtu 145 Camel Meat Production and Implications to Ethiopian Meat Industry Mitiku Eshetu Guy a 151 Viral Agents for Etiologies of Emerging and Respiratory Disease of Camels in Ethiopia Gelagay Ayelet, Dejene Milkessa, Wossene Negash, Shiferaw Jenberie, and Esay as Gelaye 159 Udder Health Problems and Major Bacterial Causes of Camel Mastitis in Jijiga Abera M., Abdi O., Abunna F. and Megersa B. 179 Diagnostic Decision and Technological Support for Clinical Examination of Camels in the Field Melaku Tefera 189 Knowing the Unknown Camel Disease: The case of Afar and Karayu Pastoral Communities Tezera G. Tiruneh, Abdi A.Hussien, Tafesse M. Metaferia, Wendessen G. Wolde and Daniel T. Gelan 199 Camel Disease Prevalence and Management in Somali Regional State of Ethiopia Muhumed Ali Faara 211 Assessment of the Supply and Demand of Camel Milk The Case of Pastoral Community of Kereyu Daniel T. Gelan, Wendessen G. Wolde, and Tezera G. Tiruneh 227 General Discussion 239 Participants 243 Preface Among animal species reared in the pastoral setting of Ethiopia, camel deserves special attention because of its peculiarities. Despite various challenges, camel is the preferred 1 vestock species in the dry lands and it continues as a major means of livelihood. In view of this fact, any research and development initiatives directed towards improving the production and productivity of camels is believed to improve the livelihoods of pastoral communities. Thus an international conference on camel research and development: Enhancing livelihood of Ethiopian pastoralists was organized to share the available technology and knowledge on camel research and development. The purpose of this publication is to bring together global, regional, and national experiences in camel research and development to draw lessons and best practices for pastoral production system. This proceeding contains a total four papers of global nature, 7 papers representing various regions and countries, i.e., Ethiopia, India, Israel, Kenya, Sudan, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and 15 national papers presented by Ethiopian scientists to cover wide array of experiences in camel research and development. This publication is an outcome of substantial contribution of multiple institutions engaged in camel research and development. We appreciate the full support and guidance of conference organizing institutions, i.e, SoRPARI, EIAR, HU, PFE, and Camel Forum Ethiopia. We would like to express our heartfelt thanks to SoRPARI, EIAR, HU, PFE, and OXFAM UK who financially supported the conference. We appreciate the Somali Regional State and SoRPARI for hosting the conference. The financial support of FAO sub-regional office in Ethiopia for preparation and printing of this publication highly acknowledged. We are very much grateful to all international and national scientists who responded promptly and positively to our invitation and for their sign ificant contribution in this publication.The technical support of the conference organizing committee and the editorial team is also very much appreciated. Sultan Welle, PhD Solomon Asefa, PhD Director General SoRPARI Director General, EIAR Welcoming Speech Mohammed Sharif Ali Director General Somali Region Pastoral and Agro-pastoral Research Institute It is my great pleasure, and on behalf of Somali Region Pastoral and Agro-pastoral Research Institute (SoRPARI), to welcome youall, from abroad and within Ethiopia to participate in this International Conference on Camel Research and Development: Enhancing Sustainable Livelihoods of Ethiopian Pastoralists. In pastoral production systems, livestock is a key asset for poor people, fulfilling multiple economic, social and risk management functions. However, the food security ind livelihood situation of pastoralpeople is highly threatened because of degradations :n biological and physical resources caused by various man-made problems and recurrent droughts.To alleviate these challenges of food security and biophysical degradation, a paradigm shift in livestock holding has revealed in favor of camel in many of the pastoral areas as a coping strategy. Camel uses water and feed resources very sensibly under very harsh and hostile e nvironmental conditions. Moreover, camel is very effective biological creature, needs very scarce inputs and produce efficiently more than other livestock on per unit feed/water consumption.lt is needless to say that camel is everything for our community and camel is our mark of recognition as we have in our region’s flag and logo of Ethiopian Somali Democratic Party. Despite all these facts and the scanty research information available at hand; it remains a gloomy fact that camel is one of the neglected domestic animals by research and development endeavors of the country. Thus in order to fill the gap, the scientific community plays an essential role and therefore, at this crucial point, SoRPARI as a national center of excellence in camel research organized this international conference in collaboration with Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Institute of Pastoral and Agro-pastoral Studies of Haramaya University, Pastoral Forum of Ethiopia, and Camel Forum Ethiopia. Tie objective of this conference is to acquire a global experience and knowledge that will contribute to the improvement of camel research and development in the country arid enhance sustainable livelihoods of Ethiopian pastoralists. I am very much glad that there will be opportunities for us in this conference and after it to learn much from each other and tackle the challenges on the way. I am very much confident that this conference moment will foster future collaborations. Finally, I, on behalf of SoRPARI and organizing committee, want to say welcome and thank you all sincerely. ii Opening Address His Excellency Mr. Ahmed-Dek Mohammed Vice-President o f Somali Regional State It is a great honor and a privilege for me to extend my sincere and heartfelt welcome to you all to this international Conference on “Camel Research and Development in Enhancing Sustainable Livelihood o f Ethiopian Pastoralists,” and this is no empty ritual phrase, but one filled with a deep sense of solidarity. Your presence in this conference is an evidence of your concern, dedication, and devotion to promote and uphold such collaborative learning and global partnership that will lay a foundation for solid, viable, and sustained livelihoods of pastoralists from sub-Saharan Africa, Ethiopian pastoralists and other pastoralists in the World. The Somali Regional State is greatly honored to have you all here, in Jijiga, to contribute to the future research and development action plan of camel for the best possible use of pastoralists’ in the country. Your decision to come to this conference, from which we expect to gain much towards enriching the countries camel research and development directions, which are the basis for the future impact oriented research and development activities, is highly appreciated. I believe this gathering will give each one of us an opportunity to realize how much camel is important to pastoralists in Ethiopia. Once again,I hope this gathering will shape strategies and directions for best utilization of this precious creature “Camel”. The Somali Regional State is the second largest of the nine regional states of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. The Region is endowed with plenty of natural resources that include livestock, minerals, precious trees, gum and incense, and rangelands. The rangelands are suitable for the pastoral production system that is estimated to be greater than million hectares.