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THE MILITARY AND SOCIETY The Military History Symposium is sponsored jointly by the Department of History and the Association of Graduates, United States Air Force Academy 1972 Military History Symposium Steering Committee Colonel Alfred F. Hurley, Chairman Major Ronald R. Fogleman, Executive Director Captain Donald W. Nelson, Deputy Director Lieutenant Colonel Monte D. Wright Major David MacIsaac Captain Frederick L. Metcalf THE MILITARY AND SOCIETY The Proceedings of the Fifth Military History Symposium United States Air Force Academy 5-6 October 1972 Edited by Major David MacIsaac, USAF Office of Air Force History, Headquarters USAF and United States Air Force Academy Views or opinions expressed or implied in this publication are those of the authors and are not to be construed as carrying official sanction of the Department of the Air Force or of the United States Air Force Academy. PREFACE The series of United States Air Force Academy military history symposia began on 4 and 5 May 1967 with the first symposium devoted to an examination of “Current Concepts in Military History.” From that early beginning, several things emerged that were to be of great importance to the success of the series. First and foremost, perhaps, was the level of interest that was generated among top scholars in the field. Participating in the initial symposium, for example, were such established scholars as Theodore Ropp, Michael Howard, Harry L. Coles, Richard D. Challener, Louis Morton, Walter Millis, Peter Paret, and Frank Vandiver. The pro- ceedings of that first symposium, regrettably, were never published, the disparate nature of the discussions leading potential publishers to shy away from the project and the significance of the event not having yet been fully comprehended, even by those responsible for the inception of the series. The papers delivered at the second symposium, held on 2-3 May 1968, together with the subsequent comments of several officers who had participated in the events discussed, were published privately by the Academy in 1969 as Command and Commanders in Modern Warfare. The success of this initial publishing venture led the Office of Air Force History, in conjunction with the Government Printing Office, to begin regular publication of the series. Volumes that have appeared to date are as follows: Command and Commanders in Modern Warfare, 2d, enlarged edition, edited by Lt. Col. William Geffen, Washington, USGPO, 197 1, $1.60, stock number 0874-0003. Science, Technology, and Warfare: Proceedings of the Third Military History Symposium, 8-9 May 1969, edited by Lt. Col. Monte D. Wright and Lawrence J. Paszek, Washington, US- GPO, I97 1, $1.25, stock number 0874-0002. Soldiers and Statesmen: Proceedings of the Fourth Military History Symposium, 22-23 October 1970, edited by Lt. Col. Monte D. Wright and Lawrence J. Paszek, Washington, US- GPO, 1973, $1.60, stock number 0870-00335. By the time of the fourth symposium in October 1970, the series had come to enjoy the reputation of being the preeminent regular gathering of military historians in the western world. Publication of the various proceedings played a major part in this developing reputation. The present volume consists of the papers, revised and annotated for publication, and the discussion sessions of the fifth symposium, held on 1 5-6 October 1972. As these lines are written, planning for the sixth symposium in the series, “The Military History of the American Revolu- tion,” 10-1 1 October 1974, is well underway. Publication of the proceed- ings of the Sixth Military History Symposium is schcduled for 1976 as a contribution to thc celebration of the nation’s bicentennial. The symposia are intended to serve a number of purposes. First, they provide ;t forum for scholars in military history and related fields, subject matter in which thc Academy obviously has a special interest. Second, by bringing distinguished scholars to the Academy, the symposia provide a link between the scholars and the military professionals not only of the Academy faculty but of the faculties of the other academies, staff colleges, and war colleges who regularly attend. More prosaically, the members of the Academy’s humanities and social science faculty are kept abreast of developments in their fields of special competence, while cadets are en- couraged to a continuing interest in the background of their chosen profession. Finally, with the participation of scholars who do not look upon thcmsclves primarily as “military historians,” but who are competent in fields that impinge on military affairs, the field of military history is itself enriched. Achievement of this final goal may well be the gauge against which the success of the present volume may be judged. Those who participated in the symposium are identified in the final section of this volume. The Department of History and the Association of Graduates, USAF Academy, thank them, once again, for their individual and collective labors. In addition to the participants, the symposium re- quired the combined efforts of a number of individuals and organizations. The active participation of the Superintendent of the Academy, Lieutenant General A. P. Clark, and of the Dean of the Faculty, Brigadier General William T. Woodyard; the warm encouragement of the Commandant of Cadets, Major General Walter T. Galligan; the logistical miracles of the Academy staff, under the Chief of Staff, Colonel Mark E. Wilt; and the financial support of the Association of Graduates are gratefully acknow- ledged. Within the Department of History, the symposium was truly a departmental undertaking: everyone was involved, directly or indirectly, with the countless administrative and logistical details. The Executive Director for the symposium, Major Ronald R. Fogleman, and his able deputy, Captain Donald W. Nelson, carried the brunt of the load, aided immensely by the secretarial staff of Miss Marjorie Burton, Mrs. Carolyn A. Stamm, and Mrs. Virginia Hill, without whose patience and many kindnesses this volume could not have appeared. The 15th Harmon Memorial Lecture in Military History, The End of Milirarisni, by Professor Russell F. Weigley of Temple University, has been published separately by the Academy. Because it did double duty as the keynote address for the symposium, it is reprinted here. D. M. March 1974 .. 11 CONTENTS Page Preface ________________________----__----_-----------i Introduction _____________________-___-----------------V 1st Session: THE 15th HARMON MEMORIAL LECTURE IN MILITARY HISTORY------------ 1 Welcoming Remarks, Lieutenant General A. P. Clark, Superintendent, United States Air Force Academy- - - - - - - - - - 1 “The End of Militarism,” Russell F. Weigley _-___-_------- 3 2d Session: THE MILITARY AND SOCIETY: THE IMPACT OF THE MILITARY ON DEVELOPING AND DEVELOPED SOCIETIES- __ ________ ----- ----- 15 Chairman: Frank Vandiver Introductory Remarks _________________________-------- 15 ‘‘Military Leadership and National Development,” Cyril E. Black ____________________-_--_____---------16 “Chrysanthemum and Star: Army and Society in Modern Japan,” Alvin D. Coox _________________-------37 Commentary, William H. McNeill___________________-----61 Discussion ____________________-------------__-------66 Banquet Session : Introductory Remarks, Lieutenant General A. P. Clark, Superintendent, United States Air Force Academy_____ __ ___ 70 “The Military in American Society Today: The Questions an Old-timer Might Raise,” Major General Haywood S. Hansell, Jr., (USAF, Retired) ......................... 72 3d Session: THE MILITARY AND SOCIETY: CURRENT CONCEPTS IN THE STUDY OF MILITARY AFFAIRS ...................... 85 Panel “A”: The Study of Military Affairs on College Campuses Chairman: Louis Morton Introductory Remarks- _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ - _ _ __ - 85 “The Odd Couple: Liberal Arts Colleges and the Military Historian,” Dennis Showalter __________________________ 86 “Teaching Military History in a State University,” Gunther Rothenberg- - - _ _ __ _ _ ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ___ _ ____ __ 89 “Military History at West Point,” Colonel Thomas E. Griess____ “Military History in the Air Force ROTC Program,” Colonel C. R. Carlson ________________________________ 93 “The Military and the Civilian: Is there a Difference?” Berenice A. Carroll __________________________________ 97 Discussion ________________________________________-- 102 Panel “B”: The Writing and Publication of Military History Chairman: Theodore Ropp iii Introductory Remarks _________________-__------.-------- 104 “The Air Force Historical Program,” Thomas G. Belden__----- 104 “Writing for the Air University Review,” Colonel Eldon W. Downs ____________--_L---_---- ---- 105 ‘‘Writing for Military Aflairs and Aerospace Historian,” Robin Higham_________--__________-_----__-------- 106 “Writing for Air Force Magazine,” John F. Loosbrock-------- 106 “Resources of the National Archives,” James E. O’Neill-------- 108 “Bullantine’s.. Illustrated History of World War 11,” Barrie Pitt ______________________-_--_------___-----109 Discussion ________________________________________-- 111 4th Session: THE MILITARY AND SOCIETY 1 THE MILITARY AS A SOCIAL FORCE IN AMERICAN SOCIETY______________-__---- -- 113 Chairman: Edward M. Coffman “Ethnicity, Race, and the American Military: From Buriker Hill to San Juan Hill,” Bruce White ________________--___ 113 “Armed Forces Integration : Forced or Free?” Morris MacGregor _________ _________________________ 131 Commentary, Charles
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